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style=\"--tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: #3b82f680; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; color: #28303d; text-decoration-style: dotted; text-decoration-skip-ink: none;\" href=\"#endnote6\"><sup style=\"--tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: #3b82f680; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000;\">6<\/sup><\/a><\/strong><strong style=\"letter-spacing: 0.8px;\">\u00a0<\/strong><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 <\/strong><strong>\u0628\u064a\u0646 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\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 12,5 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2024 .<a href=\"#endnote15\"><sup>15<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0635\u0641 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u063a\u0631\u0628&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 1200 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f.<a href=\"#endnote16\"><sup>16<\/sup><\/a> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629\u064d \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 3,2 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 3 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629).<a href=\"#endnote17\"><sup>17<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 575 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631.<a href=\"#endnote18\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (CRCC) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0631&#8221; (COSIDER) \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2026\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631.<a href=\"#endnote19\"><sup>19<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2025\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0632\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0627 ZPEC Group \u0648&#8221;\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0643&#8221; (Sinopec) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote20\"><sup>20<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2022\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647 7 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2024 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u062a\u064a &#8220;\u0648\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0646&#8221; (Wuhuan) \u0648&#8221;\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646&#8221; (Tian\u2019an) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 12 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote21\"><sup>21<\/sup><\/a> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 &#8220;\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631&#8221; (Jetour) \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 105 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0641\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0644&#8221; (Fondal) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c 270 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644.<a href=\"#endnote22\"><sup>22<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064f\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2025 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 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&#8220;\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0646\u0634\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a&#8221; <strong>(<\/strong>Shanxi Installation Group)\u060c \u0648&#8221;\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0646&#8221; (PowerChina Zhongnan<strong>)<\/strong> \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627&#8221; (PowerChina)\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649.<a href=\"#endnote25\"><sup>25<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup> Anniek Bao, \u201cChinese lenders have a massive challenge: They can\u2019t lend enough,\u201d CNBC, January 9, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2025\/01\/10\/chinese-commercial-banks-have-a-challenge-they-cant-lend-enough-and-.html?utm\">https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2025\/01\/10\/chinese-commercial-banks-have-a-challenge-they-cant-lend-enough-and-.html?utm<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup> \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1989.