{"id":476956,"date":"2025-12-01T11:05:39","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T11:05:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=476956"},"modified":"2025-12-01T11:09:26","modified_gmt":"2025-12-01T11:09:26","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a7-%d9%8a%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%b2%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a3%d9%8a-%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a7-%d9%8a%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%b2%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a3%d9%8a-%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a 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&#8220;\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0627\u064b&#8221;\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/surveys\/arab-barometer-wave-viii\/\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/surveys\/arab-barometer-wave-viii\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup> Tunisia\u2019s Alarming Regression under Kais Saied,\u201d <em>Le Monde<\/em>, May 29, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/opinion\/article\/2024\/05\/29\/tunisia-s-alarming-regression-under-kais-saied_6673011_23.html\">https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/opinion\/article\/2024\/05\/29\/tunisia-s-alarming-regression-under-kais-saied_6673011_23.html#<\/a>; Tarek Amara and Angus McDowall, \u201cTunisian crisis escalates as president dissolves parliament,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, March 30, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/tunisian-parliament-defy-president-with-full-session-2022-03-30\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/tunisian-parliament-defy-president-with-full-session-2022-03-30\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup> Arab Barometer, \u201cArab Barometer Wave VIII: \u2018Among the following, which is the main pillar of democracy? Democratic systems may have problems, yet they are better than other systems.\u2019 (Tunisia),\u201d Dataset (September 2023\u2013July 2024), accessed May 21, 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/survey-data\/data-downloads\/\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/survey-data\/data-downloads\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup> Arab Barometer. \u201cArab Barometer Wave VIII: \u2018Among the following, which is the main pillar of democracy? Democratic systems may have problems, yet they are better than other systems.\u2019 (Kuwait, Jordan, Morocco, Mauritania, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine),\u201d Dataset (September 2023\u2013July 2024), Accessed June 27, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/survey-data\/data-downloads\/\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/survey-data\/data-downloads\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>Robert A. Dahl, <em>On Democracy<\/em> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup> The data employed in this analysis comes from the Arab Barometer: Arab Barometer Wave VIII. Dataset (September 2023\u2013July 2024). Accessed May 2, 2025, and from Michael Robbins, <em>Democracy in the Middle East &amp; North Africa<\/em>, Arab Barometer Thematic Report (Princeton: Arab Barometer, May 2025), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/ABVIII_Democracy_EN.pdf\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/ABVIII_Democracy_EN.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup> Arab Barometer, \u201cArab Barometer Wave VIII. Dataset (September 2023\u2013July 2024),\u201d Accessed May 2, 2025<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup> Arab Barometer. \u201cArab Barometer Wave VIII. Dataset (September 2023\u2013July 2024),\u201d Accessed May 2, 2025<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup> Robbins, <em>Democracy in the Middle East &amp; North Africa.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup> Fares Braizat, \u201cThe Meanings of Democracy: What Arabs Think,\u201d <em>Journal of Democracy <\/em>21(4): 131-138, 2010.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup> Arab Center Washington DC, <em>Arab Opinion Index 2022: Executive Summary<\/em> (Washington D.C.: Arab Center Washington DC, August 1, 2025), <a href=\"https:\/\/arabcenterdc.org\/resource\/arab-opinion-index-2022-executive-summary\/\">https:\/\/arabcenterdc.org\/resource\/arab-opinion-index-2022-executive-summary\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup> Hannah M. Ridge, \u201cDemocratic commitment in the Middle East: a conjoint analysis,\u201d<em> Political Science Research and Methods<\/em> 12(2): 285-300, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/political-science-research-and-methods\/article\/democratic-commitment-in-the-middle-east-a-conjoint-analysis\/9129EC94CA61EC5232B8441060200167\">https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/political-science-research-and-methods\/article\/democratic-commitment-in-the-middle-east-a-conjoint-analysis\/9129EC94CA61EC5232B8441060200167<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup> Jessica Obeid, \u201cMENA\u2019s Electricity Demand Crunch and the Path to Sustainability,\u201d <em>Arab News<\/em>, March 9, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2593006\">https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2593006<\/a>; Manuel Pirino and Kinda Hattar, \u201cCPI 2024 for the Middle East and North Africa: Corruption Linked to Authoritarianism, Calls for Reform Emerging,\u201d <em>Transparency International<\/em>, February 11, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transparency.org\/en\/news\/cpi-2024-middle-east-north-africa-corruption-linked-authoritarianism-calls-reform-emerging\">https:\/\/www.transparency.org\/en\/news\/cpi-2024-middle-east-north-africa-corruption-linked-authoritarianism-calls-reform-emerging<\/a>; Roberta V. Gatti, Daniel Lederman, Nelly Elmallakh, and Jesica Torres, \u201cBalancing Act: Jobs and Wages in the Middle East and North Africa When Crises Hit,\u201d <em>Economic Research Forum<\/em>, November 28, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/theforum.erf.org.eg\/2023\/11\/20\/balancing-act-jobs-and-wages-in-mena-when-crises-hit\/\">https:\/\/theforum.erf.org.eg\/2023\/11\/20\/balancing-act-jobs-and-wages-in-mena-when-crises-hit\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup> World Bank Group Data, \u201cGDP Growth (Annual %) \u2013 Morocco,\u201d accessed May 12, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=MA\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=MA<\/a>; \u201cJordan Unemployment Rates Jump to 25 % in First Quarter of 2021,\u201d <em>Middle East Monitor<\/em>, June 22 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20210622-jordan-unemployment-rates-jump-to-25-in-first-quarter-of-2021\/\">https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20210622-jordan-unemployment-rates-jump-to-25-in-first-quarter-of-2021\/<\/a>; World Bank Group, <em>Macro Poverty Outlook: Country-by-country Analysis and Projections for the Developing World<\/em> (Washington DC: World Bank, April 2021), 161, <a href=\"https:\/\/thedocs.worldbank.org\/en\/doc\/77351105a334213c64122e44c2efe523-0500072021\/related\/mpo-sm21-mena.pdf\">https:\/\/thedocs.worldbank.org\/en\/doc\/77351105a334213c64122e44c2efe523-0500072021\/related\/mpo-sm21-mena.pdf<\/a>; World Bank Group, <em>Macro Poverty Outlook: Country-by-country Analysis and Projections for the Developing World (Washington DC: World Bank, April 2024), 1, <\/em>260, <a href=\"https:\/\/thedocs.worldbank.org\/en\/doc\/77351105a334213c64122e44c2efe523-0500072021\/related\/mpo-sm24.pdf\">https:\/\/thedocs.worldbank.org\/en\/doc\/77351105a334213c64122e44c2efe523-0500072021\/related\/mpo-sm24.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup> Robbins, <em>Democracy in the Middle East &amp; North Africa<\/em>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>Robbins, <em>Democracy in the Middle East &amp; North Africa<\/em><\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u00a0 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0651\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0643\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a7-%d9%8a%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%b2%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a3%d9%8a-%d8%a7\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":477019,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[],"programs":[],"publication_type":[90],"class_list":["post-476956","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","publication_type-90","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/476956","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/477019"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=476956"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=476956"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=476956"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=476956"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=476956"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=476956"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}