{"id":470940,"date":"2024-04-19T21:20:35","date_gmt":"2024-04-19T21:20:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication_chapters&#038;p=470940"},"modified":"2024-07-23T07:56:00","modified_gmt":"2024-07-23T07:56:00","slug":"%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%81%d9%88%d8%b0-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a-%d9%88%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"publication_chapters","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%81%d9%88%d8%b0-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a-%d9%88%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a 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href=\"#endnote34\"><sup>34<\/sup><\/a> \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0632\u060c<a href=\"#endnote35\"><sup>35<\/sup><\/a> \u0641\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 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src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 554px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 554\/356;\" \/><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: <a href=\"https:\/\/worldview.stratfor.com\/article\/new-threat-red-sea-shipping\">https:\/\/worldview.stratfor.com\/article\/new-threat-red-sea-shipping<\/a>.<span style=\"color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base); text-decoration-style: dotted; text-decoration-skip-ink: none;\" href=\"#endnote37\"><sup>37<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u064a\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 [\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629] \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a&#8221;\u060c<a href=\"#endnote39\"><sup>39<\/sup><\/a> \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote40\"><sup>40<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0647. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0642 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644. \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\" lang=\"AR-QA\" xml:lang=\"AR-QA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\" lang=\"AR-SA\" xml:lang=\"AR-SA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0629 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a 13 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644. \u0648<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a <\/span><span 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BCX0\">\u0651<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0645 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\"> \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0651<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW57182036 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/h6>\n<hr \/>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup>Farea Al-Muslimi, \u201cIran\u2019s Role in Yemen Exaggerated, but Destructive,\u201d The Century Foundation, May 19, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/report\/irans-role-yemen-exaggerated-destructive\/\">https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/report\/irans-role-yemen-exaggerated-destructive\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup>UN Panel of Experts on Yemen, transmitted by letter dated Jan. 26, 2018, established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 2140 (2014) addressed to the President of the Security Council, 1-329, U.N. Doc. S\/2018\/594 (Jan. 26, 2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/1639536?ln=en&amp;v=pdf#record-files-collapse-header\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/1639536?ln=en&amp;v=pdf#record-files-collapse-header<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup>Al-Muslimi, \u201cIran\u2019s Role in Yemen.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>Heiko Wimmen et al., \u201cImpact of the Saudi-Iranian Reconciliation on Middle East Conflicts,\u201d International Crisis Group, April 19, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/middle-east-north-africa\/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula\/iran-saudi-arabia\/impact-saudi-iranian\">https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/middle-east-north-africa\/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula\/iran-saudi-arabia\/impact-saudi-iranian<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup>Aisha Al Saad, <em>Determinants of Iranian Foreign Policy <\/em><em>Toward the Gulf States in the Context of Iran Nuclear Negotiations<\/em> (Doha, Qatar: Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, 2018), 109.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup>Mahjoob Zweiri,<em>\u2018Iran; muqarabat fi alsiyasat alkharijiat waldaakhilia<\/em> [Iran: Approaches to Foreign and Domestic Policy] (Beirut: Arab Scientific Publishers, 2020), 32.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup>Al-Muslimi, \u201cIran\u2019s Role in Yemen.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup>Kali Robinson, <em>Yemen\u2019s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering,<\/em> Backgrounder (Washington, D.C.: Council on Foreign Relations, May 1, 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/backgrounder\/yemen-crisis\">https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/backgrounder\/yemen-crisis<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup>Mohsen Milani, \u201cIran\u2019s Game in Yemen: Why Tehran Isn\u2019t to Blame for the Civil War,\u201d <em>Foreign Affairs<\/em>, April 19, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iran\/2015-04-19\/irans-game-yemen\">https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iran\/2015-04-19\/irans-game-yemen<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>Nadwa Al-Dawsari, <em>The Ideological Underpinnings of the Houthis\u2019 Red Sea Attacks<\/em>, Analysis, (Washington, D.C.: Middle East Institute, January 22, 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/ideological-underpinnings-houthis-red-sea-attacks\">https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/ideological-underpinnings-houthis-red-sea-attacks<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup>Adel al-Ahmadi, <em>Al-Zahr wa-l-Hajar: at-tamarud al-shi\u2019i fi-l-yaman wa-mawqi\u2019 al-&#8216;aqaliyat a-shi\u2019iyya fi-l-sinariyu al-jadid [The Flower and the Stone: Shiite Rebellion in Yemen and the Position of Shiite Minorities in the New Scenario<\/em>] (Sanaa, Yemen: Nashwan Alhemyari Center for Studies and Media, 2006), 127\u2013183.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup>Kali Robinson, <em>Iran\u2019s Support of the Houthis: What to Know<\/em>, Brief, (Washington, D.C.: Council on Foreign Relations, March 1, 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/in-brief\/irans-support-houthis-what-know#:~:text=By%20some%20experts\u2019%20estimations%2C%20Iranian,the%20year%20they%20captured%20Sanaa\">https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/in-brief\/irans-support-houthis-what-know#:~:text=By%20some%20experts\u2019%20estimations%2C%20Iranian,the%20year%20they%20captured%20Sanaa<\/a>..