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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2003 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0627\u064b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 33<\/sup><\/a>.2011 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2014 \u0633\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0629.34<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <\/span><\/span>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 <\/span>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 <\/span>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0629 <\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a 13 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644. \u0648<\/span>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a <\/span>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a <\/span>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0650\u0631 <\/span>\u0643\u0631\u062f<\/span>\u0651<\/span> \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644. \u064a\u0642\u062f<\/span>\u0651<\/span>\u0645 <\/span>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 <\/span>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 <\/span>\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <\/span>\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648<\/span>\u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627<\/span> \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648<\/span>\u0651<\/span>\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n
\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/h6>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h6>\n
1 <\/sup>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1980 \u2013 1988: \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0631\u062c\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0637\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c 2014).<\/h6>\n
2 <\/sup>Will D. Swearingen, \u201cGeopolitical Origins of the Iran-Iraq War,\u201d\u00a0Geographical Review<\/em> 78, <\/em>no. 4 (October 1988): 405\u2013416, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/215091<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
3 <\/sup>Efraim Karsh, \u201cGeopolitical Determinism: The Origins of the Iran-Iraq War,\u201d\u00a0Middle East Journal<\/em> 44, no. 2 (Spring 1990): 261, http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4328101<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
4 <\/sup>\u201cIraq and Iran Sign Accord To Settle Border Conflicts,\u201d The New York Times<\/em>, March 7, 1975, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1975\/03\/07\/archives\/iraq-and-iran-sign-accord-to-settle-border-conflicts-iraq-and-iran.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
5 <\/sup>\u201cTreaty 1 Concerning the State Frontier and Neighbourly Relations between Iran and Iraq,\u201d signed on June 13, 1975, United Nations Treaty Series<\/em>, vol. 1017, no. 14903 (1975), https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/doc\/Publication\/UNTS\/Volume%201017\/volume-1017-I-14903-English.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
6\u00a0<\/sup>A \u201cthalweg\u201d is a line marking the lowest or central part of a river channel or valley.<\/h6>\n
7 <\/sup>“\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642”.<\/h6>\n
8 <\/sup>Devin Kennington, Joyce Battle and Malcolm Byrne, Iran-Iraq War Timeline<\/em> (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, n.d.), 1, https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/documents\/publication\/Iran-IraqWar_Part1.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
9 <\/sup>Ibid., 1.<\/h6>\n
10 <\/sup>\u201cSaddam Hussein,\u201d Oxford Reference, <\/em>accessed February 9, 2024, https:\/\/www.oxfordreference.com\/display\/10.1093\/oi\/authority.20110803095951798<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
11 <\/sup>\u201cTimeline: Key dates in life of Iran\u2019s exiled first president Abolhassan Banisadr,\u201d Alarabiya News<\/em>, October 9, 2021, https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/10\/09\/Timeline-Key-dates-in-life-of-Iran-s-exiled-first-president-Abolhassan-Banisadr<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
12 <\/sup>Efraim Karsh, The Iran\u2013Iraq War 1980\u20131988 <\/em>(Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002), 9.<\/h6>\n
13 <\/sup>Kennington, Battle and Byrne, Iran-Iraq War Timeline, <\/em>1.<\/h6>\n
14 <\/sup>Karsh, The Iran-Iraq War<\/em>, 9.<\/h6>\n
15 <\/sup>Kennington, Battle and Byrne, Iran-Iraq War Timeline, <\/em>1.<\/h6>\n
16 <\/sup>Ibid., <\/em>2.<\/h6>\n
17 <\/sup>Williamson Murray and Kevin M. Woods, The Iran-Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 1, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781107449794<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
18 <\/sup>Suroosh Irfani, \u201cThe Iran-Iraq War and Its Implications for The Region,\u201d Strategic Studies: Special Issue: Security in the Gulf: Regional and Global Aspects<\/em> 11, no. 2 (Winter 1987): 38\u201359, http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/45182734<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
19 <\/sup>Ibid., 42.<\/h6>\n
20 <\/sup>Alireza Nader, Iran\u2019s Role in Iraq: Room for U.S.-Iran Cooperation?<\/em>, Research Paper, (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2015), https:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/perspectives\/PE151.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
21 <\/sup>International Crisis Group, Iran in Iraq: How Much Influence?<\/em>, (Washington, D.C.: International Crisis Group, March 21, 2005), https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/middle-east-north-africa\/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula\/iran\/iran-iraq-how-much-influence<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
22 <\/sup>Mona Yacoubian, Syria Timeline: Since the Uprising Against Assad<\/em>, Analysis, (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, January 1, 2021), https:\/\/www.usip.org\/syria-timeline-uprising-against-assad<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
23 <\/sup>Brian Katz, Axis Rising: Iran\u2019s Evolving Regional Strategy and Non-State Partnerships in the Middle East<\/em>, Policy Brief, (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, October 2018), https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/axis-rising-irans-evolving-regional-strategy-and-non-state-partnerships-middle-east<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
