{"id":477641,"date":"2026-02-19T11:08:46","date_gmt":"2026-02-19T11:08:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=477641"},"modified":"2026-02-22T06:43:40","modified_gmt":"2026-02-22T06:43:40","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%82%d9%88%d8%a8","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%82%d9%88%d8%a8\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 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\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2025 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h6><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup> \u201cSaudi Arabia cuts ties with Iran as row over cleric&#8217;s death escalates,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, January 4, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/world\/saudi-arabia-cuts-ties-with-iran-as-row-over-clerics-death-escalates-idUSKBN0UH01E\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/world\/saudi-arabia-cuts-ties-with-iran-as-row-over-clerics-death-escalates-idUSKBN0UH01E\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup> \u201cSaudi Arabia Strongly Condemns the Blatant Israeli Aggressions Against Iran,\u201d <em>Saudi Press Agency<\/em>, June 13, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spa.gov.sa\/en\/w2339269\">https:\/\/www.spa.gov.sa\/en\/w2339269<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup>\u201cSaudi crown prince, Iran&#8217;s FM hold &#8216;fruitful&#8217; talks on bilateral ties, regional security,\u201d <em>Press TV<\/em>, July 9, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.presstv.ir\/Detail\/2025\/07\/09\/750874\/Iran-Abbas-Araghchi-Jeddah-security-stability\">https:\/\/www.presstv.ir\/Detail\/2025\/07\/09\/750874\/Iran-Abbas-Araghchi-Jeddah-security-stability<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup> Ervand Abrahamian, <em>Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic<\/em> (California: University of California Press, 1993), p.30.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup> \u201cIran\u2019s President Urges Unity among Muslim \u2018Brothers\u2019,\u201d <em>Tasnim News Agency<\/em>, October 3, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tasnimnews.com\/en\/news\/2024\/10\/03\/3170997\/iran-s-president-urges-unity-among-muslim-brothers\">https:\/\/www.tasnimnews.com\/en\/news\/2024\/10\/03\/3170997\/iran-s-president-urges-unity-among-muslim-brothers<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup> \u201cIran does not want conflict with Israel to expand but will defend itself, foreign minister says,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, June 15, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/iran-does-not-want-conflict-with-israel-expand-will-defend-itself-foreign-2025-06-15\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/iran-does-not-want-conflict-with-israel-expand-will-defend-itself-foreign-2025-06-15\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup> \u201cSaudi Arabia condemns Israeli strikes on Iran, urges immediate halt to escalation,\u201d <em>Saudi Gazette<\/em>, June 13, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saudigazette.com.sa\/article\/652660\">https:\/\/www.saudigazette.com.sa\/article\/652660<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup> \u201cGulf Countries Condemn Israel\u2019s Attack on Iran,\u201d <em>Asharq Al-Awsat<\/em>, June 13, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/aawsat.news\/n76hb\">https:\/\/aawsat.news\/n76hb<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup> \u201cMBS says Islamic world backs Iran in call with Pezeshkian,\u201d <em>Al Mayadeen<\/em>, June 15 , 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.mdn.tv\/8Vub\">https:\/\/en.mdn.tv\/8Vub<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup> \u201cSaudi Arabia wants America to restrain Iran without being provoked\/ Why does Bin Salman want Iran and America to negotiate?,\u201d <em>Tabnak<\/em>, November 20, 2025 (in Farsi), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tabnak.ir\/005cuz\">https:\/\/www.tabnak.ir\/005cuz<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup> Ali Alfoneh, \u201cIran Looms Over Saudi Visit to Washington,\u201d Arab Gulf States Institute, November 18, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/agsi.org\/analysis\/iran-looms-over-saudi-visit-to-washington\/\">https:\/\/agsi.org\/analysis\/iran-looms-over-saudi-visit-to-washington\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup> \u201cIran-Saudi Arabia annual non-oil trade stands at $25m,\u201d\u00a0 <em>Tehran Times<\/em>, April 15, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tehrantimes.com\/news\/511847\/Iran-Saudi-Arabia-annual-non-oil-trade-stands-at-25m\">https:\/\/www.tehrantimes.com\/news\/511847\/Iran-Saudi-Arabia-annual-non-oil-trade-stands-at-25m<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup> \u201cIran&#8217;s non-oil exports to Saudi Arabia increase 99-fold,\u201d <em>TV BRICS<\/em>, March 14, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/tvbrics.com\/en\/news\/iran-s-non-oil-exports-to-saudi-arabia-increase-99-fold-\/\">https:\/\/tvbrics.com\/en\/news\/iran-s-non-oil-exports-to-saudi-arabia-increase-99-fold-\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup>\u201cIran and Saudi Arabia are ready to establish a joint chamber of commerce,\u201d <em>The Hamedanian Trading Company<\/em>, January 31, 2025 (in Farsi), <a href=\"https:\/\/hamedaniantc.com\/news\/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%8C-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%82-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1\/\">https:\/\/hamedaniantc.com\/news\/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%8C-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%82-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup> \u201cSaudi Arabia oil facilities ablaze after drone strikes,\u201d <em>BBC News<\/em>, September 15, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-49699429\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-49699429<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>\u201cFlights resume between Iran&#8217;s Mashhad and Saudi&#8217;s Dammam as tensions ease\u2019,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, December 23, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/flights-resume-between-irans-mashhad-saudis-dammam-tensions-ease-2024-12-03\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/flights-resume-between-irans-mashhad-saudis-dammam-tensions-ease-2024-12-03\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup> \u201cNew figures: Iran-Saudi trade sees astonishing 6,483% growth,\u201d <em>Iran Front Page<\/em>, April 11, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/ifpnews.com\/new-figures-iran-saudi-trade-sees-astonishing-6483-growth\/\">https:\/\/ifpnews.com\/new-figures-iran-saudi-trade-sees-astonishing-6483-growth\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup> \u201cSaudi Arabia\u2019s non-oil exports rise 5.5% in August: GASTAT,\u201d <em>Arab News<\/em>, October 26, 2025, \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2620286\/business-economy\">https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2620286\/business-economy<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup> John Kifner, \u201c400 die as Iranian Marchers Battle Saudi Police in Mecca,\u201d The New York Times, August 2, 1987, <u>\u00a0<\/u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1987\/08\/02\/world\/400-die-iranian-marchers-battle-saudi-police-mecca-embassies-smashed-teheran.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1987\/08\/02\/world\/400-die-iranian-marchers-battle-saudi-police-mecca-embassies-smashed-teheran.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup> \u201cFirst Hajj stampede bodies arrive in Iran,\u201d <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, October 3, 2015, \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/aje.io\/s9pjg\">https:\/\/aje.io\/s9pjg<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup>\u201cSaudi Arabia Agrees to Increase Iran\u2019s Hajj Quota,\u201d <em>International Quran News Agency<\/em>, May 30, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/iqna.ir\/en\/news\/3493276\/saudi-arabia-agrees-to-increase-iran%E2%80%99s-hajj-quota-%C2%A0\">https:\/\/iqna.ir\/en\/news\/3493276\/saudi-arabia-agrees-to-increase-iran%E2%80%99s-hajj-quota-%C2%A0<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup> Mousavi Fard Seyed Mohammad Reza, et al, \u00a0\u201cThe effects of military seizures in the Strait of Hormuz and Bab al-Mandeb on world peace and security with emphasis on energy warfare,\u201d <em>Geography and Human Relationships<\/em>, April 3, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gahr.ir\/article_218133_en.html\">https:\/\/www.gahr.ir\/article_218133_en.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup> \u201cAraghchi: Closing Strait of Hormuz not Iran\u2019s official policy,\u201d <em>IRNA<\/em>, August 27, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.irna.ir\/news\/85923582\/\">https:\/\/en.irna.ir\/news\/85923582\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":477645,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[],"programs":[],"publication_type":[90],"class_list":["post-477641","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","publication_type-90","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/477641","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/477645"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=477641"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=477641"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=477641"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=477641"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=477641"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=477641"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}