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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/th>\n<th dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/strong><\/th>\n<th dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/th>\n<th dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/th>\n<th dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639: \u0646\u062d\u0648 91 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u061b \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0648 113 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0632\u061b \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 12 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 24 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636: \u0646\u062d\u0648 50 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0642\u0637\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636: \u0646\u062d\u0648 45 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u2014 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u061b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u061b \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0631.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639: \u0646\u062d\u0648 81 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 2007 \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0639\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637: \u0646\u062d\u0648 57 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0623\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b: \u0646\u062d\u0648 130 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dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u00ab\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0625\u0630\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<h3 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<table dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648<\/strong><\/th>\n<th dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u061f<\/strong><\/th>\n<th dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/th>\n<th dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0627\u064b<\/strong><\/th>\n<th dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0635\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>1. \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a.<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>2. \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 2003 \u06482008\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a 10\u201315 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637.<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u061b \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631.<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u064a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\"><strong>3. \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0635\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b.<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a.<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062b\u0645 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right;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 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right;\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 6px; text-align: right;\">\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a 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\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 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\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1<\/sup> Jon Gambrell, &#8220;UAE thanks Trump for currency swap mention,&#8221; <em>Associated Press,<\/em> April 22, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/live\/iran-war-israel-trump-04-21-2026\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/live\/iran-war-israel-trump-04-21-2026<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2<\/sup> On the UAE swap-line approach and Bessent&#8217;s Senate testimony: Jules Rimmer, &#8220;The real meaning of UAE reportedly requesting a dollar swap line,&#8221; <em>MarketWatch<\/em>, April 20, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/story\/the-real-meaning-of-uae-reportedly-requesting-a-dollar-swap-line-6a40d630\">https:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/story\/the-real-meaning-of-uae-reportedly-requesting-a-dollar-swap-line-6a40d630<\/a>; &#8220;Bessent Defends U.S. Dollar Swap Lines as Iran War Harms Global Finances,&#8221; <em>CNBC<\/em>, April 24, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2026\/04\/24\/bessent-iran-war-uae-swap-lines-gulf-asia.html\">https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2026\/04\/24\/bessent-iran-war-uae-swap-lines-gulf-asia.html<\/a>; &#8220;US Treasury Secretary Bessent Says Gulf, Asian Allies Request Swap Lines,&#8221; <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, April 22, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/economy\/2026\/4\/22\/us-treasury-secretary-bessent-says-gulf-asian-allies-request-swap-lines\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/economy\/2026\/4\/22\/us-treasury-secretary-bessent-says-gulf-asian-allies-request-swap-lines<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3<\/sup> Brad Setser, &#8220;Petrodollars: Myth and Reality,&#8221; <em>Council on Foreign Relations,<\/em> April 14, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/articles\/petrodollars-myths-and-reality\">https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/articles\/petrodollars-myths-and-reality<\/a>; Gregg Carlstrom, <em>The Economist<\/em>, quoted in Jules Rimmer, &#8220;The real meaning of UAE reportedly requesting a dollar swap line,&#8221; MarketWatch, April 20, 2026; David S. Cloud, Alexander Saeedy, Nick Timiraos, &#8220;UAE Asks US About a Wartime Financial Lifeline,&#8221; <em>The Wall Street Journal,<\/em> April 19, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/world\/middle-east\/u-a-e-asks-u-s-for-a-wartime-financial-lifeline-3f9ea3a0\">https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/world\/middle-east\/u-a-e-asks-u-s-for-a-wartime-financial-lifeline-3f9ea3a0<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4<\/sup> Kenneth Rogoff, quoted in Christy DeSmith, &#8220;Era of U.S. dollar may be winding down,&#8221; <em>Harvard Gazette,<\/em> May 9, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2025\/05\/era-of-u-s-dollar-may-be-winding-down\/\">https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2025\/05\/era-of-u-s-dollar-may-be-winding-down\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5<\/sup> Christine Lagarde, &#8220;Europe&#8217;s &#8216;global euro&#8217; moment,&#8221; <em>European Central Bank Blog<\/em>, June 17, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ecb.europa.eu\/press\/blog\/date\/2025\/html\/ecb.blog20250617~7de14a39c3.en.html\">https:\/\/www.ecb.europa.eu\/press\/blog\/date\/2025\/html\/ecb.blog20250617~7de14a39c3.en.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6<\/sup> Christoph Gisiger, &#8220;The Foundations of Dollar Dominance Are Weaker Than Anticipated,&#8221; <em>The Market NZZ,<\/em> April 8, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/themarket.ch\/english\/the-foundations-of-dollar-dominance-are-weaker-than-anticipated-ld.16505\">https:\/\/themarket.ch\/english\/the-foundations-of-dollar-dominance-are-weaker-than-anticipated-ld.16505<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7<\/sup> David E. Spiro, <em>The Hidden Hand of American Hegemony: Petrodollar Recycling and International Markets<\/em> (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999).<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8<\/sup> &#8220;Saudi Holdings of US Treasuries Rise to $149.5B in December 2025,&#8221; <em>Argaam<\/em>, February 19, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.argaam.com\/en\/article\/articledetail\/id\/1881813?amp\">https:\/\/www.argaam.com\/en\/article\/articledetail\/id\/1881813?amp<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9<\/sup> Recycling Gulf surpluses into Treasuries suppressed US yields by an estimated 10 to 25 basis points, transferring roughly $700 billion from GCC reserve holders to US borrowers between 2005 and 2023. See Ziad Daoud, &#8220;The Problem with Petrodollars: How Cristiano Ronaldo, an Artificial Moon, and Flying Taxis in the Desert May Push US Interest Rates Higher,&#8221; in <em>The Price of Money: A Guide to the Past, Present and Future<\/em>, eds. Jamie Rush, Tom Orlik, and Stephanie Flanders (Oxford University Press, 2025), 126\u2013139.