{"id":480777,"date":"2026-09-29T13:19:50","date_gmt":"2026-09-29T13:19:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=480777"},"modified":"2026-09-30T07:24:53","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T07:24:53","slug":"%d8%a2%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%91%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%ac","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a2%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%91%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%ac\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 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justify;\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 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\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-480778 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/02-1024x729.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"534\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/02-1024x729.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/02-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/02-768x547.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/02.jpg 1432w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 750px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 750\/534;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 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\/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0640(Line D)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 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href=\"#endnote14\"><sup>14<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 85 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 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\u0648\u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631.<a href=\"#endnote15\"><sup>15<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>: \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646- \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646- \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627- \u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0633- \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627- \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646- \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646- \u0623\u0630\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646- \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627- \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627- \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-480782 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/05-1024x449.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"329\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/05-1024x449.png 1024w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/05-300x131.png 300w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/05-768x337.png 768w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/05.png 1182w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 750px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 750\/329;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0642\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0646 (TITR)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0642\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote16\"><sup>16<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2025\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 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\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0642\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 3.3 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 21% \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 176% \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 56.5 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629 (TEU).<a href=\"#endnote17\"><sup>17<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 10 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0642\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 15 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0644.<a href=\"#endnote18\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 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href=\"#endnote25\"><sup>25<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2014 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0632\u062e\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 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href=\"#endnote28\"><sup>28<\/sup><\/a> \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 &#8220;\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 + \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629&#8221; (C5+1),<a href=\"#endnote29\"><sup>29<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0640&#8221;\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019.