<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>Ahmed Nagi, <em>Yemen\u2019s Houthis Used Multiple Identities to Advance<\/em>, (Beirut, Lebanon: Carnegie Middle East Center, March 19, 2019), <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2019\/03\/19\/yemen-s-houthis-used-multiple-identities-to-advance-pub-78623\">https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2019\/03\/19\/yemen-s-houthis-used-multiple-identities-to-advance-pub-78623<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup>Al-Dawsari, <em>The Ideological Underpinnings<\/em>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup>Mohammed Almahfali and James Root, <em>How Iran\u2019s Islamic Revolution Does, and Does Not, Influence Houthi Rule in Northern Yemen<\/em>, Analysis Paper, (Sanaa, Yemen: Sana&#8217;a Center For Strategic Studies, February 13, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/sanaacenter.org\/publications\/analysis\/9050\">https:\/\/sanaacenter.org\/publications\/analysis\/9050<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup>Robinson, <em>Iran\u2019s Support of the Houthis.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup>Mareike Transfeld, \u201cIran\u2019s Small Hand in Yemen,\u201d <em>Sada <\/em>(blog), February 14, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/67988\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/67988<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup>\u201cFive Years Since Decisive Storm,\u201d The Yemen Review, April 1, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/sanaacenter.org\/publications\/the-yemen-review\/9518#Five_Years_Since_Decisive_Storm\">https:\/\/sanaacenter.org\/publications\/the-yemen-review\/9518#Five_Years_Since_Decisive_Storm<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24\u00a0<\/sup>Al-Muslimi, \u201cIran\u2019s Role in Yemen.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup>&#8220;\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c 10 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2013\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a. <a href=\"https:\/\/n9.cl\/46jkgb\">https:\/\/n9.cl\/46jkgb<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup>Nagi, <em>Yemen\u2019s Houthis Used Multiple Identities.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup>Robinson, <em>Iran\u2019s Support of the Houthis.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup>Yemen Conflict Observatory (YCO) Database, \u201cYemen: Fatalities,\u201d ACLED and Yemen Data Project, accessed March 19, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/acleddata.com\/yemen-conflict-observatory\/#1700477750819-86f9adce-838d\">https:\/\/acleddata.com\/yemen-conflict-observatory\/#1700477750819-86f9adce-838d<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31 <\/sup>&#8220;\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u064a\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/cutt.us\/UdHFd\">https:\/\/cutt.us\/UdHFd<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0643 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/cutt.us\/Qa2gm\">https:\/\/cutt.us\/Qa2gm<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33 <\/sup>&#8220;\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0634\u064a\u062a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0633: \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0647&#8221;\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0631. <a href=\"https:\/\/yemenfuture.net\/news\/6033\">https:\/\/yemenfuture.net\/news\/6033<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34\u00a0<\/sup>&#8220;\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a&#8221;&#8221;\u060c 20 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631,2019\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/politics\/2019\/9\/30\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/politics\/2019\/9\/30\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>35 <\/sup>Fabian Hinz, \u201cLittle and Large Missile Surprises in Sanaa and Tehran,\u201d Military Balance (blog, International Institute for Strategic Studies), October 17, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iiss.org\/online-analysis\/military-balance\/2023\/10\/little-and-large-missile-surprises-in-sanaa-and-tehran\/\">https:\/\/www.iiss.org\/online-analysis\/military-balance\/2023\/10\/little-and-large-missile-surprises-in-sanaa-and-tehran\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>36 <\/sup>\u201cThe Bab El-Mandeb Strait Is a Strategic Route for Oil and Natural Gas Shipments,\u201d U.S. Energy Information Administration, August 17, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=41073\">https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=41073<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37 <\/sup>\u201cA New Threat to Red Sea Shipping,\u201d<em> Rane<\/em>, October 5, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/worldview.stratfor.com\/article\/new-threat-red-sea-shipping\">https:\/\/worldview.stratfor.com\/article\/new-threat-red-sea-shipping<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup>U.S. Energy Information Administration, \u201cThe Bab El-Mandeb Strait.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39 <\/sup>Micky Aharonson, \u201cIranian-Russian Cooperation in Yemen,\u201d Policy Paper, (Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Institute for Strategy and Security, March 1, 2019), <a href=\"https:\/\/jiss.org.il\/en\/aharonson-mansharof-iranian-russian-cooperation-in-yemen\/\">https:\/\/jiss.org.il\/en\/aharonson-mansharof-iranian-russian-cooperation-in-yemen\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40 <\/sup>&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u064a\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0631\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0632 16 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648,2018\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/cutt.us\/Lq9CF\">https:\/\/cutt.us\/Lq9CF<\/a>.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u064d \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u064f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u064a\u0646) \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":471022,"template":"","class_list":["post-470940","publication_chapters","type-publication_chapters","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_chapters\/470940","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication_chapters"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/471022"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=470940"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}