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10<\/sup> On the &#8220;money view&#8221; of dollar dominance \u2014 that it rests on the offshore eurodollar funding-and-collateral system rather than oil-for-dollars bargains or surplus recycling: Perry Mehrling, <em>The New Lombard Street: How the Fed Became the Dealer of Last Resort<\/em> (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011); Daniela Gabor, &#8220;Critical Macro-Finance: A Theoretical Lens,&#8221; <em>Finance and Society<\/em> 6, no. 1 (2020): 45\u201355; Steffen Murau, &#8220;Offshore Dollar Creation and the Emergence of the post-2008 International Monetary System,&#8221; IASS Discussion Paper (2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3191981\">https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3191981<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11<\/sup> Ronald I. McKinnon, &#8220;Optimum Currency Areas,&#8221; <em>American Economic Review<\/em> 53, no. 4 (1963): 717\u2013725; Robert A. Mundell, &#8220;A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas,&#8221; <em>American Economic Review<\/em> 51, no. 4 (1961): 657\u2013665.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12<\/sup> Mike Dolan, &#8220;Iran war rattles Gulf petrodollar foundations,&#8221; <em>Reuters<\/em>, March 25, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/gulf-war-rattles-petrodollar-foundations-2026-03-25\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/gulf-war-rattles-petrodollar-foundations-2026-03-25\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13<\/sup> Nasser Alshareef, &#8220;The Petroyuan and Renminbi Internationalization: Probing Gulf-China Relations,&#8221; Noria Research, July 1, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/noria-research.com\/mena\/the-petroyuan-and-renminbi-internationalization-probing-gulf-china-relations\/#_ftn31\">https:\/\/noria-research.com\/mena\/the-petroyuan-and-renminbi-internationalization-probing-gulf-china-relations\/#_ftn31<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14<\/sup> Thomas Hale and Cheng Leng, &#8220;China&#8217;s Central Bank Chief Expects New Currency Order to Challenge Dollar,&#8221; <em>Financial Times<\/em>, June 18, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/ed04b26c-657d-4653-859d-c5a560c6b3e9\">https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/ed04b26c-657d-4653-859d-c5a560c6b3e9<\/a>; &#8220;PBOC Chief Sees Currency Competition as Dollar Dominance Falters,&#8221; <em>Bloomberg<\/em>, June 18, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2025-06-18\/pboc-chief-sees-currency-competition-as-dollar-dominance-falters\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2025-06-18\/pboc-chief-sees-currency-competition-as-dollar-dominance-falters<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15<\/sup> Gita Gopinath and Jeremy C. Stein, &#8220;Banking, Trade, and the Making of a Dominant Currency,&#8221; <em>Quarterly Journal of Economics<\/em> 136, no. 2 (May 2021): 783\u2013830; Brendan Greeley, &#8220;There&#8217;s No Such Thing as the Petrodollar,&#8221; <em>Financial Times<\/em>, April 25, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/be345914-7b4b-4264-bcbd-6e5e33b798c7\">https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/be345914-7b4b-4264-bcbd-6e5e33b798c7<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16<\/sup> Carol Bertaut, Bastian von Beschwitz, and Stephanie Curcuru, <em>The International Role of the U.S. Dollar \u2014 2025 Edition,<\/em> FEDS Notes No. 2025-07-18-1, (Washington, DC: Federal Reserve Board, July 18, 2025), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/econres\/notes\/feds-notes\/the-international-role-of-the-u-s-dollar-2025-edition-20250718.html\">https:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/econres\/notes\/feds-notes\/the-international-role-of-the-u-s-dollar-2025-edition-20250718.html<\/a>; Ethan Ilzetzki, Carmen M. Reinhart, and Kenneth S. Rogoff, &#8220;Exchange Arrangements Entering the Twenty-First Century: Which Anchor Will Hold?&#8221; <em>Quarterly Journal of Economics<\/em> 134, no. 2 (2019): 599\u2013646.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17<\/sup> European Central Bank, <em>The International Role of the Euro,<\/em> June 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ecb.europa.eu\/press\/other-publications\/ire\/html\/ecb.ire202606.en.html\">https:\/\/www.ecb.europa.eu\/press\/other-publications\/ire\/html\/ecb.ire202606.en.html<\/a>; Olaf Storbeck and Leslie Hook, &#8220;Gold overtakes euro as global reserve asset, ECB says,&#8221; <em>Financial Times,<\/em> June 11, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/0d175cad-db7c-4dc2-83a8-90736f96f198\">https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/0d175cad-db7c-4dc2-83a8-90736f96f198<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18<\/sup> Serkan Arslanalp, Barry Eichengreen, and Chima Simpson-Bell, &#8220;The Stealth Erosion of Dollar Dominance and the Rise of Nontraditional Reserve Currencies,&#8221; <em>Journal of International Economics<\/em> 138 (2022): 103656.