{"id":470960,"date":"2024-04-19T10:09:52","date_gmt":"2024-04-19T10:09:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication_chapters&p=470960"},"modified":"2024-05-12T11:08:33","modified_gmt":"2024-05-12T11:08:33","slug":"%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%88%d9%88%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a3%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%9f","status":"publish","type":"publication_chapters","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%88%d9%88%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a3%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%9f\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a: \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/h3>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0628 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2015\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0644\u0651\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u2013 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0641\u0651\u0641 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/h6>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h6>\n
1 <\/sup>\u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action,\u201d United States Department of State, accessed February 18, 2024, https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/e\/eb\/tfs\/spi\/iran\/jcpoa\/#:~:text=On%20July%2014%2C%202015%2C%20the,program%20will%20be%20exclusively%20peaceful<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
2 <\/sup>Bureau of Counterterrorism, \u201cState Sponsors of Terrorism,\u201d U.S. Department of State, https:\/\/www.state.gov\/state-sponsors-of-terrorism\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
3 <\/sup>Mahmood Monshipouri and Giorgio Davide Boggio, \u201cSanctions, Deterrence, Regime Change: A New Look at US-Iran Relations,\u201d Middle East Policy<\/em> 29, no. 4 (Winter 2022): 26\u201344, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mepo.12661<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
4 <\/sup>\u201cSpecial Briefing: U.S. Withdraws from Iran Nuclear Deal,\u201d Reuters, May 9, 2018, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-newsnow-iran-idUSKBN1I939V\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
5 <\/sup>Simon Henderson, Iran Increases Output of Near Bomb-Grade Nuclear Material<\/em>, Policy Analysis, (Washington, D.C.: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, December 27, 2023), https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/iran-increases-output-near-bomb-grade-nuclear-material<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
6 <\/sup>\u201cWhy Are the US and Iran Holding Talks and Why Does It Matter?,\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, June 18, 2023, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/6\/18\/why-are-the-us-and-iran-holding-talks-and-why-does-it-matter<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
7 <\/sup>Afshon Ostovar, \u201cExporting the Revolution,\u201d in Vanguard of the Imam: Religion, Politics, and Iran’s Revolutionary Guards<\/em>, (New York, NY: 2016: Oxford University Press, 2016), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199387892.003.0006<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
8 <\/sup>Ali Alfoneh, \u201cParallelism and Rivalry by Design: Amal and Hezbollah,\u201d The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington, August 16, 2022, https:\/\/agsiw.org\/parallelism-and-rivalry-by-design-amal-and-hezbollah\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
9 <\/sup>Fabian Hinz, \u201cIran Transfers Rockets to Palestinian Groups,\u201d Wilson Center, May 19, 2021, https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/article\/irans-rockets-palestinian-groups<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
10 <\/sup>Kali Robinson, How Much Influence Does Iran Have in Iraq?<\/em>, Brief, (Washington, D.C.: Council on Foreign Relations, October 18, 2022), https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/in-brief\/how-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
11 <\/sup>Andrew Hanna and Garrett Nada, Iran\u2019s Roster of Influence Abroad<\/em>, Article, (Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center, March 24, 2020), https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/article\/irans-roster-political-influence-abroad-0<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
12 <\/sup>Bruce Riedel, Iran Seeks to Exploit Shia Grievances in Saudi Arabia<\/em>, Commentary, (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, November 9, 2012, https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/iran-seeks-to-exploit-shia-grievances-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
13 <\/sup>Patrick Clawson and Michael Eisenstadt, Iran Under Khatami: A Political, Economic, and Military Assessment<\/em>, Policy Analysis, (Washington, D.C.: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, October 1, 1998), https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/iran-under-khatami-political-economic-and-military-assessment<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
14 <\/sup>\u201cRaisi Says Revival of Nuclear Deal Not Iran’s Priority,\u201d Al-Monitor,<\/em> August 29, 2023, https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2023\/08\/raisi-says-revival-nuclear-deal-not-irans-priority#ixzz8DvXXsdd0<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
15 <\/sup>Gawdat Bahgat, \u201cIran, the United States, and the War on Terrorism,\u201d Studies in Conflict & Terrorism <\/em>26, <\/em>no. 2 (January 2011): 93, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10576100390145189<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
16 <\/sup>Ibid., 99.<\/h6>\n
17 <\/sup>Ziad Al-Sinjary, \u201cMosul falls to militants, Iraqi forces flee northern city,\u201d Reuters, June 11, 2014, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/idUSKBN0EL1H4\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
18 <\/sup>\u201cIraq cleric issues call to arms against ISIL,\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, June 14, 2014, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2014\/6\/14\/iraq-cleric-issues-call-to-arms-against-isil<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
19 <\/sup>Abdullah Al Jbour, The Popular Mobilization Forces in Iraq: Regional Dynamics and Local Variables<\/em>, Analysis, (Berlin, Germany: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, March 2021), https:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/bueros\/amman\/17860.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
