{"id":470863,"date":"2024-04-19T10:19:40","date_gmt":"2024-04-19T10:19:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication_chapters&#038;p=470863"},"modified":"2024-05-12T13:03:53","modified_gmt":"2024-05-12T13:03:53","slug":"%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%b1%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%85%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"publication_chapters","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%b1%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%85%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 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SCXW57182036 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW57182036 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n<h6>\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/h6>\n<hr \/>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup>\u201cIran: Ebrahim Raisi Must Be Investigated for Crimes Against Humanity,\u201d <em>Amnesty International<\/em>, June 19, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/press-release\/2021\/06\/iran-ebrahim-raisi-must-be-investigated-for-crimes-against-humanity\/\">https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/press-release\/2021\/06\/iran-ebrahim-raisi-must-be-investigated-for-crimes-against-humanity\/<\/a>; \u201cIran: Overseer of Mass Executions Elected President,\u201d <em>Human Rights Watch<\/em>, June 19, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2021\/06\/19\/iran-overseer-mass-executions-elected-president\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2021\/06\/19\/iran-overseer-mass-executions-elected-president<\/a>; Hadi Ghaemi, \u201cRaisi: Record on Crackdown and Human Rights,\u201d <em>United States Institute for Peace<\/em>, July 20, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/iranprimer.usip.org\/blog\/2021\/jul\/20\/raisi-record-crackdown-human-rights\">https:\/\/iranprimer.usip.org\/blog\/2021\/jul\/20\/raisi-record-crackdown-human-rights<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup>Luciano Zaccara, <em>Iran Presidential Elections 2021: What the Numbers Say<\/em>, Gulf Insights 47, (Doha, Qatar: Gulf Studies Center and OPEMAM, June 25, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.qu.edu.qa\/static_file\/qu\/research\/Gulf%20Studies\/documents\/Gulf%20Insights%2047.pdf\">https:\/\/www.qu.edu.qa\/static_file\/qu\/research\/Gulf Studies\/documents\/Gulf Insights 47.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup>Parisa Hafezi, Nayera Abdallah and Aziz El Yaakoubi, \u201cIran and Saudi Arabia agree to resume ties in talks brokered by China,\u201d Reuters, March 11, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/iran-saudi-arabia-agree-resume-ties-re-open-embassies-iranian-state-media-2023-03-10\/#:~:text=DUBAI%2FRIYADH%2C%20March%2010%20(,East%20from%20Yemen%20to%20Syria\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/iran-saudi-arabia-agree-resume-ties-re-open-embassies-iranian-state-media-2023-03-10\/#:~:text=DUBAI%2FRIYADH%2C%20March%2010%20(,East%20from%20Yemen%20to%20Syria<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup>\u201cSaudi and Iran Exchange Ambassadors after Rapprochement,\u201d <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, September 5, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/9\/5\/saudi-and-iran-exchange-ambassadors-after-rapprochement\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/9\/5\/saudi-and-iran-exchange-ambassadors-after-rapprochement<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup>Mohammed Benmansour, \u201cIran&#8217;s Embassy Reopens in Saudi Arabia for First Time in Seven Years,\u201d Reuters, June 7, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/irans-embassy-reopens-saudi-capital-riyadh-al-arabiya-tv-2023-06-06\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/irans-embassy-reopens-saudi-capital-riyadh-al-arabiya-tv-2023-06-06\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>\u201cSaudi and Iran Exchange Ambassadors.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup>Giorgio Cafiero, \u201cThe UAE-Iran Rapprochement: Causes and Effects,\u201d <em>Gulf International Forum<\/em>, July 25, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/gulfif.org\/the-uae-iran-rapprochement-causes-and-effects\/\">https:\/\/gulfif.org\/the-uae-iran-rapprochement-causes-and-effects\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup>Howard Schneider, \u201cSaudi Pact With Iran Is Sign of Growing Trust,\u201d <em>Washington Post<\/em>, April 16, 2001, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/politics\/2001\/04\/17\/saudi-pact-with-iran-is-sign-of-growing-trust\/fbdde133-8ef9-48d2-9deb-5393b7f314d4\/\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/politics\/2001\/04\/17\/saudi-pact-with-iran-is-sign-of-growing-trust\/fbdde133-8ef9-48d2-9deb-5393b7f314d4\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup>\u201cThe Islamic Republic of Iran Becomes 9th Member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation,\u201d Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs, September 17, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.mfa.ir\/portal\/newsview\/652127\/The-Islamic-Republic-of-Iran-becomes-9th-member-of-the-Shanghai-Cooperation-Organisation\">https:\/\/en.mfa.ir\/portal\/newsview\/652127\/The-Islamic-Republic-of-Iran-becomes-9th-member-of-the-Shanghai-Cooperation-Organisation<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup>Luciano Zaccara and Nesibe Hicret Battaloglu, \u201cBRICS Membership: Gulf States\u2019 Strategic Pivot in Shifting Global Dynamics,\u201d <em>Gulf International Forum<\/em>, September 5, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/gulfif.org\/brics-membership-gulf-states-strategic-pivot-in-shifting-global-dynamics\/\">https:\/\/gulfif.org\/brics-membership-gulf-states-strategic-pivot-in-shifting-global-dynamics\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup>Aziz El Yaakoubi and Samia Nakhoul, \u201cSyria\u2019s Assad Wins Warm Welcome at Arab Summit after Years of Isolation,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, May 20, 