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19<\/sup> Jim Krane, <em>Exploring the Options: Arab Oil Exporters and the US Dollar<\/em>. (Washington, DC: Arab Center Washington DC, June 21, 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/arabcenterdc.org\/resource\/exploring-the-options-arab-oil-exporters-and-the-us-dollar\/\">https:\/\/arabcenterdc.org\/resource\/exploring-the-options-arab-oil-exporters-and-the-us-dollar\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20<\/sup> Menzie Chinn and Jeffrey A. Frankel, &#8220;Will the Euro Eventually Surpass the Dollar as Leading International Reserve Currency?&#8221; in <em>G7 Current Account Imbalances: Sustainability and Adjustment<\/em>, ed. Richard H. Clarida (Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 2007), ch. 8, 283\u2013335, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/system\/files\/chapters\/c0126\/c0126.pdf\">https:\/\/www.nber.org\/system\/files\/chapters\/c0126\/c0126.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21<\/sup> Frederic Schneider, <em>After the Shock: The Israel-Iran War&#8217;s Economic Impact on the Gulf.<\/em> Policy Note. (Doha, Qatar: The Middle East Council on Global Affairs, July 31, 2025), <a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a2%d8%ab%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a9\/\">https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/after-the-shock-the-israel-iran-wars-economic-impact-on-the-gulf\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22<\/sup> Mosheh Gains, Courtney Kube, Andrea Mitchell, Natasha Lebedeva and Daniel Arkin, &#8220;Trump&#8217;s Abrupt U-Turn on a Plan to Reopen the Strait of Hormuz Came After Backlash From Allies,&#8221; <em>NBC News<\/em>, May 7, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/politics\/white-house\/trumps-abrupt-u-turn-plan-re-open-strait-hormuz-came-backlash-allies-rcna343845\">https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/politics\/white-house\/trumps-abrupt-u-turn-plan-re-open-strait-hormuz-came-backlash-allies-rcna343845<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23<\/sup> &#8220;Trump Abandons &#8216;Project Freedom&#8217; After Saudi Arabia and Kuwait Suspend Access to Bases and Airspace,&#8221; <em>Democracy Now!,<\/em> May 7, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.democracynow.org\/2026\/5\/7\/headlines\/trump_abandons_project_freedom_after_saudi_arabia_and_kuwait_suspend_access_to_bases_and_airspace\">https:\/\/www.democracynow.org\/2026\/5\/7\/headlines\/trump_abandons_project_freedom_after_saudi_arabia_and_kuwait_suspend_access_to_bases_and_airspace<\/a>; US Department of State, &#8220;Major Non-NATO Ally Status: Fact Sheet,&#8221; January 20, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/major-non-nato-ally-status\">https:\/\/www.state.gov\/major-non-nato-ally-status<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24<\/sup> Naade Ali and Marvin C Weinbaum, <em>Pakistan&#8217;s Strategic Defense Pact With Saudi Arabia: A new security architecture in the wider Middle East,<\/em> Analysis Paper. (Washington, DC: Middle East Institute, October 8, 2025), <a href=\"https:\/\/mei.edu\/publication\/pakistans-strategic-defense-pact-saudi-arabia-new-security-architecture-wider-middle\/\">https:\/\/mei.edu\/publication\/pakistans-strategic-defense-pact-saudi-arabia-new-security-architecture-wider-middle\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25<\/sup> Brad Setser, <em>Petrodollars: Myth and Reality,<\/em> (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, April 14, 2026), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/articles\/petrodollars-myths-and-reality\">https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/articles\/petrodollars-myths-and-reality<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26<\/sup> Hagar Omran, &#8220;Why Saudi PIF Slashed US Equity Holdings by 66% in 3 Years,&#8221; <em>Forbes Middle East<\/em>, May 24, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/forbesmiddleeast.com\/money\/markets\/why-saudi-pif-slashed-us-equity-holdings-value-by-over-66-in-three-years\">https:\/\/forbesmiddleeast.com\/money\/markets\/why-saudi-pif-slashed-us-equity-holdings-value-by-over-66-in-three-years<\/a>; &#8220;PIF&#8217;s $92B Domestic Pivot: What 80\/20 Really Means,&#8221; <em>House of Saud<\/em>, May 7, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/houseofsaud.com\/pif-wartime-pivot-80-20-domestic-split\/\">https:\/\/houseofsaud.com\/pif-wartime-pivot-80-20-domestic-split\/<\/a>; Pramod