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup> Hang Zhou, \u201cChina\u2019s Balancing Act in the Western Sahara Conflict,\u201d in <em>Africana Studia<\/em>, no.29 (2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/ojs.letras.up.pt\/index.php\/AfricanaStudia\/article\/view\/7635\">https:\/\/ojs.letras.up.pt\/index.php\/AfricanaStudia\/article\/view\/7635<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup> \u00a0\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0639\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0641\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 150 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 10 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u06483 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0634\u062a \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2018 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 3,8 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631. \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">Frederic Wehrey and San\u00a0 Alkoutami, \u201cChina\u2019s Balancing Act in Libya,\u201d <em>Lawfare <\/em>(blog), May 10, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawfaremedia.org\/article\/chinas-balancing-act-libya\">https:\/\/www.lawfaremedia.org\/article\/chinas-balancing-act-libya<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup> \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062aAEI\/China Global Investment Tracker \u060c \u201cChinese Investments &amp; Contracts in Algeria (2005 &#8211; 2025),\u201d accessed September 2, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aei.org\/china-global-investment-tracker\/\">https:\/\/www.aei.org\/china-global-investment-tracker\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup> UN Comtrade, \u201cTrade Data,\u201d accessed September 16, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/comtradeplus.un.org\/\">https:\/\/comtradeplus.un.org\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup> United Nations, \u201cQuestions relating to Asia and the Far East,\u201d <em>Yearbook of the United Nations<\/em> (New York: United Nations, 1971), Ch. 8, pp. 129-130, <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.un.org\/unyearbook\/yun\/chapter_pdf\/1971YUN\/1971_P1_SEC1_CH8.pdf\">https:\/\/cdn.un.org\/unyearbook\/yun\/chapter_pdf\/1971YUN\/1971_P1_SEC1_CH8.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup> \u00a0\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a 2 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2020\u061b \u0644\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0647 [\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631]\u060c \u201c (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627) La Chine et l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie \u0153uvrent la main dans la main pour r\u00e9aliser leurs r\u00eaves , Le Jeune ind\u00e9pendant, September 30, 2021,<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jeune-independant.net\/la-chine-et-lalgerie-oeuvrent-la-main-dans-la-main-pour-realiser-leurs-reves\">https:\/\/www.jeune-independant.net\/la-chine-et-lalgerie-oeuvrent-la-main-dans-la-main-pour-realiser-leurs-reves<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup> Degang Sun, \u201cChina\u2019s Partnership Diplomacy in the Middle East,\u201d The Asia Dialogue, March 24, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/theasiadialogue.com\/2020\/03\/24\/chinas-partnership-diplomacy-in-the-middle-east\/\">https:\/\/theasiadialogue.com\/2020\/03\/24\/chinas-partnership-diplomacy-in-the-middle-east\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup> \u00a0Yang Sheng, \u201cChina, Algeria to inherit, promote traditional friendship for \u2018better global governance,\u201d Global Times, July 17, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/page\/202307\/1294528.shtml\">https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/page\/202307\/1294528.shtml<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup> \u00a0Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, \u201cAlgeria, China sign 2nd five-year comprehensive strategic cooperation plan 2022-2026,\u201d press release, November 8, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mfa.gov.dz\/press-and-information\/news-and-press-releases\/algeria-china-sign-2nd-five-year-comprehensive-strategic-cooperation-plan-2022-2026\">https:\/\/www.mfa.gov.dz\/press-and-information\/news-and-press-releases\/algeria-china-sign-2nd-five-year-comprehensive-strategic-cooperation-plan-2022-2026<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup> \u00a0\u201cAlgeria supports three Chinese initiatives, eager to join BRICS: President Tebboune,\u201d <em>CGTN<\/em>, July 23, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/news.cgtn.com\/news\/2023-07-23\/Algeria-supports-three-Chinese-initiatives-eager-to-join-BRICS-1lFhmKHqAGA\/index.html\">https:\/\/news.cgtn.com\/news\/2023-07-23\/Algeria-supports-three-Chinese-initiatives-eager-to-join-BRICS-1lFhmKHqAGA\/index.