2023,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/syrias-assad-attend-arab-summit-bringing-regional-isolation-an-end-2023-05-19\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/syrias-assad-attend-arab-summit-bringing-regional-isolation-an-end-2023-05-19\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup>Arshad Mohammed and Parisa Hafezi, \u201cIran releases to house arrest 5 US citizens in swap, fund deal,\u201d Reuters, August 11, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/four-us-citizens-moved-iranian-prison-house-arrest-2023-08-10\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/four-us-citizens-moved-iranian-prison-house-arrest-2023-08-10\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>Mehran Haghirian and Luciano Zaccara, \u201cMaking Sense of HOPE: Can Iran\u2019s Hormuz Peace Endeavor Succeed?,\u201d <em>Atlantic Council<\/em>, October 3, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/iransource\/making-sense-of-hope-can-irans-hormuz-peace-endeavor-succeed\/\">https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/iransource\/making-sense-of-hope-can-irans-hormuz-peace-endeavor-succeed\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup>Jon Gambrell, Lujain Jo, and Matthew Lee, \u201cFive Americans Detained in Iran Walk Free, Released in Deal for Frozen Iranian Assets,\u201d <em>Associated Press<\/em>, September 19, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/iran-us-prisoner-swap-sanctions-assets-4e1fa477f8e6af45fb764acd259c2f1a\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/iran-us-prisoner-swap-sanctions-assets-4e1fa477f8e6af45fb764acd259c2f1a<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup>Summer Said, Benoit Faucon, and Stephen Kalin, \u201cIran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks,\u201d <em>The Wall Street Journal<\/em>, October 8, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/world\/middle-east\/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25\">https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/world\/middle-east\/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>Tehran correspondent, \u201cKhamenei Cheers Hamas\u2019 \u2018Epic\u2019 Attacks on Israel, but Denies Iran Role,\u201d <em>Al Monitor<\/em>, October 10, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2023\/10\/khamenei-cheers-hamas-epic-attacks-israel-denies-iran-role\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2023\/10\/khamenei-cheers-hamas-epic-attacks-israel-denies-iran-role<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>\u201cArab States Normalizing with Israel Should Learn Lesson from Palestine Developments: Leader\u2019s Aide,\u201d <em>Press TV<\/em>, October 9, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.presstv.ir\/Detail\/2023\/10\/09\/712367\/Arab-states-normalizing-Israel-learn-lesson-Palestine-developments\">https:\/\/www.presstv.ir\/Detail\/2023\/10\/09\/712367\/Arab-states-normalizing-Israel-learn-lesson-Palestine-developments<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup>Jesse Pound, \u201cBlinken Says U.S. Has \u2018Not Yet Seen\u2019 Evidence of Iran Involvement in Hamas Attack on Israel,\u201d <em>CNBC<\/em>, Ocober 8, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2023\/10\/08\/blinken-says-us-has-not-yet-seen-evidence-of-iran-involvement-in-hamas-attack-on-israel.html\">https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2023\/10\/08\/blinken-says-us-has-not-yet-seen-evidence-of-iran-involvement-in-hamas-attack-on-israel.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup>Patrick Wintour, \u201cNo Evidence Yet of Iran Link to Hamas Attack, Says Israeli Military,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, October 9, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2023\/oct\/09\/no-evidence-yet-of-iran-link-to-hamas-attack-says-israeli-military\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2023\/oct\/09\/no-evidence-yet-of-iran-link-to-hamas-attack-says-israeli-military<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup>\u201cArab Public Opinion about Israel\u2019s War on Gaza,\u201d Arab Center Washington DC, February 8, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/arabcenterdc.org\/resource\/arab-public-opinion-about-israels-war-on-gaza\/\">https:\/\/arabcenterdc.org\/resource\/arab-public-opinion-about-israels-war-on-gaza\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup>\u201cIranian foreign minister meets with Palestinian Hamas&#8217; leader in Doha, Al Jazeera reports,\u201d Reuters, October 14, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/iranian-fm-meets-with-palestinian-hamas-leader-qatars-doha-al-jazeera-tv-2023-10-14\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/iranian-fm-meets-with-palestinian-hamas-leader-qatars-doha-al-jazeera-tv-2023-10-14\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup>Ministry of Foreign Affairs-Qatar (@MofaQatar_EN), \u201cHis Excellency the Prime Minister,\u201d X, October 12, 2023, 10:16 a.m., <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/MofaQatar_EN\/status\/1713091466124198142\">https:\/\/twitter.com\/MofaQatar_EN\/status\/1713091466124198142<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup>\u201cIran President, Saudi Crown Prince Speak for First Time since Ties Restored,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, October 12, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/irans-president-saudi-crown-prince-speak-first-time-since-diplomatic-ties-2023-10-11\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/irans-president-saudi-crown-prince-speak-first-time-since-diplomatic-ties-2023-10-11\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup>Mohammadbagher Forough, <em>Raisi\u2019s Foreign Policy: Pragmatic Revolutionism and the Iranian Pivot to Asia<\/em>, GIGA Focus no. 7, (Hamburg, Germany: German Institue for Global and Area Studies, December 2021), 3, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.giga-hamburg.de\/en\/publications\/giga-focus\/raisi-s-foreign-policy-pragmatic-revolutionism-iranian-pivot-asia\">https:\/\/www.giga-hamburg.de\/en\/publications\/giga-focus\/raisi-s-foreign-policy-pragmatic-revolutionism-iranian-pivot-asia<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 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