<a href=\"#endnote30\"><sup>30<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020 \u062f\u0634\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633&#8221;\u060c<a href=\"#endnote31\"><sup>31<\/sup><\/a> \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f: \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648-\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>: \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 (\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631) \u0648\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 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href=\"https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/en\/publication\/navigating-the-middle-corridor-strategic-promise-structural-constraints-242375\">https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/en\/publication\/navigating-the-middle-corridor-strategic-promise-structural-constraints-242375<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2<\/sup> Clive Foss, &#8220;The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity,&#8221; <em>The English Historical Review<\/em> 90, no. 357 (1975): 721\u201347.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3<\/sup> Svat Soucek, <em>A History of Inner Asia<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 51\u201369.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4<\/sup> C. E. Bosworth, &#8220;Central Asia iv. In the Islamic Period up to the Mongols,&#8221; <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. V, fasc. 2 (1992): 169\u201372, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/central-asia-iv\/\">https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/central-asia-iv\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5<\/sup><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6<\/sup><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7<\/sup> &#8220;From the Treaty to the Organization: History of Creation, Fundamentals of Activity, Organizational Structure,&#8221; <em>CSTO<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.odkb-csto.org\/25years\/index.php\">https:\/\/en.odkb-csto.org\/25years\/index.php<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8<\/sup> &#8220;About Shanghai Cooperation Organization,&#8221; <em>The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/eng.sectsco.org\/20170109\/192193.html\">https:\/\/eng.sectsco.org\/20170109\/192193.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9<\/sup> &#8220;C5+1,&#8221; U.S. Department of State, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/c51\">https:\/\/www.state.gov\/c51<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10<\/sup> U.S. Energy Information Administration, <em>Regional Analysis Brief: Caspian Sea<\/em> (Washington, DC: U.S. Energy Information Administration, February 2025), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/international\/content\/analysis\/regions_of_interest\/caspian_sea\/\">https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/international\/content\/analysis\/regions_of_interest\/caspian_sea\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11<\/sup> &#8220;Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan,&#8221; <em>World Nuclear Association<\/em>, July 1, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/world-nuclear.org\/Information-Library\/Country-Profiles\/Countries-G-N\/Kazakhstan\">https:\/\/world-nuclear.org\/Information-Library\/Country-Profiles\/Countries-G-N\/Kazakhstan<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12<\/sup><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13<\/sup> Tameem Bahiss, &#8220;Afghanistan, Turkmenistan sign gas deal for TAPI pipeline,&#8221; Anewz, August 11, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/anewz.tv\/region\/south-asia\/23206\/afghanistan-turkmenistan-sign-tapi-gas-deal\/news\">https:\/\/anewz.tv\/region\/south-asia\/23206\/afghanistan-turkmenistan-sign-tapi-gas-deal\/news<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14<\/sup> Farkhod Aminjonov and Olesya Dovgalyuk, &#8220;Central Asia\u2013China Gas Pipeline (Line D),&#8221; The People&#8217;s Map of Global China, February 7, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/thepeoplesmap.net\/project\/central-asia-china-gas-pipeline-line-d\/\">https:\/\/thepeoplesmap.net\/project\/central-asia-china-gas-pipeline-line-d\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15<\/sup> Charles Szumski, &#8220;Kazakhstan Key &#8216;Middle Corridor&#8217; Linking China to EU,&#8221; Euractiv, June 17, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euractiv.com\/news\/kazakhstan-key-middle-corridor-linking-china-to-eu\/\">https:\/\/www.euractiv.com\/news\/kazakhstan-key-middle-corridor-linking-china-to-eu\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16<\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17<\/sup> Asian Development Bank, &#8220;Trans-Caspian Connectivity: Unlocking Transport and Energy Corridors,&#8221; Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program, May 6, 2025, 9, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.carecprogram.org\/uploads\/CAREC-session_Trans-caspian-connectivity-unlocking-trasnport-and-energy-corridors.pdf\">https:\/\/www.carecprogram.org\/uploads\/CAREC-session_Trans-caspian-connectivity-unlocking-trasnport-and-energy-corridors.