Kumar, &#8220;PIF Investments in US Equities Fall Again,&#8221; <em>AGBI<\/em>, February 19, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.agbi.com\/finance\/2026\/02\/pif-investments-in-us-equities-fall-again\/\">https:\/\/www.agbi.com\/finance\/2026\/02\/pif-investments-in-us-equities-fall-again\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27<\/sup> Elaine Dezenski, &#8220;This Economic Weapon Is Worth Congress&#8217;s Attention,&#8221; <em>WSJ,<\/em> May 14, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/opinion\/this-economic-weapon-is-worth-congresss-attention-c7f5244a\">https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/opinion\/this-economic-weapon-is-worth-congresss-attention-c7f5244a<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28<\/sup> On the bilateral swap-line architecture, Scott Bessent, Senate testimony, April 2026; see note 2.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29<\/sup> Barry Eichengreen, &#8220;Central Bank Gold Buying and the Dollar,&#8221; <em>Project Syndicate<\/em>, May 11, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.project-syndicate.org\/commentary\/rising-official-gold-reserves-symptom-of-deglobalization-by-barry-eichengreen-2026-05\">https:\/\/www.project-syndicate.org\/commentary\/rising-official-gold-reserves-symptom-of-deglobalization-by-barry-eichengreen-2026-05<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30<\/sup> Tobias Pforr, Fabian Pape, and Johannes Petry, &#8220;Dollar Diminished: The Unmaking of US Financial Hegemony Under Trump,&#8221; <em>International Organization<\/em> 79 (S1): S117\u2013S133, citing Mark Mazzetti, &#8220;Saudi Arabia Warns of Economic Fallout if Congress Passes 9\/11 Bill,&#8221; <em>New York Times<\/em>, April 15, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/04\/16\/world\/middleeast\/saudi-arabia-warns-ofeconomic-fallout-if-congress-passes-9-11-bill.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/04\/16\/world\/middleeast\/saudi-arabia-warns-ofeconomic-fallout-if-congress-passes-9-11-bill.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31<\/sup> George Saravelos, Deutsche Bank FX Research client note, April 3, 2025, quoted in Robin Wigglesworth, &#8220;&#8216;Beware a dollar confidence crisis,'&#8221; <em>Financial Times Alphaville<\/em>, April 3, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/7664bc1e-9551-430d-b64b-ccae1b7d1916\">https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/7664bc1e-9551-430d-b64b-ccae1b7d1916<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32<\/sup> Robert Falkner, &#8220;Donald Trump&#8217;s Tariff Wars Are Not Just About Trade,&#8221; <em>LSE Business Review<\/em> (blog), May 13, 2026; the 18.6% effective-tariff figure (highest since 1933) is from the Yale Budget Lab, &#8220;State of U.S. Tariffs,&#8221; August 7, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/budgetlab.yale.edu\/research\/state-us-tariffs-august-7-2025\">https:\/\/budgetlab.yale.edu\/research\/state-us-tariffs-august-7-2025<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33<\/sup> Pforr, Pape, and Petry, &#8220;Dollar Diminished.&#8221;<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34<\/sup> &#8220;UAE Announces Decision to Exit OPEC &amp; OPEC+,&#8221; <em>Emirates News Agency \u2014 WAM,<\/em> April 28, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wam.ae\/en\/article\/bzxzuh7-uae-announces-decision-exit-opec-opec%2B\">https:\/\/www.wam.ae\/en\/article\/bzxzuh7-uae-announces-decision-exit-opec-opec%2B<\/a>; Council on Foreign Relations, <em>The UAE Announces Exit From OPEC,<\/em> (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, April 29, 2026), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/articles\/the-uae-announces-exit-from-opec\">https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/articles\/the-uae-announces-exit-from-opec<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35<\/sup> Ugo Fasano and Zubair Iqbal, &#8220;GCC Countries: From Oil Dependence to Diversification,&#8221; <em>International Monetary Fund,<\/em> September 5, 2003, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/med\/2003\/eng\/fasano\/\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/med\/2003\/eng\/fasano\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36<\/sup> Taylor Tepper, &#8220;Federal Funds Rate History 1990 to 2026,&#8221; <em>Forbes,<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/advisor\/investing\/fed-funds-rate-history-1\/\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/advisor\/investing\/fed-funds-rate-history-1\/<\/a>; &#8220;UAE Central Bank raises base rate by 50 basis points,&#8221; <em>Gulf News,<\/em> May 4, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/amp\/story\/business%2Fbanking%2Fuae-central-bank-raises-base-rate-by-50-basis-points-1.1651691455355\">https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/amp\/story\/business%2Fbanking%2Fuae-central-bank-raises-base-rate-by-50-basis-points-1.1651691455355<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37<\/sup> H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Rey, <em>Dilemma not Trilemma: The Global Financial Cycle and Monetary Policy Independence<\/em>, Working Paper 21162. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2015), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/system\/files\/working_papers\/w21162\/w21162.pdf\">https:\/\/www.nber.org\/system\/files\/working_papers\/w21162\/w21162.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38<\/sup> Simon Johnson and Erkki Liikanen, in &#8220;The US Dollar&#8217;s Fall from Grace,&#8221; <em>Project Syndicate,<\/em> May 14, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.project-syndicate.org\/onpoint\/the-us-dollar-s-fall-from-grace\">https:\/\/www.project-syndicate.org\/onpoint\/the-us-dollar-s-fall-from-grace<\/a>; Ana Faguy and Osmond Chia, &#8220;Fed chair Powell hits out at &#8216;unprecedented&#8217; probe by US Justice department,&#8221; <em>BBC News<\/em>, January 12, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c801k7rkkd7o\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c801k7rkkd7o<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39<\/sup> Kevin Breuninger, Jeff Cox, Alex Harring and Matt Peterson, &#8220;Kevin Warsh Hearing Takeaways: Trump Fed chair nominee defends finances, says president never demanded rate cuts,&#8221; <em>CNBC<\/em>, April 23, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2026\/04\/21\/kevin-warsh-fed-confirmation-hearing-trump-live-updates.html\">https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2026\/04\/21\/kevin-warsh-fed-confirmation-hearing-trump-live-updates.html<\/a>; Scott Horsley and Steve Inskeep, &#8220;Takeaways from Fed Chair Nominee Kevin Warsh&#8217;s Confirmation Hearing,&#8221; <em>NPR<\/em>, April 22, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2026\/04\/22\/nx-s1-5793983\/takeaways-from-fed-chair-nominee-kevin-warshs-confirmation-hearing\">https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2026\/04\/22\/nx-s1-5793983\/takeaways-from-fed-chair-nominee-kevin-warshs-confirmation-hearing<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40<\/sup> Author&#8217;s calculations from Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), 10-year series: nominal (DGS10), TIPS real yield (DFII10), and breakeven inflation (T10YIE), from the pre-strike trough (27 February 2026) to end-June 2026.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41<\/sup> Aaron Brown, &#8220;The Iran War Just Broke the Petrodollar Loop,&#8221; <em>Bloomberg<\/em>, April 6, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/opinion\/articles\/2026-04-06\/the-petrodollar-loop-supporting-the-treasury-market-is-broken\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/opinion\/articles\/2026-04-06\/the-petrodollar-loop-supporting-the-treasury-market-is-broken<\/a>; Sean Conlon and Hugh Leask, &#8220;10-Year Treasury Yield Moves Higher After Iran Reportedly Stops Communication With U.S.,&#8221; <em>CNBC<\/em>, June 1, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2026\/06\/01\/treasury-yields-us-iran-war-oil.html\">https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2026\/06\/01\/treasury-yields-us-iran-war-oil.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42<\/sup> Daoud, &#8220;The Problem with Petrodollars&#8221;; Omran, &#8220;Why Saudi PIF Slashed US Equity Holdings&#8221;; Kumar, &#8220;PIF Investments in US Equities Fall.&#8221;<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43<\/sup> Jamie McGeever, &#8220;Gold&#8217;s Rise in Central Bank Reserves Appears Unstoppable,&#8221; <em>Reuters<\/em>, September 5, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/golds-rise-central-bank-reserves-appears-unstoppable-2025-09-04\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/golds-rise-central-bank-reserves-appears-unstoppable-2025-09-04\/<\/a>; European Central Bank, <em>The International Role of the Euro<\/em>. Net official gold buying exceeded 1,000 tonnes annually in 2022\u20132024 before easing to ~850 tonnes in 2025.