{"id":476480,"date":"2025-10-14T06:13:01","date_gmt":"2025-10-14T06:13:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=476480"},"modified":"2026-01-14T06:06:51","modified_gmt":"2026-01-14T06:06:51","slug":"%d8%af%d8%b9%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%b0%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7-%d9%88%d8%b4","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%af%d8%b9%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%b0%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7-%d9%88%d8%b4\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 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style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a 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\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 36 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u064886 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 42 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u064877 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644.<a href=\"#endnote25\"><sup>25<\/sup><\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 15 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u064825 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 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name=\"_edn8\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0630 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2024 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 12 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u064f\u0635\u0651\u0635\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 4,1 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u06481,3 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 1 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0647\u064a (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 1).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-chart\" data-src=\"visualisation\/25551021\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/visualisation\/25551021\/thumbnail\" width=\"100%\" alt=\"chart visualization\" \/><\/noscript><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6><em><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/strong>: \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote31\"><sup>31<\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 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style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u064b 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href=\"#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-chart\" data-src=\"visualisation\/25551081\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/visualisation\/25551081\/thumbnail\" width=\"100%\" alt=\"chart visualization\" \/><\/noscript><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6><em><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 (2021-2022) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 (2023- 2024).<a href=\"#endnote56\"><sup>56<\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d 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2014\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a.<a href=\"#endnote84\"><sup>84<\/sup><\/a> \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0 2013. <a href=\"#endnote85\"><sup>85<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2014 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621.<a href=\"#endnote86\"><sup>86<\/sup><\/a> \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2010 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645\u060c 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\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645<a href=\"#endnote88\"><sup>88<\/sup><\/a> \u0628\u064a\u0646 58 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u064875 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 94 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 3).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-chart\" data-src=\"visualisation\/25551454\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/visualisation\/25551454\/thumbnail\" width=\"100%\" alt=\"chart visualization\" \/><\/noscript><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6><em><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u060c\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a. <a href=\"#endnote89\"><sup>89<\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d 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href=\"#endnote90\"><sup>90<\/sup><\/a> \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0636\u062e\u0651 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644.<a href=\"#endnote91\"><sup>91<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0647\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0651\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0641\u0651\u064e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h6><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup> \u00a0\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup> Carlo A Sdralevich, Randa Sab, Younes Zouhar and Giorgia Albertin, <em>Subsidy Reform in the Middle East and North Africa: Recent Progress and Challenges Ahead,<\/em> (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2014), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/Departmental-Papers-Policy-Papers\/Issues\/2016\/12\/31\/Subsidy-Reform-in-the-Middle-East-and-North-Africa-Recent-Progress-and-Challenges-Ahead-41548\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/Departmental-Papers-Policy-Papers\/Issues\/2016\/12\/31\/Subsidy-Reform-in-the-Middle-East-and-North-Africa-Recent-Progress-and-Challenges-Ahead-41548<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup> \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup> Paolo Verme, <em>Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa region: A Review<\/em>, (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2016), <a href=\"https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/260201524137749680\/subsidy-reforms-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-region-a-review\">https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/260201524137749680\/subsidy-reforms-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-region-a-review<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup> Sdralevich, Sab, Zouhar and Albertin, <em>Subsidy Reform in the Middle East and North Africa<\/em>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup> Verme, <em>Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa region.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup> Georgeta Vidican Auktor and Markus Loewe, <em>Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa<\/em>: <em>Strategic Options and their Consequences for the Social Contract, <\/em>Discussion Paper, (Bonn, Germany: German Institute of Development and Sustainability, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.idos-research.de\/discussion-paper\/article\/subsidy-reforms-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-strategic-options-and-their-consequences-for-the-social-contract\/\">https:\/\/www.idos-research.de\/discussion-paper\/article\/subsidy-reforms-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-strategic-options-and-their-consequences-for-the-social-contract\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup> Verme, <em>Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa region.