{"id":474229,"date":"2025-03-20T09:37:50","date_gmt":"2025-03-20T09:37:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication_chapters&#038;p=474229"},"modified":"2025-05-28T12:11:31","modified_gmt":"2025-05-28T12:11:31","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%aa%d9%91%d8%ad%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a3%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82","status":"publish","type":"publication_chapters","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%aa%d9%91%d8%ad%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a3%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0642 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style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631. \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 1946 \u06482023 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 300 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c<a href=\"#endnote6\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a> \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631 150 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote7\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a> \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 (MERC)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (USAID) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1981 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644. \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 (MEM)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1961\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0646 (MEDRC) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1996 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote8\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 (SESAME) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2017.<a href=\"#endnote9\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a> \u0623\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (MEPPA) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2021: \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0641\u064e\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a 250 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 2021 \u06482025 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f.<a href=\"#endnote10\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a 11 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631. \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064f\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628&#8221; \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062e\u0651\u0636 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\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a (Pax Americana) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h6 class=\"myNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic',serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup> Ennio Di Nolfo, \u201cThe Cold War and the Transformation of the Mediterranean, 1960-1975,\u201d in <em>The Cambridge History of the Cold War<\/em>, eds. Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 238\u2013257, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CHOL9780521837200.013\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CHOL9780521837200.013<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup> Adriana Gomez Licon and AP, \u201cWhat Mike Huckabee, Trump\u2019s Pick for Israel Ambassador, Has Said about the Middle East,\u201d <em>Time, <\/em>November 13, 2024, <a href=\"http:\/\/archive.today\/2024.11.14-200402\/https:\/\/time.com\/7176436\/mike-huckabee-trump-israel-ambassador-palestinians-middle-east\/\">http:\/\/archive.today\/2024.11.14-200402\/https:\/\/time.com\/7176436\/mike-huckabee-trump-israel-ambassador-palestinians-middle-east\/.<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup> Neri Zilber and Felicia Schwartz, \u201cUS Adds to Military Deployments to Protect Israel from Iran Retaliation,\u201d <em>Financial Times, <\/em>3 August 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d6fd43b9-5e88-4de9-b000-16dcd2fbcf59\">https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d6fd43b9-5e88-4de9-b000-16dcd2fbcf59<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup> Nektaria Stamouli, \u201cEastMed: A Pipeline Project that Ran Afoul of Geopolitics and Green Policies,\u201d <em>Politico<\/em>, January 18, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/eastmed-a-pipeline-project-that-ran-afoul-of-geopolitics-and-green-policies\/\">https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/eastmed-a-pipeline-project-that-ran-afoul-of-geopolitics-and-green-policies\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup> Remarks by Geoffrey R. Pyatt, \u201cEnergy and Geopolitics in the Eastern Mediterranean,\u201d <em>Bureau of Energy Resources, U.S. Department of State<\/em>, October 15, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/energy-and-geopolitics-in-the-eastern-mediterranean\/\">https:\/\/www.state.gov\/energy-and-geopolitics-in-the-eastern-mediterranean\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup> Jonathan Masters and Will Merrow, \u201cU.S. Aid to Israel in Four Charts,\u201d <em>Council on Foreign Relations<\/em>, November 13, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/article\/us-aid-israel-four-charts\">https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/article\/us-aid-israel-four-charts<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup> Masters and Merrow, \u201cU.S. Aid\u201d.