{"id":478841,"date":"2026-05-05T11:19:24","date_gmt":"2026-05-05T11:19:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=478841"},"modified":"2026-05-05T11:46:50","modified_gmt":"2026-05-05T11:46:50","slug":"%d8%a5%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%84%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a5%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%84%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 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style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u062c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0629&#8221;. \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 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href=\"#endnote24\"><sup>24<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2024\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0627&#8221; \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 3.5 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dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627.<a href=\"#endnote40\"><sup>40<\/sup><\/a> \u0641\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 2019-2020\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a \u0643\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u062a\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 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\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643. \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629: \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0643\u0651 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\"><\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1<\/sup> Intissar Fakir, <em>Sovereignty first: Reshaping international cooperation in North Africa<\/em> (Washington, D.C., Middle East Institute, March 24, 2025), https:\/\/mei.edu\/publication\/sovereignty-first-reshaping-international-cooperation-north-africa\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2<\/sup> Intissar Fakir, <em>Sovereignty first: Reshaping international cooperation in North Africa<\/em> (Washington, D.C., Middle East Institute, March 24, 2025), https:\/\/mei.edu\/publication\/sovereignty-first-reshaping-international-cooperation-north-africa\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3<\/sup> Karim Mezran and Sabina Henneberg, <em>Gulf Influence in the Maghreb<\/em> (Washington, D.C., New Lines Institute, June 1, 2022), https:\/\/newlinesinstitute.org\/state-resilience-fragility\/gulf-influence-in-the-maghreb\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4<\/sup> Elham Fakhro and Peter Salisbury, &#8220;The Gulf States in the Multipolar Transition,&#8221; POMEPS, February 11, 2025, https:\/\/pomeps.org\/the-gulf-states-in-the-multipolar-transition.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5<\/sup> \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a&#8221; \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633. \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1989 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 &#8220;\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a&#8221; \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6<\/sup> International Monetary Fund, <em>Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East and Central Asia<\/em> (2024\u20132025 editions), https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/publications\/reo\/meca.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7<\/sup> Aisha Al-Sarihi, <em>Gulf Transition to Low-Carbon Economies: The Role of Carbon Markets<\/em>, Issue Brief (Doha: Middle East Council on Global Affairs, November 2024), https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/gulf-transition-to-low-carbon-economies-the-role-of-carbon-markets\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8<\/sup> <em>Morocco&#8217;s Middle East Positioning: Balancing Gulf Partnerships and Regional Tensions<\/em>, Policy Brief 04 (n.p., Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, July 29, 2025), https:\/\/www.kas.de\/documents\/276068\/36100580\/Morocco_Radar_N4_V0.90.pdf\/21e48491-5c37-83a8-8734-bc8bef97c91a?version=1.0&amp;t=1753802075984.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9<\/sup> &#8220;GCC backs Morocco&#8217;s sovereignty over Western Sahara Amid UN endorsement,&#8221; <em>Africa News<\/em>, December 5, 2025, https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2025\/12\/04\/gcc-backs-moroccos-sovereignty-over-western-sahara-amid-un-endorsement\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10<\/sup> Giorgio Cafiero, &#8220;Gulf States Embolden Morocco as Temperatures Rise in Western Sahara,&#8221; Gulf International Forum, December 31, 2020, https:\/\/gulfif.org\/gulf-states-embolden-morocco-as-temperatures-rise-in-western-sahara\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11<\/sup> <em>Morocco&#8217;s Middle East Positioning<\/em>.