Israel’s 12-day war with Iran achieved dramatic tactical successes—including assassinations, sabotage and U.S. military involvement—but ultimately failed to trigger Iran’s internal collapse or strategic defeat, instead galvanizing Iranian national unity, advancing its nuclear ambiguity and raising the risk of deeper regional escalation in a future.
Facing a massive attack on its homeland, the Islamic Republic's response has been restrained, driven by vulnerability and the need to avoid U.S. intervention. Its strategy appears aimed at preserving deterrence and diplomatic options while managing internal fallout amid mounting civilian losses.