{"id":470816,"date":"2024-04-19T10:06:31","date_gmt":"2024-04-19T10:06:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication_chapters&#038;p=470816"},"modified":"2024-05-22T09:38:27","modified_gmt":"2024-05-22T09:38:27","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7-%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"publication_chapters","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7-%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a 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class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0651<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57182036 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW57182036 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup>Shahram Akbarzadeh, William Gourlay, and Anoushiravan Ehteshami, \u201cIranian Proxies in the Syrian Conflict: Tehran\u2019s \u2018Forward-Defence\u2019 in Action,\u201d Journal of Strategic Studies 46, no. 3 (June 2023): 683\u2013706, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01402390.2021.2023014.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup>Hassan Ahmadian and Payam Mohseni, \u201cIran\u2019s Syria Strategy: The Evolution of Deterrence,\u201d <em>International Affairs<\/em> 95, no. 2 (March 2019): 341\u2013364, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ia\/iiy271\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ia\/iiy271<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup>Aziz El Yaakoubi and Samia Nakhoul, \u201cSyria\u2019s Assad Wins Warm Welcome at Arab Summit after Years of Isolation,\u201d Reuters, May 20, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/syrias-assad-attend-arab-summit-bringing-regional-isolation-an-end-2023-05-19\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/syrias-assad-attend-arab-summit-bringing-regional-isolation-an-end-2023-05-19\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup>Parisa Hafezi, Nayera Abdallah and Aziz El Yaakoubi, \u201cIran and Saudi Arabia Agree to Resume Ties in Talks Brokered by China,\u201d Reuters, March 11, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/iran-saudi-arabia-agree-resume-ties-re-open-embassies-iranian-state-media-2023-03-10\/#:~:text=DUBAI%2FRIYADH%2C%20March%2010%20(,East%20from%20Yemen%20to%20Syria\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/iran-saudi-arabia-agree-resume-ties-re-open-embassies-iranian-state-media-2023-03-10\/#:~:text=DUBAI%2FRIYADH%2C%20March%2010%20(,East%20from%20Yemen%20to%20Syria<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5\u00a0<\/sup>\u201cThe Abraham Accords,\u201d Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs of the U.S. Department of State, accessed February 4, 2024, \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/the-abraham-accords\/\">https:\/\/www.state.gov\/the-abraham-accords\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>El Yaakoubi and Nakhoul, \u201cSyria\u2019s Assad Wins Warm Welcome at Arab Summit.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup>\u201cWorld Court Rules Against Syria in Torture Case: Urgent Measures Ordered to Stop Abuses,\u201d Human Rights Watch, November 16, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/11\/16\/world-court-rules-against-syria-torture-case\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/11\/16\/world-court-rules-against-syria-torture-case<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup>Matthew Lee, \u201cUS, UK Oppose Syria\u2019s Re-admission to Arab League,\u201d <em>Associated Press<\/em>, May 9, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/us-uk-syria-arab-league-blinken-cleverly-679cce36f7f1418d3ed4ccb30f2e98de\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/us-uk-syria-arab-league-blinken-cleverly-679cce36f7f1418d3ed4ccb30f2e98de<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup>Leonardo Mazzucco<em>, Syria\u2019s Normalization and the GCC: Adjusting to A New Modus Vivendi, <\/em>Policy Analysis, (Washington, D.C.: Fikra Forum of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, May 10, 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/syrias-normalization-and-gcc-adjusting-new-modus-vivendi\">https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/syrias-normalization-and-gcc-adjusting-new-modus-vivendi<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup>\u201cQatar Says It Will Not Normalise with Syria after Arab League Reinstates Assad Regime,\u201d <em>The New Arab<\/em>, May 8, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/news\/qatar-says-it-will-not-normalise-assads-syria\">https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/news\/qatar-says-it-will-not-normalise-assads-syria<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup>Giorgio Cafiero and Emily Milliken, \u201cAnalysis: How Important Is Syria\u2019s Return to the Arab League?,\u201d <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, May 19, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/5\/19\/analysis-how-important-is-syrias-return-to-the-arab-league\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/5\/19\/analysis-how-important-is-syrias-return-to-the-arab-league<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup>Mohammad