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup> \u00a0Yahia H. Zoubir and Xuanrong Wu, \u201cAlgeria at the BRICS\u2019 Doorstep: A Journey of Aspirations and Opportunities,\u201d <em>Afk\u0101r <\/em>(blog), December 17, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/blog_posts\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%b9%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%83%d8%b3-%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9%d9%8c-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa\/\">https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/blog_posts\/algeria-at-the-brics-doorstep-a-journey-of-aspirations-and-opportunities\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup> Chinedu Okafor, \u201cChina is set to invest $36 billion in some of Algeria&#8217;s key economic sectors,\u201d Business Insider, July 21, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/africa.businessinsider.com\/local\/markets\/china-is-set-to-invest-dollar36-billion-in-some-of-algerias-key-economic-sectors\/l4l8p5k\">https:\/\/africa.businessinsider.com\/local\/markets\/china-is-set-to-invest-dollar36-billion-in-some-of-algerias-key-economic-sectors\/l4l8p5k<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup> \u201cChina Algeria trade hits USD 4.5B as Partnership Deepens,\u201d <em>Waya<\/em>, April 16, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/waya.media\/china-algeria-trade-hits-usd-4-5b-as-partnership-deepens\/\">https:\/\/waya.media\/china-algeria-trade-hits-usd-4-5b-as-partnership-deepens\/<\/a>; Rabia Abdul Salam, \u201cAlgeria and France unravel their last remaining trade links,\u201d Al Majalla, March 3, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.majalla.com\/node\/324567\/business-economy\/algeria-and-france-unravel-their-last-remaining-trade-links\">https:\/\/en.majalla.com\/node\/324567\/business-economy\/algeria-and-france-unravel-their-last-remaining-trade-links<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup> \u00a0CITIC Construction, <em>Global Market Infrastructure<\/em> (Beijing: CITIC Construction, March 2025), p. 61, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.construction.citic\/uploads\/2025-03-03\/58705a1b-0566-45e6-8d8f-e58997960a881740962894226.pdf?utm\">https:\/\/www.construction.citic\/uploads\/2025-03-03\/58705a1b-0566-45e6-8d8f-e58997960a881740962894226.pdf?utm<\/a>; \u201cExpansion of the highway network to reshape land transport,\u201d in <em>The Report: Algeria 2014<\/em> (Oxford, UK:\u00a0 Oxford Business Group, 2014), <a href=\"https:\/\/oxfordbusinessgroup.com\/reports\/algeria\/2014-report\/economy\/expansion-of-the-highway-network-to-reshape-land-transport?utm\">https:\/\/oxfordbusinessgroup.com\/reports\/algeria\/2014-report\/economy\/expansion-of-the-highway-network-to-reshape-land-transport?utm<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup> \u00a0\u201cIslamic development bank to lend Algeria $3 billion for projects over next 3 years,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, May 19, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/islamic-development-bank-lend-algeria-3-billion-projects-over-next-3-years-2025-05-19\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/islamic-development-bank-lend-algeria-3-billion-projects-over-next-3-years-2025-05-19<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup> Rafik Tadjer, \u201cAlg\u00e9rie: plong\u00e9e dans un chantier ferroviaire hors normes en plein d\u00e9sert\u201d, (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631: \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621)\u060c TSA, July 2, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/algerie-plongee-dans-un-chantier-ferroviaire-hors-normes-en-plein-desert\/\">https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/algerie-plongee-dans-un-chantier-ferroviaire-hors-normes-en-plein-desert\/<\/a>; Florian Gu\u00e9net. \u201cMaghreb: la Chine a un projet pharaonique dans ce pays\u201d (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f)\u060c La Nouvelle Tribune, January 5, 2025 <a href=\"https:\/\/lanouvelletribune.info\/2024\/01\/maghreb-la-chine-a-un-projet-pharaonique-dans-ce-pays\/\">https:\/\/lanouvelletribune.info\/2024\/01\/maghreb-la-chine-a-un-projet-pharaonique-dans-ce-pays\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup> \u00a0Ibrahima Diallo, \u201cGovernment mobilizes $3,2 billion for construction of new railways,\u201d Africa Supply Chain, January 17, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/africasupplychainmag.com\/en\/Algeria-government-mobilizes-32-billion-for-the-construction-of-new-railways\">https:\/\/africasupplychainmag.com\/en\/Algeria-government-mobilizes-32-billion-for-the-construction-of-new-railways<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup> \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2022 (\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 490 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2025 (\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 850 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 &#8220;\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0643&#8221;). \u00a0Ali Idir, \u201cTotal, Sinopec\u2026: l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie attribue 5 permis d\u2019exploration d\u2019hydrocarbures\u201d\u060c (\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0643\u2026: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d 5 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a)\u060c TSA, June 17, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/total-sinopec-lalgerie-attribue-5-permis-dexploration-dhydrocarbures\/\">https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/total-sinopec-lalgerie-attribue-5-permis-dexploration-dhydrocarbures\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup> \u201cOne of the largest in the world: The Bled El Hadba phosphate mine comes on stream,\u201d <em>Algeria Invest<\/em>, November 17, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.algeriainvest.com\/premium-news\/cest-lune-des-plus-grandes-au-monde-la-mine-de-phosphate-de-bled-el-hadba-entre-en-exploitation\">https:\/\/www.algeriainvest.com\/premium-news\/cest-lune-des-plus-grandes-au-monde-la-mine-de-phosphate-de-bled-el-hadba-entre-en-exploitation<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup> \u00a0Hana Saada, \u201cAlgeria, China Forge Strategic Investment Alliance with Eight Major Agreements,\u201d Dzair Tube, April 15, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dzair-tube.dz\/en\/algeria-china-forge-strategic-investment-alliance-with-eight-major-agreements\/?utm\">https:\/\/www.dzair-tube.dz\/en\/algeria-china-forge-strategic-investment-alliance-with-eight-major-agreements\/?utm<\/a>; \u201cPartnership between Iris and Chery to Manufacture cars in Algeria,\u201d Motor Beats, April 15, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/motorbeats.com\/en\/car-news\/partnership-between-iris-and-chery-to-manufacture-cars-in-algeria\/\">https:\/\/motorbeats.com\/en\/car-news\/partnership-between-iris-and-chery-to-manufacture-cars-in-algeria\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup> Cherif Lahdiri, \u201cLe partenariat sino-alg\u00e9rien en pleine ascension\u201d(\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629)\u060c El Watan, April 17, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/elwatan-dz.com\/le-partenariat-sino-algerien-en-pleine-ascension\">https:\/\/elwatan-dz.com\/le-partenariat-sino-algerien-en-pleine-ascension<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup> \u201cAlgeria unveils winners of its 2 GW solar auction, Chinese firms dominate,\u201d <em>Enerdata<\/em>, November 7, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.enerdata.net\/publications\/daily-energy-news\/algeria-unveils-winners-its-2-gw-solar-auction-chinese-firms-dominate.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">https:\/\/www.enerdata.net\/publications\/daily-energy-news\/algeria-unveils-winners-its-2-gw-solar-auction-chinese-firms-dominate.html?<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cAlgeria\u2019s Balancing Act between Historical Partnership with Russia and Independence,\u201d ISPI, September 4, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/en\/publication\/algerias-balancing-act-between-historical-partnership-with-russia-and-independence-182969\">https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/en\/publication\/algerias-balancing-act-between-historical-partnership-with-russia-and-independence-182969<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir, <em>Algeria-Russia Ties: Beyond Military Cooperation?<\/em>, Issue Brief, (Doha, Qatar: Middle East Council on Global Affairs, January, 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%b9%d8%b3%d9%83\/\">https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/algerian-russian-relations-military-cooperation\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup> \u201cAlgeria, China: Mediterranean expansion for military agreements?\u201d Tactical Report, June 9, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tacticalreport.com\/daily\/59749\">https:\/\/www.tacticalreport.com\/daily\/59749<\/a>; U.S. Department of Defense, \u201cMilitary and Security Developments Involving the People\u2019s Republic of China,\u201d <em>2023 Annual Report to Congress<\/em> (Washington, D.C., Department of Defense, 2023), p. 171, <a href=\"https:\/\/media.defense.gov\/2023\/Oct\/19\/2003323409\/-1\/-1\/1\/2023-MILITARY-AND-SECURITY-DEVELOPMENTS-INVOLVING-THE-PEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA.PDF\">https:\/\/media.defense.gov\/2023\/Oct\/19\/2003323409\/-1\/-1\/1\/2023-MILITARY-AND-SECURITY-DEVELOPMENTS-INVOLVING-THE-PEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA.PDF<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup> Darek Liam, \u201cAlgeria to build Chinese corvettes locally,\u201d Military Africa, January 4, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.military.africa\/2025\/01\/algeria-to-build-chinese-corvettes-locally\/\">https:\/\/www.military.africa\/2025\/01\/algeria-to-build-chinese-corvettes-locally\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup> Farid L,\u00a0 \u201cAlg\u00e9rie \u2013 Chine : l\u2019arm\u00e9e veut acqu\u00e9rir le lanceur de missiles SY-400\u201d [Algeria \u2013 China: Army wants to acquire SY-400 missile launcher], Algerie360, December 1, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.algerie360.com\/algerie-chine-larmee-veut-acquerir-le-lanceur-de-missiles-sy-400\/\">https:\/\/www.algerie360.com\/algerie-chine-larmee-veut-acquerir-le-lanceur-de-missiles-sy-400\/<\/a>; \u201cHong