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12<\/sup> \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2024\u060c \u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 275 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 185 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 2.87 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 1.73 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13<\/sup> Trading Economics, &#8220;Morocco,&#8221; accessed March 10, 2026, https:\/\/tradingeconomics.com\/morocco\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>14 <\/sup>Dakir Madiha, &#8220;Morocco and the Gulf: forging a strategic economic alliance,&#8221; Walaw, September 2, 2025, ttps:\/\/en.walaw.press\/country\/hicham_telmoudi\/QWSP\/articles\/morocco_and_the_gulf_forging_a_strategic_economic_alliance\/GQGWMMWXLPWL;<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Anchal Kapadia, &#8220;Historic $14 Bn Deal Between Morocco and UAE Announced,&#8221; MEP Middle East, May 29, 2025, https:\/\/www.mepmiddleeast.com\/news\/historic-deal-between-morocco-and-uae.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>15 Jaber Mohamed Al Shuaibi, \u201cMorocco and the Arab Gulf: Building a Strategic Economic Bridge,\u201d Morocco World News, September 1, 2025, https:\/\/www.moroccoworldnews.com\/2025\/09\/256422\/morocco-and-the-arab-gulf-building-a-strategic-economic-bridge\/.<\/sup><\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16<\/sup> Ra\u00fal Redondo, &#8220;Morocco and Saudi Arabia reinforce security partnership,&#8221; Atalayar, February 5, 2024, https:\/\/www.atalayar.com\/en\/articulo\/politics\/morocco-and-saudi-arabia-reinforce-security-partnership\/20240205124430196510.html.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17<\/sup> \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0650\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18<\/sup> &#8220;After meeting in Rabat, Morocco agrees to boost military ties with Israel,&#8221; <em>The Arab Weekly<\/em>, January 18, 2023, https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/after-meeting-rabat-morocco-agrees-boost-military-ties-israel.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19<\/sup> &#8220;Morocco offers to mediate Qatar-GCC crisis,&#8221; <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, June 11, 2017, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/6\/11\/morocco-offers-to-mediate-qatar-gcc-crisis; Anna Jacobs, &#8220;Strategic Interests Spark Shift in Morocco&#8217;s Gulf Ties,&#8221; Arab Gulf States Institute, November 4, 2020, https:\/\/agsi.org\/analysis\/strategic-interests-spark-shift-in-moroccos-gulf-ties\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20<\/sup> OPEC, &#8220;Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iraq, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Algeria, and Oman extend the 2.2 mbd voluntary adjustments,&#8221; Press Release, November 3, 2024, https:\/\/www.opec.org\/pr-detail\/23-03-nov-2024.html.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21<\/sup> OPEC, &#8220;Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iraq, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Algeria, and Oman reaffirm commitment to market stability on healthier oil market outlook,&#8221; Press Release, March 3, 2025, https:\/\/www.opec.org\/pr-detail\/518-03-march-2025.html.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22<\/sup> &#8220;Algeria signs $5.4 billion oil &amp; gas deal with Saudi firm Midad Energy,&#8221; <em>Reuters<\/em>, October 13, 2025, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/energy\/algeria-signs-54-billion-oil-gas-deal-with-saudi-firm-midad-energy-2025-10-13\/; Sonatrach, &#8220;Sonatrach \u2013 Midad Energy North Africa Sign hydrocarbon contract in the perimeter of Illizi South,&#8221; press release, October 13, 2025, https:\/\/sonatrach.com\/en\/sonatrach-midad-energy-north-africa-sign-hydrocarbon-contract-in-the-perimeter-of-illizi-south\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23<\/sup> &#8220;Qatar Steel, Qatar Mining get Algeria steel plant deal,&#8221; <em>Reuters<\/em>, November 8, 2012, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/steel-qatar-algeria\/update-1-qatar-steel-qatar-mining-get-algeria-steel-plant-deal-idUSL5E8M8CIL20121108\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24<\/sup> &#8220;AQS General Manager to QNA: Company&#8217;s Transactions Reached Around $1.2 Billion in 2023,&#8221; <em>Qatar News Agency<\/em>, February 28, 2024, https:\/\/qna.org.qa\/en\/news\/news-details?id=0024-aqs-general-manager-to-qna-company%27s-transactions-reached-around-$12-billion-in-2023&amp;date=28\/02\/2024.