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup> Jeremy M. Sharp et al., \u201cU.S. Foreign Assistance to the Middle East: Historical, Recent Trends, and the FY2024 Background Request,\u201d <em>Congressional Research Service Report<\/em>, August 15, 2023, 11, <a href=\"https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/R\/R46344\">https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/R\/R46344<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup> \u201cWhat is SESAME?,\u201d SESAME,, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sesame.org.jo\/about-us\/what-is-sesame\">https:\/\/www.sesame.org.jo\/about-us\/what-is-sesame<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup> Sharp et al., \u201cU.S. Foreign Assistance,\u201d 11.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup> Jill Kimball, \u201cCosts of the 20-Year War on Terror: $8 Trillion and 900,000 Deaths,\u201d <em>Brown University<\/em>, September 1, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brown.edu\/news\/2021-09-01\/costsofwar\">https:\/\/www.brown.edu\/news\/2021-09-01\/costsofwar<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup> Amy Hawthorne, \u201cThe Middle East Partnership Initiative: Questions Abound,\u201d <em>Sada, <\/em>August 26, 2008, <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/2008\/08\/the-middle-east-partnership-initiative-questions-abound?lang=en\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/2008\/08\/the-middle-east-partnership-initiative-questions-abound?lang=en<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup> Donald J. Trump, \u201cProclamation on Recognizing the Sovereignty of the Kingdom of Morocco over the Western Sahara,\u201d The Trump White House Archives, December 10, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov\/presidential-actions\/proclamation-recognizing-sovereignty-kingdom-morocco-western-sahara\/\">https:\/\/trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov\/presidential-actions\/proclamation-recognizing-sovereignty-kingdom-morocco-western-sahara\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup> Sharp et al., \u201cU.S. Foreign Assistance,\u201d 11.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup> Jon B. Alterman et al., <em>Restoring the Eastern Mediterranean as a U.S. Strategic Anchor<\/em>, (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, May 22, 2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/restoring-eastern-mediterranean-us-strategic-anchor\">https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/restoring-eastern-mediterranean-us-strategic-anchor<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup> Michael Boyle, \u201cObama: Leading from Behind\u2019 on Libya,\u201d <em>The Guardian, <\/em>August 27, 2011, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/cifamerica\/2011\/aug\/27\/obama-libya-leadership-nato\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/cifamerica\/2011\/aug\/27\/obama-libya-leadership-nato<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>Patrice Taddonio, \u201c\u2018The President Blinked\u2019: Why Obama Changed Course on the \u2018Red Line\u2019 in Syria,\u201d\u00a0<em>PBS Frontline<\/em>, May 25, 2015,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/frontline\/article\/the-president-blinked-why-obama-changed-course-on-the-red-line-in-syria\/#:~:text=One%20year%20earlier,%20President%20Barack%20Obama%20had%20described\">https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/frontline\/article\/the-president-blinked-why-obama-changed-course-on-the-red-line-in-syria\/#:~:text=One%20year%20earlier,%20President%20Barack%20Obama%20had%20described<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup> \u201cSaad Hariri: Saudis Detaining Lebanon PM Says Michel Aoun,\u201d <em>BBC News<\/em>, November 15, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41995939\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41995939<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup> Round table with a senior U.S. diplomat, March 2, 2023.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup> Robert Mason, Guy Burton, and Banafsheh Keynoush, <em>The Abraham Accords: National Security, Regional Order and Popular Representation<\/em> (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2025).<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup> Franklin Foer, \u201cThe War that Would Not End,\u201d <em>The Atlantic, <\/em>September 25, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2024\/09\/israel-gaza-war-biden-netanyahu-peace-negotiations\/679581\/\">https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2024\/09\/israel-gaza-war-biden-netanyahu-peace-negotiations\/679581\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup> Rich Outzen and Can Kasapoglu, \u201cUS-Turkey Relations in an Era of Geopolitical Conflict,\u201d <em>The Defense Journal<\/em>, no.3 (June 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/content-series\/ac-turkey-defense-journal\/us-turkey-relations-in-an-era-of-geopolitical-conflict\/\">https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/content-series\/ac-turkey-defense-journal\/us-turkey-relations-in-an-era-of-geopolitical-conflict\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup> Menelaos