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18<\/sup> &#8220;Global Gateway: EU and Central Asian Countries Agree on Building Blocks to Develop the Trans-Caspian Transport Corridor,&#8221; <em>European Commission<\/em>, January 30, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/news-and-events\/news\/global-gateway-eu-and-central-asian-countries-agree-building-blocks-develop-trans-caspian-transport-2024-01-30_en\">https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/news-and-events\/news\/global-gateway-eu-and-central-asian-countries-agree-building-blocks-develop-trans-caspian-transport-2024-01-30_en<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19<\/sup> World Bank, <em>Middle Trade and Transport Corridor &#8211; Policies and Investments to Triple Freight Volumes and Halve Travel Time by 2030 (English)<\/em>, (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/099111723122527465\">https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/099111723122527465<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20<\/sup> &#8220;Global Gateway,&#8221; <em>European Council and Council of the European Union<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/global-gateway\/\">https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/global-gateway\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21<\/sup> Directorate-General for International Partnerships, &#8220;Critical Raw Materials (CRM) in Central Asia,&#8221; European Commission, accessed August 30, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/policies\/global-gateway\/critical-raw-materials-crm-central-asia_en\">https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/policies\/global-gateway\/critical-raw-materials-crm-central-asia_en<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22<\/sup> U.S. Congress, &#8220;K2 Veterans Toxic Exposure Accountability,&#8221; <em>Congressional Record<\/em> 166, no. 127 (July 20, 2020): S4300\u2013S4302, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/congressional-record\/volume-166\/issue-127\/senate-section\/article\/S4300-2\">https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/congressional-record\/volume-166\/issue-127\/senate-section\/article\/S4300-2<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23<\/sup> &#8220;Living History: First Commander Returns to Transit Center,&#8221; <em>U.S. Air Forces Central<\/em>, December 28, 2011, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.afcent.af.mil\/News\/Article\/218897\/living-history-first-commander-returns-to-transit-center\/\">https:\/\/www.afcent.af.mil\/News\/Article\/218897\/living-history-first-commander-returns-to-transit-center\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24<\/sup><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25<\/sup> Nazgul Begalieva, &#8220;Zhirinovskii nashel v Kyrgyzstane storonnikov prisoedineniia k Rossii,&#8221; [Zhirinovsky Finds Supporters of Joining Russia in Kyrgyzstan], <em>Vecherny Bishkek<\/em>, July 7, 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vb.kg\/doc\/279611_jirinovskiy_nashel_v_kyrgyzstane_storonnikov_prisoedineniia_k_rossii.html\">https:\/\/www.vb.kg\/doc\/279611_jirinovskiy_nashel_v_kyrgyzstane_storonnikov_prisoedineniia_k_rossii.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26<\/sup> &#8220;&#8216;Central Asia plus Japan&#8217; Dialogue\/Foreign Ministers Meeting,&#8221; <em>Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan<\/em>, August 28, 2004, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mofa.go.jp\/region\/europe\/dialogue\/press0408.html\">https:\/\/www.mofa.go.jp\/region\/europe\/dialogue\/press0408.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27<\/sup> &#8220;About the Forum,&#8221; <em>Korea-Central Asia Cooperation Forum Secretariat<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centralasia-korea.org\/korcen\/cm\/cntnts\/cntntsView2.do?mi=1404\">https:\/\/www.centralasia-korea.org\/korcen\/cm\/cntnts\/cntntsView2.do?mi=1404<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28<\/sup> &#8220;New EU Strategy on Central Asia,&#8221; <em>European External Action Service (EEAS)<\/em>, June 24, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eeas.europa.eu\/node\/64930_en\">https:\/\/www.eeas.europa.eu\/node\/64930_en<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29<\/sup> &#8220;Joint Statement on the C5+1 High-Level Security Discussion in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan,&#8221; <em>U.S. Department of State<\/em>, August 21, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/2017-2021.state.gov\/joint-statement-on-the-c51-high-level-security-discussion-in-nur-sultan-kazakhstan\/\">https:\/\/2017-2021.state.gov\/joint-statement-on-the-c51-high-level-security-discussion-in-nur-sultan-kazakhstan\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30<\/sup> &#8220;&#8216;Mechanism to Enhance Cooperation&#8217;, Lok Sabha, Unstarred Question No. 665,&#8221; <em>Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs<\/em>, February 6, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/sansad.in\/getFile\/loksabhaquestions\/annex\/17\/AU665.pdf?source=pqals\">https:\/\/sansad.in\/getFile\/loksabhaquestions\/annex\/17\/AU665.pdf?source=pqals<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31<\/sup> &#8220;China and Central Asian Countries Hold Inaugural Foreign Ministers&#8217; Meeting,&#8221; <em>Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People&#8217;s Republic of China<\/em>, July 17, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mfa.gov.cn\/eng\/wjb\/zzjg_663340\/dozys_664276\/xwlb_664278\/202406\/t20240606_11397566.html\">https:\/\/www.mfa.gov.cn\/eng\/wjb\/zzjg_663340\/dozys_664276\/xwlb_664278\/202406\/t20240606_11397566.