Qi 9 (HQ-9): Chinese Air Defense Missile System,\u201d MilitaryView, accessed September 3, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/militaryview.com\/hong-qi-9-hq-9-chinese-air-defence-missile-system\/\">https:\/\/militaryview.com\/hong-qi-9-hq-9-chinese-air-defence-missile-system\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31 <\/sup> Eleanor Albert, \u201cWhich countries support the new Hong Kong National Security Law,\u201d The Diplomat, July 6, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2020\/07\/which-countries-support-the-new-hong-kong-national-security-law\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2020\/07\/which-countries-support-the-new-hong-kong-national-security-law\/?<\/a> ; Catherine Putz, \u201c2020 edition: Which countries are for or against China\u2019s Xinjiang policies,\u201d The Diplomat, October 9, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2020\/10\/2020-edition-which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies\/\">https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2020\/10\/2020-edition-which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup> Wu Wanjun and Pedro Sobral, \u201cChina\u2019s Non-interference Policy towards Western Sahara Conflict,\u201d <em>Africana Studia<\/em> no. 29 (2018), pp. 131-143, <a href=\"https:\/\/repositorio.ulisboa.pt\/bitstream\/10400.5\/28742\/1\/China%E2%80%99s%20Non-interference%20policy%20towards%20the%20Western%20Sahara.pdf\">https:\/\/repositorio.ulisboa.pt\/bitstream\/10400.5\/28742\/1\/China%E2%80%99s%20Non-interference%20policy%20towards%20the%20Western%20Sahara.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33 <\/sup> Ahmed Obeidat (former prime minister and senator), interview by author(s),<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">Amman, Jordan, September 4, 2014.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34 <\/sup> Yassine Madjdi, \u201cFrom Mirage to Reality: The Real Story of the Tanger Tech,\u201d TelQuel, January 8, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/telquel.ma\/2025\/01\/08\/from-mirage-to-reality-the-real-story-of-tanger-tech_1912054\">https:\/\/telquel.ma\/2025\/01\/08\/from-mirage-to-reality-the-real-story-of-tanger-tech_1912054<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35 <\/sup> United Nations Comtrade Database, \u201cTrade Statistics,\u201d accessed September 3, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/comtrade.un.org\/Data\/\">https:\/\/comtrade.un.org\/Data\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36 <\/sup> Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People\u2019s Republic of China, \u201cChina and Morocco,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/eng\/gjhdq_665435\/2913_665441\/2858_663706\/\">https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/eng\/gjhdq_665435\/2913_665441\/2858_663706\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37 <\/sup> Trading Economics , \u201cMorocco Exports to China,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/tradingeconomics.com\/morocco\/exports\/china\">https:\/\/tradingeconomics.com\/morocco\/exports\/china<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup> \u201cBusiness relations between Morocco and China: a rapidly expanding partnership,\u201d <em>GIDE<\/em>, March 18, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gide.com\/en\/news-insights\/business-relations-between-morocco-and-china-a-rapidly-expanding-partnership\/\">https:\/\/www.gide.com\/en\/news-insights\/business-relations-between-morocco-and-china-a-rapidly-expanding-partnership\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39 <\/sup> \u201cAs Western Ties Shift, Morocco Turns to China for Advanced Military Drones,\u201d <em>Defense Security Asia<\/em>, March 9, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/defencesecurityasia.com\/en\/as-western-ties-shift-morocco-turns-to-china-for-advanced-military-drones\/\">https:\/\/defencesecurityasia.com\/en\/as-western-ties-shift-morocco-turns-to-china-for-advanced-military-drones\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40 <\/sup> Louis Dugit-Gros, Sabina Henneberg, \u201cChina\u2019s Presence in Tunisia: How Far Has It Come, and Where Is It Headed?\u201d Policy Watch 3728, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, April 6, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/chinas-presence-tunisia-how-far-has-it-come-and-where-it-headed?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/chinas-presence-tunisia-how-far-has-it-come-and-where-it-headed?