{"id":476770,"date":"2025-11-09T11:55:29","date_gmt":"2025-11-09T11:55:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&p=476770"},"modified":"2026-03-02T09:03:55","modified_gmt":"2026-03-02T09:03:55","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a3%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a3%d9%85\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629: \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0623\u064b \u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2003 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2003.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2020\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u0647\u0645 (\u0648\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0643\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0648\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h6>\n
1 <\/sup> Adrian Blomfield, \u201cMass assassinations to bunker-busters: the 12 days that reshaped the world,\u201d The Telegraph<\/em>, June 25, 2025, https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/world-news\/2025\/06\/24\/iran-israel-12-day-war-that-shook-world\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
2 <\/sup> “Popular Mobilization Commission (PMC) in Iraq adopts Code of Conduct for Humanitarian Norms”, Geneva Call<\/em>, December 22, 2022, https:\/\/www.genevacall.org\/news\/popular-mobilization-commission-pmc-in-iraq-adopts-code-of-conduct-for-humanitarian-norms\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
3 <\/sup> Jaroslav Lukiv, \u201cHouthis confirm their prime minister killed in Israeli strike”, BBC News<\/em>, August 30, 2025, https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/c620ykrxedwo<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
4 <\/sup> Muhanad Seloom, \u201cFrom Rivals to Allies: Iran\u2019s Evolving Role in Iraq\u2019s Geopolitics,\u201d in Iran in the Middle East: Building Bridges or Expanding Influence?<\/em> (Doha: Middle East Council on Global Affairs, April 19, 2024), https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication_chapters\/from-rivals-to-allies-irans-evolving-role-in-iraqs-geopolitics\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
5 <\/sup> \u201cBashar al-Assad: Sudden downfall ends decades of family’s iron rule,\u201d BBC News<\/em>, December 9, 2024, https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/10338256<\/a> ; \u201cOne year after killing of leader Nasrallah, Hezbollah says no to disarming,\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, September 28, 2025, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2025\/9\/28\/one-year-after-killing-of-leader-nasrallah-hezbollah-says-no-to-disarming<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
6 <\/sup> Michael Knights, Hamdi Malik, and Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi, Honored, Not Contained: The Future of Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces,<\/em> Policy Focus 163. (Washington, D.C.:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, May 23, 2020), https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/honored-not-contained-future-iraqs-popular-mobilization-forces<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
7 <\/sup> Knights, Malik & Al Tamimi, Honored, Not Contained, 163.<\/h6>\n
8 <\/sup> Ahmad Majidyar, Iran-backed militia groups will receive full military benefits under new decree, <\/em>(Washington, D.C.: Middle East Institute, March 9, 2018), https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/iran-backed-militia-groups-will-receive-full-military-benefits-under-new-decree<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
9 <\/sup>\u201cIraq elections final results: Sadr\u2019s bloc wins parliamentary poll,\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, May 20, 2018, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2018\/5\/20\/iraq-elections-final-results-sadrs-bloc-wins-parliamentary-poll<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
10 <\/sup> Majidyar, Iran-backed militia groups will receive full military benefits under new decree.<\/em><\/h6>\n
11 <\/sup> \u201cIraq\u2019s governing Shia alliance strengthened in provincial elections,\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, December 20, 2023, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/12\/20\/iraqs-ruling-shia-alliance-tops-provincial-elections<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
12 <\/sup> Amir al-Kaabi and Michael Knights, Extraordinary Popular Mobilization Force Expansion, by the Numbers,<\/em> (Washington, D.C.:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 3 June 2023), https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/extraordinary-popular-mobilization-force-expansion-numbers<\/a> ; Laura Adal and Sarah Fares, \u201cSmuggling, subsidies and shortages: Iraq\u2019s latest oil troubles,\u201d Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime<\/em>, February 10, 2023, https:\/\/globalinitiative.net\/analysis\/iraq-oil-smuggling\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
13 <\/sup> Amir al-Kaabi and Michael Knights, Extraordinary Popular Mobilization Force Expansion, by the Numbers,<\/em> Policy Analysis. (Washington, D.C.:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, June 3, 2023), https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/extraordinary-popular-mobilization-force-expansion-numbers<\/a><\/h6>\n
14 <\/sup> Ranj Alaaldin, \u201cThe Origins and Ascendancy of Iraq\u2019s Shiite Militias,\u201d Current Trends in Islamist Ideology<\/em>, November 1, 2017, https:\/\/www.hudson.org\/national-security-defense\/the-origins-and-ascendancy-of-iraq-s-shiite-militias<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