24 <\/sup>\u201cIran\u2019s Allies in Iraq, Yemen Threaten U.S. Over Intervention in Israel,\u201d Reuters<\/em>, October 11, 2023, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/senior-iraqi-political-figure-threatens-target-us-interests-if-it-backs-israel-2023-10-10\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
25 <\/sup>\u201cExperts React: What to Know about US and UK Strikes on the Houthis in Yemen,\u201d New Atlanticist (Atlantic Council blog), January 11, 2024, https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/new-atlanticist\/experts-react\/experts-react-what-to-know-about-us-and-uk-strikes-on-the-houthis-in-yemen\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
26 <\/sup>\u201cIran\u2019s Khamenei Says Tehran Was Not Behind Hamas Attack on Israel,\u201d Reuters, October 10, 2023, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/irans-khamenei-says-tehran-was-not-behind-hamas-attack-israel-2023-10-10\/<\/a>; Nancy Ezzeddine and Hamidreza Azizi, \u201cIran\u2019s Increasingly Decentralized Axis of Resistance,\u201d War on the Rocks<\/em>, July 14, 2022, https:\/\/warontherocks.com\/2022\/07\/irans-increasingly-decentralized-axis-of-resistance\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
27 <\/sup>Afshon Ostovar, \u201cIran, Israel, and War in the Middle East,\u201d War on the Rocks<\/em>, October 17, 2023, https:\/\/warontherocks.com\/2023\/10\/iran-israel-and-war-in-the-middle-east\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
28 <\/sup>Nasser Karimi, Amir Vahdat, and Jon Gambrell, \u201cIran Strikes Back at US with Missile Attack at Bases in Iraq,\u201d Associated Press, January 7, 2020, https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/ap-top-news-persian-gulf-tensions-tehran-international-news-iraq-add7a702258b4419d796aa5f48e577fc<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
29 <\/sup>Mahnaz Abdi, \u201cIran\u2019s Annual Export to Iraq Anticipated to Hit Record High,\u201d Tehran Times<\/em>, March 11, 2023, https:\/\/www.tehrantimes.com\/news\/482762\/Iran-s-annual-export-to-Iraq-anticipated-to-hit-record-high<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
30 <\/sup>\u201cIran Strengthens Political, Economic Hold over Iraq,\u201d France 24<\/em>, December 11, 2022, https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/live-news\/20221211-iran-strengthens-political-economic-hold-over-iraq<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
31\u00a0<\/sup>“\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646”\u060c\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 20 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023\u060c https:\/\/www.independentarabia.com\/node\/413516<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
32 <\/sup>\u201cPope Francis Meets Iraq\u2019s Shia Leader Al-Sistani,\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, March 6, 2023, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/6\/pope-francis-meets-iraqs-shia-leader-al-sistani<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
33 <\/sup>“Barack Obama announces total withdrawal of US troops from Iraq,\u201d The Guardian<\/em>, October 21, 2011, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2011\/oct\/21\/obama-us-troops-withdrawal-iraq<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
34 <\/sup>Shahram Akbarzadeh, \u201cIran and Daesh: The Case of a Reluctant Shia Power,\u201d Middle East Policy<\/em> 22, no.3 (Fall 2015), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mepo.12142<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
35\u00a0<\/sup>Elizabeth Rosenberg and Neil Bhatiya, \u201cTrump Has Made Sanctions a Path to Strikes,\u201d Foreign Policy<\/em>, January 14, 2020, https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2020\/01\/14\/iran-suleimani-trump-has-made-sanctions-path-to-strikes\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
36 <\/sup>Qassim Abdul-Zahra and Zeina Karam, \u201cUS kills Iran\u2019s Most Powerful General in Baghdad Airstrike,\u201d Associated Press, January 3, 2020, https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/ap-top-news-tehran-international-news-iraq-ali-khamenei-5597ff0f046a67805cc233d5933a53ed<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
37 <\/sup>Emily Hawthorne, \u201cThe U.S. Strategy in Iraq Could Come Back to Bite,\u201d Worldview (RANE\/Stratfor blog)<\/em>, April 6, 2020, https:\/\/worldview.stratfor.com\/article\/us-strategy-iraq-could-come-back-bite-iran-sanctions-covid-economy-politics-military-security<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
38 <\/sup>Hamidreza Azizi, Challenges to Iran\u2019s Role in Iraq in the Post-Soleimani Era: Complex Rivalries, Fragmented Alliances, Declining Soft Power<\/em>, SWP Comment no. 44, (Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, July 2021), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18449\/2021C44<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
39 <\/sup>Kamal Chomani, Big Brother Is Watching: Evolving Relations between Iran and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq,<\/em> Policy Brief, (The Hague, Netherlands: The Netherlands Institute of International Relations (Clingendael), March 2022), 1-12, https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/publication\/evolving-relations-between-iran-and-kurdistan-region-iraq<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
40 <\/sup>Renad Mansour, The Sunni Predicament in Iraq<\/em>, Policy Brief (Beirut, Lebanon: Carnegie Middle East Center, March 2016), 1-24, https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/files\/CMEC_59_Mansour_Sunni_Final.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n
41 <\/sup>“\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629: \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c 26 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2021\u060c https:\/\/aja.me\/x7tsw<\/a>..<\/h6>\n
42 <\/sup>Ranj Alaaldin, \u201cIran Is Exploiting Divisions and U.S. Inaction in Iraqi Kurdistan,\u201d September 29, 2023, https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2023\/09\/29\/iraq-iran-kurdistan-krg-puk-pmf-kdp\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
43 <\/sup>BBC Monitoring, National Aspirations and Regional Power Struggles – Key Kurdish Groups in Iraq, Syria, Iran and Turkey<\/em> (London, UK: Evidence submitted to the Kurdish Aspirations and the Interests of the UK Inquiry (KUR0022), Foreign Affairs Committee of the United Kingdom Parliament, November 2017), https:\/\/committees.parliament.uk\/writtenevidence\/83851\/html\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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