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25<\/sup> Baladna, &#8220;Baladna Q.P.S.C. Signs an Agreement with Algeria&#8217;s Ministry of Agriculture,&#8221; Press Release, April 25, 2024, https:\/\/baladna.com\/en\/baladna-qpsc-signs-an-agreement-with-the-algerian-ministry-of-agriculture; GEA, &#8220;GEA mandated to build world&#8217;s largest integrated dairy facility in Algeria,&#8221; press release, 29 July 2025, https:\/\/www.gea.com\/en\/news\/corporate\/2025\/algeria-worlds-largest-dairy-facility\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26<\/sup> Gulf Labour Markets and Migration (GLMM) Programme, &#8220;Qatar: Estimates of foreign residents by country of citizenship,&#8221; https:\/\/gulfmigration.grc.net\/qatar-estimates-foreign-residents-qatar-country-citizenship-selected-countries-c-2015-2016\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27<\/sup> &#8220;Relations with Kuwait &#8216;strong and distinct&#8217;: Algerian ambassador,&#8221; <em>Arab Times<\/em>, November 4, 2025, https:\/\/www.arabtimesonline.com\/news\/relations-with-kuwait-strong-and-distinct-algerian-ambassador\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28<\/sup> &#8220;Oman, Algeria Committed to Maintaining Strong Relations,&#8221; <em>Oman Daily Observer<\/em>, October 28, 2024, https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1161292\/opinion\/oman\/oman-algeria-committed-to-maintaining-strong-relations.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29<\/sup> &#8220;Algeria could sever ties with UAE &#8216;in the coming days&#8217; amid links to separatists,&#8221; <em>Middle East Eye<\/em>, January 7, 2026, https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/algeria-could-sever-ties-uae-coming-days-media-report.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30<\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir, <em>Crisis in the Sahel: Causes, Consequences, and the Path Forward<\/em>, Issue Brief (Doha: Middle East Council on Global Affairs, June 2022), https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/MECGA_Issue-Brief_Zoubir_Final.pdf.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31<\/sup> Anna L. Jacobs, &#8220;Qatar-Tunisia Ties Spur Competition with Gulf Arab Neighbors,&#8221; Arab Gulf States Institute, December 14, 2020, https:\/\/agsi.org\/analysis\/qatar-tunisia-ties-spur-competition-with-gulf-arab-neighbors\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32<\/sup> Sebastian Sons, &#8220;Gulf engagement in Tunisia: Past endeavor or future prospect?,&#8221; Atlantic Council, August 3, 2023, https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/in-depth-research-reports\/report\/tunisia-gulf-engagment-future\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33<\/sup> &#8220;Qatar to give $1.25 billion of aid to Tunisia: Emir,&#8221; <em>Reuters<\/em>, November 29, 2016, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/world\/qatar-to-give-1-25-billion-of-aid-to-tunisia-emir-idUSL8N1DU2DG\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34<\/sup> &#8220;Saudi Arabia to give Tunisia $500 million as soft loan and grant,&#8221; <em>Reuters<\/em>, July 20, 2023, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/saudi-arabia-give-tunisia-500-mln-soft-loan-grant-2023-07-20\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35<\/sup> &#8220;Saudi fund signs $38 million loan to boost rural infrastructure in Tunisia,&#8221; <em>The Arab Weekly<\/em>, June 30, 2025, https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/saudi-fund-signs-38-million-loan-boost-rural-infrastructure-tunisia.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36<\/sup> &#8220;Coop\u00e9ration \u00e9conomique entre la Tunisie et les march\u00e9s du Golfe : Une dynamique en marche [Economic cooperation between Tunisia and the Gulf markets: A dynamic in progress],&#8221; <em>La Presse<\/em> (Tunisie), March 17, 2025, https:\/\/www.lapresse.tn\/2025\/03\/17\/cooperation-economique-entre-la-tunisie-et-les-marches-du-golfe-une-dynamique-en-marche\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37<\/sup> Fa\u00efrouz ben Salah, &#8220;Coups, fake footage and proxy parties: What is the UAE doing in Tunisia?,&#8221; Libya Tribune, July 27, 2021, https:\/\/en.minbarlibya.org\/2021\/07\/27\/coups-fake-footage-and-proxy-parties-what-is-the-uae-doing-in-tunisia\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38<\/sup> &#8220;Bahrain, Tunisia Review Security Cooperation and Citizen Services,&#8221; <em>Gulf Press<\/em>, January 17, 2026, https:\/\/gulfpress.net\/bahrain-tunisia-review-security-cooperation-and-citizen-services\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39<\/sup> Anna L. Jacobs, &#8220;Gulf Rivalries and Great Power Competition in Libya,&#8221; Arab Gulf States Institute, June 8, 2020, https:\/\/agsi.org\/analysis\/gulf-rivalries-and-great-power-competition-in-libya\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40<\/sup> Abdulkader Assad, &#8220;The UAE&#8217;s Libya Bet Is Becoming a Regional Liability,&#8221; Libya Observer, January 24, 2026, https:\/\/libyaobserver.ly\/opinions\/uaes-libya-bet-becoming-regional-liability.