Hadjicostis, \u201cUS, Cyprus Embark on Strategic Dialogue that Officials Say Demonstrates Closest-Eve Ties,\u201d <em>Associated Press<\/em>, June 17, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/cyprus-us-strategic-dialogue-defense-energy-security-visa-waiver-0775383a479e70e8d5e5c5f4a2d4912a\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/cyprus-us-strategic-dialogue-defense-energy-security-visa-waiver-0775383a479e70e8d5e5c5f4a2d4912a<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup> Bruce Riedel and Natan Sachs, \u201cIsrael, Jordan, and the UAE\u2019s Energy Deal is Good News,\u201d <em>Brookings<\/em>. November 23, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/israel-jordan-and-the-uaes-energy-deal-is-good-news\/#:~:text=This%20week%20in%20Dubai,%20Israel,%20Jordan,%20and%20the\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/israel-jordan-and-the-uaes-energy-deal-is-good-news\/#:~:text=This%20week%20in%20Dubai,%20Israel,%20Jordan,%20and%20the<\/a>; \u201cJordan Refuses to Sign Water, Energy Deal with Israel,\u201d <em>Arab News<\/em>, November 17, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2410471\/middle-east\">https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2410471\/middle-east<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup> Sinem Cengiz, \u201cGulf States May Benefit From Turkish \u2013 Greek D\u00e9tente,\u201d <em>Arab News<\/em>, May 17, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2512271\">https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2512271<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup> John Calabrese, \u201cHow the \u2018New\u2019 Eastern Mediterranean Can Serve as a Bridge between the Gulf and Europe,\u201d <em>Manara Magazine, <\/em>June 18, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/manaramagazine.org\/2024\/06\/how-the-new-eastern-mediterranean-can-serve-as-a-bridge-between-the-gulf-and-europe\/\">https:\/\/manaramagazine.org\/2024\/06\/how-the-new-eastern-mediterranean-can-serve-as-a-bridge-between-the-gulf-and-europe\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup> Giorgio Cafiero, \u201cSisi\u2019s Visit Solidifies a New Phase in Egypt and Turkey\u2019s Ties,\u201d <em>New Arab<\/em>, September 10, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/analysis\/sisis-visit-solidifies-new-phase-egypt-and-turkeys-ties\">https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/analysis\/sisis-visit-solidifies-new-phase-egypt-and-turkeys-ties<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup> Zongyan Zoe Liu, \u201cTracking China\u2019s Control of Overseas Ports,\u201d <em>Council on Foreign Relations<\/em>, August 26, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/tracker\/china-overseas-ports\">https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/tracker\/china-overseas-ports<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup> Robert Mason, \u201cChina and Regional Stability in the Middle East: Economics, Engagement and Great Power Competition,\u201d in <em>Routledge Companion to China and the Middle East and North Africa<\/em>, ed. Yahia H. Zoubir (Abingdon: Routledge, 2023), 125\u2013139, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003048404\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003048404<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup> \u201cChina Says It Opposes Any Violation of Lebanon\u2019s Sovereignty,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, September 29, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/china-says-it-opposes-any-violation-lebanons-sovereignty-2024-09-29\/#:~:text=China%20opposes%20any%20violation%20of%20Lebanon%27s%20sovereignty%2C%20China%27s,airstrike%20on%20Beirut%20killed%20Hezbollah%20leader%20Hassan%20Nasrallah\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/china-says-it-opposes-any-violation-lebanons-sovereignty-2024-09-29\/#:~:text=China%20opposes%20any%20violation%20of%20Lebanon%27s%20sovereignty%2C%20China%27s,airstrike%20on%20Beirut%20killed%20Hezbollah%20leader%20Hassan%20Nasrallah<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote31\">31 <\/sup> Michael Robbins, Amaney A. Jamal, and Mark Tessler, \u201cAmerica Is Losing the Arab World and China Is Reaping the Benefits,\u201d <em>Arab Barometer<\/em>, June 11, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/media-news\/america-is-losing-the-arab-world-and-china-is-reaping-the-benefits\/\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/media-news\/america-is-losing-the-arab-world-and-china-is-reaping-the-benefits\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup> Robbins, Jamal, and Tessler, \u201cAmerica Is Losing the Arab World.\u201d<\/h6>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064e\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":474352,"template":"","class_list":["post-474229","publication_chapters","type-publication_chapters","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_chapters\/474229","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication_chapters"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/474352"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=474229"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}