20 <\/sup>Ahmad Majidyar, \u201cIran-Backed Militia Groups Continue to Play Key role in West Mosul Operations,\u201d Middle East Institute, March 13, 2017, https:\/\/mei.edu\/publications\/iran-backed-militia-groups-continue-play-key-role-west-mosul-operations<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
21 <\/sup>James Griffiths and Hamdi Alkhshali, \u201cIran blames US for creating ISIS amid worsening Middle East tensions,\u201d CNN<\/em>, June 13, 2017, https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2017\/06\/13\/middleeast\/iran-isis-middle-east\/index.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
22 <\/sup>\u201cIran hostage crisis,\u201d Encyclopedia Britannica Online, February 16, 2024, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Iran-hostage-crisis<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
23 <\/sup>Hongda Fan, \u201cChina\u2013Iran Relations from the Perspective of Tehran\u2019s Look East Approach,\u201d Asian Affairs<\/em> 53, no. 1 (2022): 51\u201367, http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03068374.2022.2029053<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
24 <\/sup>\u201cIran\u2019s Place in the New World Order Following the Defeat of US Proxy Wars,\u201d Khamenei<\/em>, May 18, 2023, https:\/\/english.khamenei.ir\/news\/9777\/Iran-s-place-in-the-new-world-order-following-the-defeat-of-US<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
25 <\/sup>\u201cIran and China Sign 25 Year Cooperation Agreement,\u201d Reuters, March 29, 2021, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-iran-china-idUSKBN2BJ0AD<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
26 <\/sup>Robbie Gramer, \u201cIran Doubles Down on Arms for Russia,\u201d Foreign Policy<\/em>, March 3, 2023, https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2023\/03\/03\/russia-iran-drones-uav-ukraine-war-military-cooperation-sanctions\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
27 <\/sup>Maysam Behravesh, Iran\u2019s Unconventional Alliance Network in the Middle East and Beyond<\/em>, Policy Paper, (Washington, DC: Middle East Institute, April 7, 2020), https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/irans-unconventional-alliance-network-middle-east-and-beyond<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
28 <\/sup>Farzin Nadimi, The Next Generation of Iranian Ballistic Missiles: Technical Advances, Strategic Objectives, and Potential Western Responses<\/em>, Policy Notes no. 138, (Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, July 25, 2023), https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/next-generation-iranian-ballistic-missiles-technical-advances-strategic-objectives<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
29 <\/sup>\u201cIran Successfully Launches Sorayya Satellite, State Media Report,\u201d Reuters, January 20, 2024, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/iran-successfully-launches-sorayya-satellite-iranian-media-2024-01-20\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
30 <\/sup>Michael Rubin, A Short History of the Iranian Drone Program<\/em>, Research Report, (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, August 2020), https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/resrep26682<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
31 <\/sup>Dalton Bennett and Mary Ilyushina, \u201cInside the Russian Effort to Build 6,000 Attack Drones with Iran\u2019s Help,\u201d The Washington Post<\/em>, August 17, 2023, https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/investigations\/2023\/08\/17\/russia-iran-drone-shahed-alabuga\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
32 <\/sup>Shahram Akbarzadeh, William Gourlay, and Anoushiravan Ehteshami, \u201cIranian Proxies in the Syrian Conflict: Tehran\u2019s \u2018Forward-Defence\u2019 in Action,\u201d Journal of Strategic Studies<\/em> 46, no. 3 (2023): 683\u2013706, http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01402390.2021.2023014<\/a>; Hamidreza Azizi, The Concept of \u2018\u201cForward Defence\u201d: How Has the Syrian Crisis Shaped the Evolution of Iran\u2019s Military Strategy<\/em>, Research Project Report no. 4, (Geneva: Geneva Centre for Security Policy, February 3, 2021), https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/publications\/concept-forward-defence-how-has-syrian-crisis-shaped-evolution-irans-military-strategy<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
33 <\/sup>\u201cTable of Iran’s Missile Arsenal,\u201d Iran Watch, February 22, 2024, https:\/\/www.iranwatch.org\/our-publications\/weapon-program-background-report\/table-irans-missile-arsenal<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
34 <\/sup>\u201cLebanon’s Hezbollah: What weapons does it have?,\u201d Reuters, October 30, 2023, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/lebanons-hezbollah-what-weapons-does-it-have-2023-10-30\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
35 <\/sup>\u201cMajor General Bagheri: The Signs of the Decline of American Power Are Visible,\u201d Donya-e Eqtesad, May 9, 2023, https:\/\/donya-e-eqtesad.com\/fa\/tiny\/news-3966203<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
36 <\/sup>Yola Robert, \u201cIranian Diaspora Collective Stands with Iranians for a Democratic Iran,\u201d Forbes<\/em>, January 12, 2023, https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/yolarobert1\/2023\/01\/12\/the-iranian-diaspora-collective-wants-total-regime-change\/?sh=3797c1d1461f<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
37 <\/sup>\u201cStatement by President Biden on the Violent Crackdown in Iran,\u201d The White House, October 3, 2022, https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/statements-releases\/2022\/10\/03\/statement-by-president-biden-on-the-violent-crackdown-in-iran\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
38 <\/sup>Emmet Lyons, Ken Olshansky, and Haley Britzky, \u201cHillary Clinton Says US Should Not Engage in Nuclear Talks with Iran as Protestors Stand Up \u2018to Their Oppressors,\u2019\u201d CNN<\/em>, December 1, 2022, https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2022\/12\/01\/politics\/hillary-clinton-iran-nuclear-talks-protests\/index.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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