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32<\/sup> &#8220;President Xi Jinping Chairs the Inaugural China-Central Asia Summit and Delivers a Keynote Speech,&#8221; <em>Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People&#8217;s Republic of China<\/em>, May 19, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mfa.gov.cn\/eng\/wjb\/zzjg_663340\/yzs_663350\/xwlb_663352\/202305\/t20230519_11080116.html\">https:\/\/www.mfa.gov.cn\/eng\/wjb\/zzjg_663340\/yzs_663350\/xwlb_663352\/202305\/t20230519_11080116.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33<\/sup> &#8220;Joint Declaration by Heads of State of Central Asia and the Federal Chancellor of Germany,&#8221; <em>Federal Government of Germany<\/em>, September 29, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bundesregierung.de\/resource\/blob\/998352\/2226656\/45f64011ff425e6db0dab0c60ff50310\/2023-09-29-z5-erklaerung-en-data.pdf?download=1\">https:\/\/www.bundesregierung.de\/resource\/blob\/998352\/2226656\/45f64011ff425e6db0dab0c60ff50310\/2023-09-29-z5-erklaerung-en-data.pdf?download=1<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34<\/sup> &#8220;Central Asia,&#8221; <em>Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esteri.it\/en\/temi\/aree_geografiche\/asia\/asia-centrale\/\">https:\/\/www.esteri.it\/en\/temi\/aree_geografiche\/asia\/asia-centrale\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35<\/sup> &#8220;Central Asia 5+ United Kingdom Summit Advances Strategic Collaboration,&#8221; <em>GOV.UK<\/em>, March 18, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/central-asia-5united-kingdom-summit-advances-strategic-collaboration\">https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/central-asia-5united-kingdom-summit-advances-strategic-collaboration<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36<\/sup> &#8220;The First Joint Ministerial Meeting of the Strategic Dialogue Between the GCC and Central Asian Countries Held,&#8221; <em>Gulf Cooperation Council<\/em>, September 7, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gcc-sg.org\/en\/MediaCenter\/News\/Pages\/news2022-9-7-2.aspx\">https:\/\/www.gcc-sg.org\/en\/MediaCenter\/News\/Pages\/news2022-9-7-2.aspx<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37<\/sup> Dilip Ratha et al., <em>Migration and Development Brief 40: Remittances Slowed in 2023, Expected to Grow Faster in 2024<\/em> (Washington, DC: World Bank\/KNOMAD, June 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099714008132436612\/pdf\/IDU1a9cf73b51fcad1425a1a0dd1cc8f2f3331ce.pdf\">https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099714008132436612\/pdf\/IDU1a9cf73b51fcad1425a1a0dd1cc8f2f3331ce.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38<\/sup> &#8220;About the Union,&#8221; <em>Eurasian Economic Union<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eaeunion.org\/?about-info&amp;lang=en\">https:\/\/www.eaeunion.org\/?about-info&amp;lang=en<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39<\/sup> Xi Jinping, &#8220;Promote Friendship Between Our People and Work Together to Build a Bright Future&#8221; (speech, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan, September 7, 2013), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People&#8217;s Republic of China, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/eng\/gjhdq_665435\/2675_665437\/3180_664322\/3182_664326\/202406\/t20240607_11410019.html\">https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/eng\/gjhdq_665435\/2675_665437\/3180_664322\/3182_664326\/202406\/t20240607_11410019.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40<\/sup> &#8220;Organization of Turkic States,&#8221; <em>Organization of Turkic States<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/turkicstates.org\/en\/organization-of-turkic-states\">https:\/\/turkicstates.org\/en\/organization-of-turkic-states<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41<\/sup> &#8220;Annual Report 2016: Tajikistan,&#8221; <em>U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom<\/em>, May 2, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/reference\/annualreport\/uscirf\/2016\/en\/110075\">https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/reference\/annualreport\/uscirf\/2016\/en\/110075<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42<\/sup> &#8220;Iran Dismisses Tajik Civil War Claims as Attempt to Damage Ties,&#8221; <em>Reuters<\/em>, August 10, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/world\/iran-dismisses-tajik-civil-war-claims-as-attempt-to-damage-ties-idUSKBN1AQ0OB\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/world\/iran-dismisses-tajik-civil-war-claims-as-attempt-to-damage-ties-idUSKBN1AQ0OB\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43<\/sup> &#8220;High-Level Meetings and Negotiations Between Tajikistan and Iran,&#8221; <em>President of the Republic of Tajikistan<\/em>, January 16, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/president.tj\/event\/news\/49482\">https:\/\/president.tj\/event\/news\/49482<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44<\/sup> Nurbolat Nyshanbayev et al., &#8220;The Republic of Kazakhstan&#8217;s Multi-Vector Foreign Policy,&#8221; <em>Journal of Eurasian Studies<\/em> 16, no. 1 (2025), <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2336825X241308432\">https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2336825X241308432<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45<\/sup> &#8220;Kazakhstan\u2013FAO Cooperation: From Strategic Dialogue to Systemic Engagement in the Agrifood Sector,&#8221; <em>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations<\/em>, March 3, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/countryprofiles\/news-archive\/detail-news\/en\/c\/1757550\">https:\/\/www.fao.org\/countryprofiles\/news-archive\/detail-news\/en\/c\/1757550<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46<\/sup> &#8220;In 2025, 3.5 million Tons of Fruits and Berries Were Grown,&#8221; <em>National Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan<\/em>, February 17, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/stat.uz\/en\/press-center\/news-of-committee\/66897-2025-jilda-3-5-tonna-meva-va-rezavorlar-etishtirilgan-4\">https:\/\/stat.uz\/en\/press-center\/news-of-committee\/66897-2025-jilda-3-5-tonna-meva-va-rezavorlar-etishtirilgan-4<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47<\/sup> &#8220;Horticulture Value Chain Development Project: Uzbekistan,&#8221; <em>Asian Development Bank<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/projects\/47305-002\/main\">https:\/\/www.adb.org\/projects\/47305-002\/main<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote48\">48<\/sup> &#8220;The First Joint Ministerial Meeting of the Strategic Dialogue Between the GCC and Central Asian Countries Held,&#8221; <em>Gulf Cooperation Council<\/em>, September 7, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gcc-sg.org\/en\/MediaCenter\/News\/Pages\/news2022-9-7-2.aspx\">https:\/\/www.gcc-sg.org\/en\/MediaCenter\/News\/Pages\/news2022-9-7-2.aspx<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote49\">49<\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote50\">50<\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote51\">51<\/sup> &#8220;ACWA Signs USD 226 Million Financing Agreements for Bash II 300 MW Wind Farm in Uzbekistan at ADB Annual Meeting 2026,&#8221; <em>ACWA Power<\/em>, May 7, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.acwapower.com\/en\/media-center\/latest-news\/acwa-signs-usd-226-million-financing-agreements-for-bash-ii-300-mw-wind-farm-in-uzbekistan-at-adb-annual-meeting-2026\/\">https:\/\/www.acwapower.com\/en\/media-center\/latest-news\/acwa-signs-usd-226-million-financing-agreements-for-bash-ii-300-mw-wind-farm-in-uzbekistan-at-adb-annual-meeting-2026\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote52\">52<\/sup> &#8220;Kazakhstan and Saudi Arabia Explore New Areas of Investment Partnership,&#8221; <em>Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan<\/em>, September 30, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.kz\/memleket\/entities\/mfa\/press\/news\/details\/1078000?lang=en\">https:\/\/www.gov.kz\/memleket\/entities\/mfa\/press\/news\/details\/1078000?lang=en<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote53\">53<\/sup> &#8220;Federation of Saudi Chambers Delegation Visits Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan to Strengthen Economic Ties,&#8221; <em>Saudi Press Agency<\/em>, May 18, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spa.gov.sa\/en\/N2320226\">https:\/\/www.spa.gov.sa\/en\/N2320226<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote54\">54<\/sup> &#8220;Jambyl 1GW Wind Farm + 600MWh BESS,&#8221; <em>Masdar<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/masdar.ae\/en\/renewables\/our-projects\/jambyl-1gw-wind-farm-600mwh-bess\">https:\/\/masdar.ae\/en\/renewables\/our-projects\/jambyl-1gw-wind-farm-600mwh-bess<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote55\">55<\/sup> &#8220;Prospects for Investment Cooperation between Kazakhstan and UAE Discussed in Abu Dhabi,&#8221; <em>Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan<\/em>, April 27, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.kz\/memleket\/entities\/mfa\/press\/news\/details\/1209357?lang=en\">https:\/\/www.gov.kz\/memleket\/entities\/mfa\/press\/news\/details\/1209357?lang=en<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote56\">56<\/sup> &#8220;DP World and Tashkent Invest to Develop Multimodal Logistics Terminal in Uzbekistan,&#8221; <em>DP World<\/em>, October 10, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dpworld.com\/en\/news\/dp-world-and-tashkent-invest-to-develop-multimodal-logistics-terminal-in-uzbekistan\">https:\/\/www.dpworld.com\/en\/news\/dp-world-and-tashkent-invest-to-develop-multimodal-logistics-terminal-in-uzbekistan<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote57\">57<\/sup> &#8220;Qatar\u2013Kazakhstan Economic Ties Witness Strong Growth as Kazakhstan Marks Republic Day,&#8221; <em>Qatar News Agency<\/em>, October 25, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/qna.org.qa\/en\/news\/news-details?date=25%2F10%2F2025&amp;id=qatarkazakhstan-economic-ties-witness-strong-growth-as-kazakhstan-marks-republic-day\">https:\/\/qna.org.qa\/en\/news\/news-details?date=25%2F10%2F2025&amp;id=qatarkazakhstan-economic-ties-witness-strong-growth-as-kazakhstan-marks-republic-day<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote58\">58<\/sup> &#8220;The President of Uzbekistan Meets Head of Leading Qatari Investment Agency,&#8221; <em>President of the Republic of Uzbekistan<\/em>, October 1, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/president.uz\/en\/lists\/view\/6714\">https:\/\/president.uz\/en\/lists\/view\/6714<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote59\">59<\/sup> &#8220;New Prospects for Cooperation: Uzbekistan Investment Promotion Agency Engages with International Partners,&#8221; <em>Invest Uzbekistan<\/em>, September 24, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/invest.gov.uz\/en\/post\/304\">https:\/\/invest.gov.uz\/en\/post\/304<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote60\">60<\/sup> &#8220;Historic Origins of Saudi Arabia&#8217;s Diverse Population,&#8221; <em>Arab News<\/em>, March 1, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/backup.arabnews.com\/node\/1256656\/page_view_timing\/page_view_timing\/aggregate\">https:\/\/backup.arabnews.com\/node\/1256656\/page_view_timing\/page_view_timing\/aggregate<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote61\">61<\/sup> Maciej Falkowski, <em>On the Periphery of Global Jihad: The North Caucasus\u2014The Illusion of Stabilisation<\/em> (Warsaw: Centre for Eastern Studies, 2014), pp. 18\u201319, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/sites\/default\/files\/pw_46_ang_kaukaz-polnocny_net.pdf\">https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/sites\/default\/files\/pw_46_ang_kaukaz-polnocny_net.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote62\">62<\/sup> C. E. Bosworth and M. S. Asimov (eds), <em>History of Civilizations of Central Asia, vol. IV: The Age of Achievement, A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part Two: The Achievements<\/em> (Paris: UNESCO, 2000), <a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000120455\">https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000120455<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote63\">63<\/sup> Edward Allworth (ed.), <em>Central Asia: 130 Years of Russian Dominance\u2014A Historical Overview<\/em>, 3rd edn (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994), pp. 80\u201381, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctv120qtn5\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctv120qtn5<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote64\">64<\/sup> Johan Engvall, <em>Religion and the Secular State in Kyrgyzstan<\/em>, Silk Road Paper (Washington, DC and Stockholm: Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, June 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.silkroadstudies.org\/resources\/Religion_and_the_Secular_State_in_Kyrgyzstan_-_Johan_Engvall_-_10.06.20_-_FINAL_wCover.pdf\">https:\/\/www.silkroadstudies.org\/resources\/Religion_and_the_Secular_State_in_Kyrgyzstan_-_Johan_Engvall_-_10.06.20_-_FINAL_wCover.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote65\">65<\/sup> Mathijs Pelkmans (ed.), <em>Conversion after Socialism: Disruptions, Modernisms and Technologies of Faith in the Former Soviet Union<\/em> (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2009), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt9qcr9r\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt9qcr9r<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote66\">66<\/sup> Maria Glenna, <em>Baseline Impact Assessment of the Freedom of Religion or Belief Situation in Central Asia<\/em> (Stefanus Alliance International, April 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/d3lwycy8zkggea.cloudfront.net\/1673552663\/central-asia-2022-baseline-impact-assessment-sai.pdf\">https:\/\/d3lwycy8zkggea.cloudfront.net\/1673552663\/central-asia-2022-baseline-impact-assessment-sai.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 &nbsp; \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646: \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a2%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%91%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%ac\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":480784,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[80],"programs":[],"publication_type":[387],"class_list":["post-480777","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","geographic_area-80","publication_type-387","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/480777","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/480784"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=480777"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=480777"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=480777"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=480777"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=480777"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=480777"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}