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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0651\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup> Syrian researcher 1, interview by author, Damascus, Syria, October 20, 2025.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup> Small Arms Survey, \u201cCivilian Firearms Holdings, 2017\u201d accessed December 12, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/shorturl.at\/QqHVH\">https:\/\/shorturl.at\/QqHVH<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup> Khaled al-Jeratli and Hassan Ibrahim, \u201cSyria faces challenge of disarmament,\u201d <em>Enab Baladi<\/em>, April 30, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/shorturl.at\/SmpN1\">https:\/\/shorturl.at\/SmpN1<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup> Al-Jeratli and Ibrahim, \u201cSyria faces challenge.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup> Syrian researcher 1, interview.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup> Al-Jeratli and Ibrahim, \u201cSyria faces challenge.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup> Defected military officer (Colonel), interview by author, Damascus, Syria, October 17, 2025.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup> Sarah Hartley, \u201cEvery Gun Was Taken,\u201d <em>Ink Stick Media<\/em>, July 1, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/shorturl.at\/FORDv\">https:\/\/shorturl.at\/FORDv<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup> Syrian researcher 1, interview.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup> \u201cSyria appoints Sharaa as interim president, dissolves all armed factions,\u201d <em>TRT World<\/em>, January 29, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.trtworld.com\/article\/18259388\">https:\/\/www.trtworld.com\/article\/18259388<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup> Defected military officer (Colonel), interview by author, Damascus, Syria, October 17, 2025.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup> Syrian researcher 1, interview.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup> Military commander (Captain), interview by author, Damascus, Syria, October 14, 2025.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup> European Union Agency for Asylum, <em>4.1.1. (Former) members of Assad\u2019s armed forces and pro-Assad armed groups<\/em>, Country Guidance: Syria (Valetta: European Union Agency for Asylum, December 2025), <a href=\"https:\/\/shorturl.at\/zTXy4\">https:\/\/shorturl.at\/zTXy4<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup> Rania Abushamala, \u201cSyria announces merger of all military units under Defense Ministry,\u201d <em>Anadolu Agency<\/em>, May 18, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/shorturl.at\/dZTBj\">https:\/\/shorturl.at\/dZTBj<\/a>; Haid Haid, <em>Syria\u2019s Unruly Guns: Building a Unified Army in a Fractured State<\/em>, Policy Note (Doha:\u00a0Middle East Council, June, 2025), <a href=\"https:\/\/shorturl.at\/PulfE\">https:\/\/shorturl.at\/PulfE<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup> Defected military officer (Colonel), interview.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup> Haid, <em>Syria\u2019s Unruly Guns<\/em>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup> Al-Jeratli and Ibrahim, \u201cSyria faces challenge.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup> Syrian researcher 2, interview by author, Damascus, Syria, October 19, 2025.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup> Syrian researcher 2, interview.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup> Defected military officer (Colonel), interview.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup> Syrian researcher 3, interview by author, Damascus, Syria, October 23, 2025.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup> Al-Jeratli and Ibrahim, \u201cSyria faces challenge.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup> Syrian researcher 3, interview.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup> Syrian researcher 3, interview.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup> Syrian researcher 2, interview.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup>Syrian researcher 3, interview.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup> Haid Haid, \u201cSweida must be a warning, not a blueprint for northeast Syria,\u201d\u00a0<em>Al-Majalla<\/em>, August 17, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/h7.cl\/1kpy0\">https:\/\/h7.cl\/1kpy0<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup> Haid, <em>Syria\u2019s Unruly Guns<\/em>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup> Robert Bociaga, \u201cFrom rebels to soldiers: Foreign fighters in Syria\u2019s new army,\u201d <em>The New Arab, <\/em>June 10, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/shorturl.at\/cOnNX\">https:\/\/shorturl.at\/cOnNX<\/a>.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2024\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c &#8220;\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c&#8221; (DDR)\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%ac-%d9%86%d8%b2%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ad-%d9%88%d8%a5%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627.. \u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8220;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":477495,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[94],"programs":[],"publication_type":[91],"class_list":["post-477483","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","geographic_area-94","publication_type-91","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/477483","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/477495"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=477483"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=477483"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=477483"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=477483"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=477483"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=477483"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}