{"id":478925,"date":"2026-05-10T12:39:39","date_gmt":"2026-05-10T12:39:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&p=478925"},"modified":"2026-05-10T12:47:04","modified_gmt":"2026-05-10T12:47:04","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%af","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%af\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629: <\/strong>\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646: <\/strong>\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648”\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a”\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u062b\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00a0\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u062a\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. 1<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648)\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629. 2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064d \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f. 3<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0640 “\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e” \u0648\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062d\u062f. 4<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u061f\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u0647.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u064f\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0630\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627. 5<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. 6<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u064f\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. 7<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/strong><\/h3>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0651\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629. 11<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629. 12<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0639\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629. 13<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0630\u0645\u0627\u064b. 14<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u064a\u064f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651” \u0623\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0651” \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 “\u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632\u064a\u0629” \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u00a0\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639. 15<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629. 16<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u00a0\u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0647\u0632\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\n
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/a><\/h6>\n
1<\/sup> Charles Krauthammer, “The Unipolar Moment,” Foreign Affairs<\/em> 70, no. 1 (1990\/1991): 23, https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20044692.<\/h6>\n
2<\/sup> Luca Ratti, “The Enduring Relationship between NATO and European Integration,” in The Cambridge History of the European Union<\/em>, ed. Mathieu Segers and Steven Van Hecke (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023), 308\u201344.<\/h6>\n
3<\/sup> Zheng Bijian, China’s Peaceful Rise: Speeches of Zheng Bijian 1997-2005<\/em> (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2005), http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.7864\/j.ctt127xn6.<\/h6>\n
4<\/sup> Francis Fukuyama, “The End of History,” The National Interest<\/em>, 1989, https:\/\/pages.ucsd.edu\/~bslantchev\/courses\/pdf\/Fukuyama%20-%20End%20of%20History.pdf.<\/h6>\n
5<\/sup> Joel Slawotsky, “Conceptualizing National Security in an Era of Great Power Rivalry: Implications for International Economic Law,” East Asia<\/em> 42 (2025): 279\u2013307, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12140-024-09434-y.<\/h6>\n
6<\/sup> The White House, “Memorandum on Advancing the United States’ Leadership in Artificial Intelligence,” October 24, 2024, https:\/\/bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov\/briefing-room\/presidential-actions\/2024\/10\/24\/memorandum-on-advancing-the-united-states-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence-harnessing-artificial-intelligence-to-fulfill-national-security-objectives-and-fostering-the-safety-security\/.<\/h6>\n
7<\/sup> Eric Schmidt et al., “Final Report” (Washington, DC: National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence, 2021), https:\/\/cybercemetery.unt.edu\/nscai\/20211005220330mp_\/https:\/\/www.nscai.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Full-Report-Digital-1.pdf; OECD, Economic Security in a Changing World<\/em>, New Approaches to Economic Challenges (Paris: OECD Publishing, September 11, 2025), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/4eac89c7-en.<\/h6>\n
8<\/sup> Judy Dempsey, “Is European Strategic Autonomy Over?,” Strategic Europe<\/em> (blog), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, January 2023, https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/europe\/strategic-europe\/2023\/01\/judy-asks-is-european-strategic-autonomy-over?lang=en; Maria Demertzis, Alejandro Fiorito, and Konstantinos Panitsas, “Strategic Autonomy and European Competitiveness: Security Now Comes First,” (Brussels: European Parliament, 2025), https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/STUD\/2025\/764371\/ECTI_STU(2025)764371_EN.pdf.<\/h6>\n
9<\/sup> Erica Downs, “Implications of the Conflict in the Middle East for China’s Energy Security,” Center on Global Energy Policy (blog), March 4, 2026, https:\/\/www.energypolicy.columbia.edu\/implications-of-the-conflict-in-the-middle-east-for-chinas-energy-security\/.<\/h6>\n
10<\/sup> Council on Foreign Relations, “2026 UN Secretary-General Candidates Series: A Conversation with Rafael M. Grossi,” April 23, 2026, https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/event\/2026-un-secretary-general-candidates-series-a-conversation-with-rafael-m-grossi.<\/h6>\n
11<\/sup> U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Amid regional conflict, the Strait of Hormuz remains critical oil chokepoint,” June 16, 2025, https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=65504.<\/h6>\n
12<\/sup> U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Amid regional conflict, the Strait of Hormuz remains critical oil chokepoint.”<\/h6>\n
13<\/sup> International Energy Agency, “Oil Market Report \u2014 April 2026,” April 14, 2026, https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/oil-market-report-april-2026.<\/h6>\n
14<\/sup> Miranda Jeyaretnam, “War on Iran Could Lead to Global Recession, IMF Warns,” TIME<\/em>, April 15, 2026, https:\/\/time.com\/article\/2026\/04\/15\/imf-global-recession-war-us-israel-iran-energy-hormuz\/; Shekhar Aiyar et al., “Geoeconomic Fragmentation and the Future of Multilateralism,” IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN\/2023\/001 (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, January 15, 2023), https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/publications\/staff-discussion-notes\/issues\/2023\/01\/11\/geo-economic-fragmentation-and-the-future-of-multilateralism-527266.<\/h6>\n
15<\/sup> Gr\u00e9goire Roos, The Iran War Exposes the Limits of Russia’s Leverage in a Fragmenting Regional Order<\/em> (London: Chatham House, March 2, 2026), https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/2026\/03\/iran-war-exposes-limits-russias-leverage-fragmenting-regional-order; Daniel Araya, From Pax Americana to Pax “Multipolaris”: The Rise of a Fragmented Global Order<\/em> (Waterloo, ON: Centre for International Governance Innovation, August 5, 2025), https:\/\/www.cigionline.org\/articles\/from-pax-americana-to-pax-multipolaris-the-rise-of-a-fragmented-global-order\/.<\/h6>\n
16<\/sup> Edward Fishman, How the Iran War Ignited a Geoeconomic Firestorm<\/em> (New York: Council on Foreign Relations<\/em>, March 17, 2026), https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/articles\/how-the-iran-war-ignited-a-geoeconomic-firestorm; Matthew Burrows and Robert A. Manning, Empowered Middle Powers and Potential Unthinkable Alliances<\/em> (Washington, DC: Stimson Center, March 21, 2024), https:\/\/www.stimson.org\/2024\/empowered-middle-powers-and-potential-unthinkable-alliances\/.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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