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44<\/sup> Ruth Carson, Naomi Tajitsu, and Masaki Kondo, &#8220;The Great Debasement Debate Is Rippling Across World Markets,&#8221; <em>Bloomberg,<\/em> October 13, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2025-10-13\/the-great-debasement-debate-is-rippling-across-global-markets\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2025-10-13\/the-great-debasement-debate-is-rippling-across-global-markets<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45<\/sup> On the currency hierarchy and subordinate monetary integration of peripheral economies: Barbara Fritz, Luiz F. de Paula, and Daniela M. Prates, &#8220;Global Currency Hierarchy and National Policy Space: A Framework for Peripheral Economies,&#8221; <em>European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies<\/em> 15, no. 2 (2018): 208\u2013218; Bruno Bonizzi, Annina Kaltenbrunner, and Jeff Powell, &#8220;Financialised Capitalism and the Subordination of Emerging Capitalist Economies,&#8221; <em>Cambridge Journal of Economics<\/em> 46, no. 4 (2022): 651\u2013678.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46<\/sup> Luiz Pinto, <em>Sustaining the GCC Currency Pegs: The Need for Collaboration,<\/em> Policy Brief. (Doha, Qatar: Brookings Doha Center, February 19, 2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/sustaining-the-gcc-currency-pegs-the-need-for-collaboration\/\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/sustaining-the-gcc-currency-pegs-the-need-for-collaboration\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47<\/sup> Jeffrey A. Frankel, <em>The Currency-Plus-Commodity Basket: A Proposal for Exchange Rates in Oil Exporting Countries to Accommodate Trade Shocks Automatically,<\/em> Working Paper RWP17-034. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Kennedy School, August 2017), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hks.harvard.edu\/publications\/currency-plus-commodity-basket-proposal-exchange-rates-oil-exporting-countries\">https:\/\/www.hks.harvard.edu\/publications\/currency-plus-commodity-basket-proposal-exchange-rates-oil-exporting-countries<\/a>; Jeffrey A. Frankel, <em>A Proposed Monetary Regime for Small Commodity Exporters,<\/em> Working Paper RWP03-003. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Kennedy School, January 2003), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hks.harvard.edu\/publications\/proposed-monetary-regime-small-commodity-exporters-peg-export-price-pep\">https:\/\/www.hks.harvard.edu\/publications\/proposed-monetary-regime-small-commodity-exporters-peg-export-price-pep<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote48\">48<\/sup> Virginie Coudert, C\u00e9cile Couharde, and Val\u00e9rie Mignon, &#8220;Does Euro or Dollar Pegging Impact the Real Exchange Rate? The Case of Oil and Commodity Currencies,&#8221; <em>The World Economy<\/em> 34, no. 9 (September 2011): 1557\u20131592.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote49\">49<\/sup> Mohsin S. Khan et al., &#8220;GCC Monetary Union: Choice of Exchange Rate Regime,&#8221; <em>IMF Middle East and Central Asia Department<\/em>, August 28, 2008, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/np\/pp\/eng\/2008\/082808a.pdf\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/np\/pp\/eng\/2008\/082808a.pdf<\/a>; Robert Looney, &#8220;Currency Conundrums in the Gulf,&#8221; Analysis Paper. (Washington, DC: Middle East Institute, January 1, 2008), <a href=\"https:\/\/mei.edu\/publication\/currency-conundrums-gulf\/\">https:\/\/mei.edu\/publication\/currency-conundrums-gulf\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote50\">50<\/sup> Bertaut, von Beschwitz and Curcuru, <em>The International Role of the U.S. Dollar.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote51\">51<\/sup> Rey, &#8220;Dilemma not Trilemma&#8221;; Eswar Prasad, <em>The Dollar Trap<\/em> (Princeton University Press, 2014); Ulrich Bindseil and Richard Senner, &#8220;Coordination, Contingency and Coercion: Monetary Sovereignty from Gold to the Dollar,&#8221; <em>SSRN Working Paper 5717544<\/em>, November 7, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstractid=5717525\">https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstractid=5717525<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote52\">52<\/sup> Daoud, &#8220;The Problem with Petrodollars.&#8221;<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote53\">53<\/sup> Pinto, &#8220;Sustaining the GCC Currency Pegs.