15 <\/sup> “Iraq: Protest death toll surges as security forces resume brutal repression”,\u201d Amnesty International<\/em>, January 23, 2020, https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2020\/01\/iraq-protest-death-toll-surges-as-security-forces-resume-brutal-repression\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
16 <\/sup> Mustafa Saadoun, \u201cShiite factions close to Sistani move to separate from Iran-backed militias,\u201d Al-Monitor<\/em>, May 18, 2020, https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2020\/12\/iraq-iran-pmu-sistani.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
17<\/sup> \u201cFinal results confirm Sadr’s victory in last month’s Iraqi vote,\u201d Reuters<\/em>, November 30, 2021, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/final-results-show-cleric-sadr-won-iraq-vote-state-media-says-2021-11-30\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
18 <\/sup> Gareth Browne and Zaheena Rasheed, \u201c\u2018Perilous times\u2019 for Iraq\u2019s Shia militias after Soleimani killing,\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, January 22, 2020, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2020\/1\/22\/perilous-times-for-iraqs-shia-militias-after-soleimani-killing<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
19 <\/sup> \u201cMissile Attack Causes Fire in Iraqi Oil Refinery: Officials,\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, May 2, 2022, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/5\/2\/missile-attack-causes-fire-erbil-oil-refinery-officials<\/a> ; \u201cA Thousand Hezbollahs: Iraq\u2019s Emerging Militia State\u201d, New Lines Institute<\/em>, 4 May 2021, https:\/\/newlinesinstitute.org\/nonstate-actors\/a-thousand-hezbollahs-iraqs-emerging-militia-state\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
20 <\/sup> Mohanad Faris, \u201cThe Popular Mobilization Forces in Iraq: A Political Bargaining Chip?\u201d, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Fikra Forum, <\/em>April 8, 2022, https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/popular-mobilization-forces-iraq-political-bargaining-chip<\/a> ;<\/h6>\n
21 <\/sup> Renad Mansour, \u201cThe Political Logic behind Iraq\u2019s Fragmented Armed Forces\u201d Middle East Research and Information Project<\/em>, April 4, 2023, https:\/\/www.merip.org\/2023\/04\/the-political-logic-behind-iraqs-fragmented-armed-forces\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
22 <\/sup> \u201cNetanyahu Threatens to Destroy Iraqi Militias Leaders in Fiery UN Address,\u201d Kurdistan 24<\/em>, September 26, 2025, https:\/\/www.kurdistan24.net\/en\/story\/865896\/netanyahu-threatens-to-destroy-iraqi-militias-leaders-in-fiery-un-address<\/a> ; “US lists 4 Iran-backed Iraqi militias as foreign terrorist organizations”, Al Monitor<\/em>, September 17, 2025, https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2025\/09\/us-lists-4-iran-backed-iraqi-militias-foreign-terrorist-organizations<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
23 <\/sup> \u00a0\u201cUS designates four Iran-aligned militias as terrorist organizations,\u201d Reuters,<\/em> September 17, 2025, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/us-designates-four-iran-aligned-militias-terrorist-organizations-2025-09-17<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
24 <\/sup> Mohammed Salih, \u201cThe Multi-Billion Dollar Relationship: The New Chapter in Kurdistan-U.S. Relations,\u201d MEPS Forum<\/em>, 26 May, 2025, https:\/\/www.mepsforum.org\/post\/the-multi-billion-dollar-relationship-the-new-chapter-in-kurdistan-u-s-relations<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
25 <\/sup> U.S. Department of the Treasury, \u201cU.S. Treasury Takes Action to Protect Iraqi Financial System From Abuse,\u201d press release, January 29, 2024, https:\/\/home.treasury.gov\/news\/press-releases\/jy2053<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
26 <\/sup> \u201cIraq\u2019s Rafidain Bank pushes back amid US accusations,\u201d Rudaw<\/em>, August 19, 2025, https:\/\/www.rudaw.net\/english\/middleeast\/iraq\/19082025<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
27 <\/sup> Qassim Abdul-Zahra, \u201c46.1 million people were counted in Iraq\u2019s first census in nearly 40 years,\u201d AP News,<\/em> February 25, 2025, https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/iraq-census-final-count-45b7753ddc82c188c79faea0d5a8c90d<\/a> ; \u201cIraq population projected to hit 50 million by 2030,\u201d Kurdistan24, <\/em>September 18, 2021, https:\/\/www.kurdistan24.net\/en\/story\/385597.<\/h6>\n
28 <\/sup> Amna Haider and Mahnaz Vahdati, \u201cReimagining a way forward: Iraq\u2019s economy and energy sector in the post-invasion era,\u201d (Washington, D.C.: Atlantic Council, May 9, 2023), https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/uncategorized\/reimagining-a-way-forward-iraqs-economy-and-energy-sector-in-the-post-invasion-era\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
29 <\/sup> Taif Alkhudary, \u201cFragmentation of Iraq\u2019s \u2018Protest Parties\u2019 amid the Muhasasa System\u2019s Resilience,\u201d PeaceRep<\/em>, October 14, 2022, https:\/\/peacerep.org\/2022\/10\/14\/fragmentation-iraq-protest-parties-muhasasa\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
30 <\/sup> Amnesty International<\/em>, \u201cIraq: Protest death toll surges.\u201d<\/h6>\n
31 <\/sup> John Davison and Haider Kadhim, \u201cDeadly clashes rage in Baghdad in Shi’ite power struggle,\u201d Reuters<\/em>, August 30, 2022, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/iraqi-cleric-sadr-announces-full-withdrawal-political-life-twitter-2022-08-29\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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