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41<\/sup> &#8220;Saudi Arabia, UN Discuss Ways to Revive Libya&#8217;s Political Roadmap,&#8221; <em>Asharq Al-Awsat<\/em>, October 22, 2025, https:\/\/english.aawsat.com\/gulf\/5200047-saudi-arabia-un-discuss-ways-revive-libya&#8217;s-political-roadmap.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42<\/sup> &#8220;Mauritania re-establishes diplomatic ties with Qatar,&#8221; <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, March 22, 2021, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/22\/mauritania-re-establishes-diplomatic-ties-with-qatar.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43<\/sup> International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), <em>Mauritania: 2025-2026 IFRC Network Country Plan<\/em> (n.p., IFRC, June 13, 2025), https:\/\/go-api.ifrc.org\/api\/downloadfile\/91383\/Mauritania_INP_2025.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44<\/sup> Albert Vidal, &#8220;The GCC and sub-Saharan Security: Equipment Supplies Above All,&#8221; ISPI, September 30, 2024, https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/en\/publication\/the-gcc-and-sub-saharan-security-equipment-supplies-above-all-184869.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45<\/sup> U.S. Department of State, <em>Country Reports on Terrorism 2023: Mauritania<\/em> (Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of State, 2024), https:\/\/2021-2025.state.gov\/reports\/country-reports-on-terrorism-2023\/mauritania\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46<\/sup> Jean-Loup Samaan, &#8220;Gulf Countries and the Stabilization Efforts in the Sahel,&#8221; AGDA Insight (Abu Dhabi: Anwar Gargash Diplomatic Academy, November 2021), https:\/\/www.agda.ac.ae\/docs\/default-source\/Publications\/dr-jean-loup-samaan-english-01.pdf.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47<\/sup> Niagal\u00e9 Bagayoko, <em>Presence and influence of the Middle Eastern powers in sub-Saharan Africa<\/em> (Toulon, France: Mediterranean Foundation for Strategic Studies, February 5, 2025), https:\/\/fmes-france.org\/en\/presence-and-influence-of-the-middle-eastern-powers-in-sub-saharan-africa\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote48\">48<\/sup> Samaan, &#8220;Gulf Countries.&#8221;<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote49\">49<\/sup> Khadidja Mohsen-Finan, &#8220;Guerre en Iran. Le Maghreb se refuse \u00e0 condamner les \u00c9tats-Unis [War in Iran. The Maghreb refuses to condemn the United States],&#8221; Orient XXI, March 24, 2026, https:\/\/orientxxi.info\/Guerre-en-Iran-Le-Maghreb-se-refuse-a-condamner-les-Etats-Unis.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote50\">50<\/sup> Rafik Tadjer, &#8220;L&#8217;Alg\u00e9rie juge &#8216;inacceptables&#8217; les agressions iraniennes contre les pays arabes [Algeria considers Iranian aggression against Arab countries &#8216;unacceptable&#8217;],&#8221; TSA, March 29, 2026, https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/lalgerie-juge-inacceptables-les-agressions-iraniennes-contre-les-pays-arabes\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote51\">51<\/sup> &#8220;Tunisia rejects aggression against Arab states amid regional escalation,&#8221; <em>SANA<\/em>, March 1, 2026, https:\/\/sana.sy\/en\/international\/2299512\/.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote52\">52<\/sup> &#8220;Mauritania Strongly Condemns Iranian Aggressions Against Brotherly Arab States,&#8221; <em>Agence Mauritanienne d&#8217;Information<\/em>, March 1, 2026, https:\/\/ami.mr\/en\/archives\/30429.<\/h6>\n<h6 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote53\">53<\/sup> Safa Alharathy, &#8220;Libya condemns Israeli strike on Iran and retaliatory attacks, urges dialogue,&#8221; The Libya Observer, March 1, 2026, https:\/\/libyaobserver.ly\/inbrief\/libya-condemns-israeli-strike-iran-urges-dialogue.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 &nbsp; \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639: \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629. &nbsp; \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a5%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%84%d9%8a\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":478846,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[],"programs":[],"publication_type":[90],"class_list":["post-478841","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","publication_type-90","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/478841","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/478846"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=478841"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=478841"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=478841"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=478841"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=478841"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=478841"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}