&#8221;<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote54\">54<\/sup> Matein Khalid, &#8220;In the Gulf, the age of the Petrodollar will not be ending soon,&#8221; <em>AGBI,<\/em> April 2, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.agbi.com\/opinion\/economy\/2024\/04\/matein-khalid-gcc-currency-pegs\/\">https:\/\/www.agbi.com\/opinion\/economy\/2024\/04\/matein-khalid-gcc-currency-pegs\/<\/a>; Schneider, <em>After the Shock.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote55\">55<\/sup> On Saudi fiscal position: on the first-quarter 2026 deficit of $33.5 billion and Goldman Sachs&#8217;s war-adjusted full-year deficit estimate of ~6.6 percent of GDP (against the 3.3 percent official target), as reported by Mohammed Omar, &#8220;China\u2013US Oil Deal: Saudi Arabia&#8217;s Market Share at Risk,&#8221; <em>House of Saud<\/em>, May 15, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/houseofsaud.com\/china-us-crude-saudi-market-share\/\">https:\/\/houseofsaud.com\/china-us-crude-saudi-market-share\/<\/a>; on the PIF-inclusive fiscal breakeven and reserve adequacy, Middle East Council on Global Affairs, &#8220;Gulf Sovereign Wealth Funds and the Cost of Crisis Resilience,&#8221; Situation Assessment. (Doha, Qatar: Middle East Council on Global Affairs, May 26, 2026), <a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%84\/\">https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/gulf-sovereign-wealth-funds-and-the-cost-of-crisis-resilience\/<\/a>; on the budget&#8217;s continued hydrocarbon dependence, &#8220;Saudi Arabia, MBS are far from ending their reliance on oil,&#8221; <em>Bloomberg News<\/em>, September 11, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/professional\/insights\/regional-analysis\/saudi-arabia-mbs-are-far-from-ending-their-reliance-on-oil\/\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/professional\/insights\/regional-analysis\/saudi-arabia-mbs-are-far-from-ending-their-reliance-on-oil\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote56\">56<\/sup> Goldman Sachs Research, <em>Iran Conflict: How Long, and How Bad?<\/em> Issue 147, March 20, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goldmansachs.com\/insights\/top-of-mind\/iran-conflict-how-long-and-how-bad\">https:\/\/www.goldmansachs.com\/insights\/top-of-mind\/iran-conflict-how-long-and-how-bad<\/a>; Farouk Soussa; the up-to-14 percent GDP-contraction estimate for Qatar and Kuwait if the Strait of Hormuz stays closed as reported in Mirette Magdy, &#8220;Iran War: Gulf Economies Face Deepest Slump Since 1990s if Conflict Persists,&#8221; <em>Bloomberg<\/em>, March 15, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2026-03-15\/gulf-economies-at-risk-of-worst-strife-since-1990s-on-iran-war\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2026-03-15\/gulf-economies-at-risk-of-worst-strife-since-1990s-on-iran-war<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote57\">57<\/sup> Alshareef, &#8220;The Petroyuan and Renminbi Internationalization.&#8221;<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote58\">58<\/sup> Middle East Council on Global Affairs, <em>Gulf Sovereign Wealth Funds.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote59\">59<\/sup> On second-generation, self-fulfilling currency crises: Maurice Obstfeld, &#8220;Models of Currency Crises with Self-Fulfilling Features,&#8221; <em>European Economic Review<\/em> 40, no. 3\u20135 (1996): 1037\u20131047; Maurice Obstfeld, &#8220;The Logic of Currency Crises,&#8221; <em>NBER<\/em> Working Paper 4640, February 1994, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w4640\">https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w4640<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote60\">60<\/sup> Rimmer, &#8220;The real meaning of UAE reportedly requesting a dollar swap line.&#8221;<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":481026,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[80],"programs":[],"publication_type":[92],"class_list":["post-481021","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","geographic_area-80","publication_type-92","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/481021","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/481026"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=481021"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=481021"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=481021"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=481021"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=481021"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=481021"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}