Mehdi Maleki, \u201cLasjerdi: Syria\u2019s Return to the Arab League Is Followed by \u2018Revival of Power,\u2019\u201d <em>Islamic Republic News Agency<\/em>, May 9, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irna.ir\/news\/85104727\">https:\/\/www.irna.ir\/news\/85104727<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>\u201cIran\u2019s Support Was Fundamental in Syria\u2019s Return to the Arab League,\u201d <em>Alalam<\/em>, May 26, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/fa.alalam.ir\/news\/6627013\/\">https:\/\/fa.alalam.ir\/news\/6627013\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup>Nasser Kanaani, \u201cThe Islamic Republic of Iran Welcomes Syria\u2019s Success in Achieving Its Position in the Arab League,\u201d Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, May 8, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/mfa.gov.ir\/portal\/newsview\/719712\">https:\/\/mfa.gov.ir\/portal\/newsview\/719712<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup>Masoumeh Poursadeghi, \u201cThe Relations between the Arab Countries and Damascus Are for the Benefit of the People and the Security of the Region,\u201d <em>Islamic Republic News Agency<\/em>, May 14, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irna.ir\/news\/85111314\">https:\/\/www.irna.ir\/news\/85111314<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>Hamidreza Azizi and Leonid Issaev, <em>Russian and Iranian Economic Interests in Syria (Pre-2010 and Intra-War Period)<\/em>, Discussion Paper no. 8, (Geneva: The Geneva Centre for Security Policy and Omran Center for Strategic Studies, May 2019), <a href=\"https:\/\/dam.gcsp.ch\/files\/2y10nlGNuebJ3zh4kU5wS7N66uuFm35TYDmJjO9jyzKVQYbDoO7vybkfq\">https:\/\/dam.gcsp.ch\/files\/2y10nlGNuebJ3zh4kU5wS7N66uuFm35TYDmJjO9jyzKVQYbDoO7vybkfq<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>Anshel Pfeffer, \u201cArab Rapprochement with Syria\u2019s Assad Works for Israel Too,\u201d <em>Haaretz<\/em>, November 17, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/us-news\/2021-11-17\/ty-article\/.premium\/why-arab-rapprochement-with-syrias-assad-works-for-israel-too\/0000017f-e20e-d9aa-afff-fb5ec67a0000\">https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/us-news\/2021-11-17\/ty-article\/.premium\/why-arab-rapprochement-with-syrias-assad-works-for-israel-too\/0000017f-e20e-d9aa-afff-fb5ec67a0000<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup>\u201cBashar Assad\u2019s Reaction to the Agreement between Iran and Saudi Arabia,\u201d <em>Khabar Online<\/em>, March 16, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.khabaronline.ir\/news\/1743996\">https:\/\/www.khabaronline.ir\/news\/1743996<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup>\u201cFrom Now On, Saudi Arabia Will Deal with Syrian Issues through Iran,\u201d <em>Iranian Students\u2019 News Agency<\/em>, accessed February 5, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.isna.ir\/news\/1402061107370\">https:\/\/www.isna.ir\/news\/1402061107370<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup>\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645&#8221;<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21\u00a0<\/sup>\u201cQatari Foreign Minister Rules Out Normalization with Israel,\u201d <em>The Times of Israel<\/em>, February 2, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/qatari-foreign-minister-rules-out-normalization-with-israel\/\">https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/qatari-foreign-minister-rules-out-normalization-with-israel\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup>\u201cKuwait Says It\u2019ll Be \u2018Last to Normalize\u2019 with Israel, Will Stand by Palestinians,\u201d <em>The Times of Israel<\/em>, August 16, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/kuwaiti-officials-reject-israel-normalization-reaffirm-support-for-palestinians\/\">https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/kuwaiti-officials-reject-israel-normalization-reaffirm-support-for-palestinians\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup>Phil Stewart, Idrees Ali and Timour Azhari, \u201cU.S. launches strikes in Iraq, Syria, nearly 40 reported killed,\u201d Reuters, February 4, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/us-launches-retaliatory-strikes-iraq-syria-nearly-40-reported-killed-2024-02-03\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/us-launches-retaliatory-strikes-iraq-syria-nearly-40-reported-killed-2024-02-03\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1979. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2011. \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064d \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":471026,"template":"","class_list":["post-470816","publication_chapters","type-publication_chapters","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_chapters\/470816","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication_chapters"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/471026"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=470816"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}