<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41 <\/sup> Ministry of Foreign Affairs People\u2019s Republic of China, \u201cChina and Tunisia,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/eng\/gjhdq_665435\/2913_665441\/2893_663786\/#:~:text=Bilateral%20trade%20has%20grown%20steadily,textiles%2C%20apparel%20and%20other%20products\">https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/eng\/gjhdq_665435\/2913_665441\/2893_663786\/#:~:text=Bilateral%20trade%20has%20grown%20steadily,textiles%2C%20apparel%20and%20other%20products<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42 <\/sup> Yin Yeping, \u201cBRI paves the way for expanded China-Tunisia cooperation in infrastructure, agriculture, trade, and more: envoy,\u201d Global Times, November 26, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/page\/202411\/1323817.shtml\">https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/page\/202411\/1323817.shtml<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43 <\/sup> \u201cTunisia &amp; China Plan for Enhanced Partnerships,\u201d The World Monitor, January 13, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theworldmonitor.com\/tunisia-china-plan-for-enhanced-partnerships\/\">https:\/\/www.theworldmonitor.com\/tunisia-china-plan-for-enhanced-partnerships\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44 <\/sup> Dugit-Gros and Henneberg, \u201cChina\u2019s Presence in Tunisia.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45 <\/sup> \u201cTunisia Strengthens Its Presence in the Chinese Market,\u201d Tunisie Num\u00e9rique, May 31, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/news-tunisia.tunisienumerique.com\/tunisia-strengthens-its-presence-in-the-chinese-market\/\">https:\/\/news-tunisia.tunisienumerique.com\/tunisia-strengthens-its-presence-in-the-chinese-market\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46 <\/sup> Ellie Young and Oumayma Ben Abdallah, \u201cBeijing\u2019s Global Media Influence 2022: Tunisia,\u201d Freedom House, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/ar\/country\/tunisia\/beijings-global-media-influence\/2022\">https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/ar\/country\/tunisia\/beijings-global-media-influence\/2022<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47 <\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2016 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2025. \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: &#8221; China to Reopen Embassy in Libyan Capital,\u201d Libya Review, April 29, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/libyareview.com\/55230\/china-to-reopen-embassy-in-libyan-capital\">https:\/\/libyareview.com\/55230\/china-to-reopen-embassy-in-libyan-capital<\/a>.&#8221;<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote48\">48 <\/sup> Bilal Abdullah, \u201cCalculations and Future of China\u2019s Role in Libya,\u201d Emirates Policy Center, December 13, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/epc.ae\/en\/details\/scenario\/calculations-and-future-of-china-s-role-in-libya\">https:\/\/epc.ae\/en\/details\/scenario\/calculations-and-future-of-china-s-role-in-libya<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote49\">49 <\/sup> State Council of the People\u2019s Republic of China, \u201cChina, Libya establish strategic partnership as leaders meet in Beijing,\u201d press release (Beijing: State Council of the People\u2019s Republic of China \/ Xinhua, September 4, 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/english.www.gov.cn\/news\/202409\/04\/content_WS66d861d0c6d0868f4e8ea9ad.html\">https:\/\/english.www.gov.cn\/news\/202409\/04\/content_WS66d861d0c6d0868f4e8ea9ad.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote50\">50 <\/sup> The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC), \u201cChina \/ Libya,\u201d accessed May 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/oec.world\/en\/profile\/bilateral-country\/chn\/partner\/lby\">https:\/\/oec.world\/en\/profile\/bilateral-country\/chn\/partner\/lby<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote51\">51 <\/sup> \u201cItaly seizes Chinese-made military drones destined for Libya,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, July 2, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/italy-seizes-chinese-made-military-drones-destined-libya-2024-07-02\/%20\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/italy-seizes-chinese-made-military-drones-destined-libya-2024-07-02\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":476856,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[86],"programs":[],"publication_type":[90],"class_list":["post-476737","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","geographic_area-86","publication_type-90","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/476737","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/476856"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=476737"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=476737"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=476737"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=476737"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=476737"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=476737"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}