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup> Tamar Gutner, \u201cThe political economy of food subsidy reform: the case of Egypt\u201d, <em>Food Policy<\/em> 27 455\u2013476 (2002): 455\u2013476, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0306-9192(02)00049-0\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0306-9192(02)00049-0<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup> See Federica Alfani, Maria Eugenia Genoni and Johannes Hoogeveen, \u201cMENA: Uniform cash transfers are better than subsidies<em>\u201d, World Bank Blogs<\/em>, September 19, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/en\/arabvoices\/mena-uniform-cash-transfers-are-better-subsidies\">https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/en\/arabvoices\/mena-uniform-cash-transfers-are-better-subsidies<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup> Dominique Guillaume, Roman Zytek, and Mohammad Reza Farzin, <em>Iran\u2013The Chronicles of the Subsidy Reform<\/em>, Working Paper, (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, July 2011), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/wp\/2011\/wp11167.pdf\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/wp\/2011\/wp11167.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup> \u201cJordan ends bread subsidy, doubling pita prices\u201d, <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, January 26, 2018,<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/economy\/2018\/1\/26\/jordan-ends-bread-subsidy-doubling-pita-prices\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/economy\/2018\/1\/26\/jordan-ends-bread-subsidy-doubling-pita-prices<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup>\u201cEgypt edges towards replacement of food subsidies with cash payments,\u201d <em style=\"--tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: #3b82f680; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; letter-spacing: 0.8px;\">Reuters,<\/em><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.8px;\">\u00a0September 30, 2024, <\/span><a style=\"letter-spacing: 0.8px;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/egypt-edges-towards-replacement-food-subsidies-with-cash-payments-2024-09-30\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/egypt-edges-towards-replacement-food-subsidies-with-cash-payments-2024-09-30\/<\/a><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.8px;\">.<\/span><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup> Paolo Verme, \u201cSubsidy Reforms in the Middle East and North Africa Region: A Review,\u201d in <em>The Quest for Subsidy Reforms in the Middle East and North Africa Region: A microsimulation Approach to Policy Making<\/em>, eds. Paolo Verme and Abdelkarim Araar (Cham, Switzerland: Springer Cham, 2017), 3-31, <a href=\"https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/965011495167833904\/the-quest-for-subsidies-reforms-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-region-a-microsimulation-approach-to-policy-making\">https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/965011495167833904\/the-quest-for-subsidies-reforms-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-region-a-microsimulation-approach-to-policy-making<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>Raymond Hinnebusch, \u201cThe rise and decline of the populist social contract in the Arab world\u201d, <em>World Development<\/em> 129, no.1 (2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2019.104661\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2019.104661<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup> Auktor and Loewe, <em>Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup> Auktor and Loewe, <em>Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup> Verme, <em>Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa region<\/em>; Auktor and Loewe, <em>Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup> Auktor and Loewe, <em>Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa<\/em>; Benedict Clements, David Coady, Stefania Fabrizio, Sanjeev Gupta, Trevor Alleyne, and Carlo Sdralevich, <em>Energy Subsidy Reform: Lessons and Implications,<\/em> (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, September 2013), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elibrary.imf.org\/display\/book\/9781475558111\/9781475558111.xml\">https:\/\/www.elibrary.imf.org\/display\/book\/9781475558111\/9781475558111.xml<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup> Verme, <em>Subsidy reforms<\/em> <em>in the Middle East and North Africa region<\/em>, 11-12.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup> Paolo Verme, Khalid El-Massnaoui, and Abdelkrim Araar, <em>Reforming subsidies in Morocco<\/em>, (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2014), 1, <a href=\"https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/621831468053942440\/reforming-subsi-\">https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/621831468053942440\/reforming-subsi-<\/a>; World Bank Statistical Database, \u201cCurrent Health Expenditure (% of GDP),\u201d accessed July 22, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=MA-EG\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=MA-EG<\/a>; World Bank Statistical Database, \u201cGovernment Expenditure on Education, Total (% of GDP),\u201d accessed July 22, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS?locations=MA-EG\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS?locations=MA-EG<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup> Sdralevich, Sab, Zouhar and Albertin, <em>Subsidy Reform in the Middle East and North Africa<\/em>, 93; World Bank Statistical Database, \u201cCurrent Health Expenditure (% of GDP)\u201d; World Bank Statistical Database, \u201cGovernment Expenditure on Education, Total (% of GDP).\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup> Paolo Verme and Abdelkrim Araar, <em>The Quest for Subsidies Reforms in the Middle East and North Africa Region: A Microsimulation Approach to Policy-Making,<\/em> (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2017), 137, <a href=\"https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/965011495167833904\/the-quest-for-subsidies-reforms-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-region-a-microsimulation-approach-to-policy-making\">https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/965011495167833904\/the-quest-for-subsidies-reforms-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-region-a-microsimulation-approach-to-policy-making<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup> Sdralevich, Sab, Zouhar and Albertin, <em>Subsidy Reform in the Middle East and North Africa, <\/em>14.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup> Ibid, 18.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup> \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup> Ibid<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup> David Coady and Thomas Richardson, \u201cFor Richer, Not Poorer: Energy Subsidies in India,\u201d <em>IMF Blog <\/em>(blog), June 24, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Blogs\/Articles\/2013\/06\/24\/for-richer-not-poorer-energy-subsidies-in-india\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Blogs\/Articles\/2013\/06\/24\/for-richer-not-poorer-energy-subsidies-in-india<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup>30 <\/sup>Verme, <em>Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa region.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup>31 <\/sup>Tunisian Ministry of Finance, \u201c<em>M\u012bz\u0101niyyat al-muw\u0101<\/em><em>\u1e6d<\/em><em>in li-sanat 2019\u201d [Citizen\u2019s Budget for the Year 2019<\/em>], (Tunisia: Ministry of Finance, 2019), 4, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.finances.gov.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-08\/budg_cit_19_pdf.pdf\">https:\/\/www.finances.gov.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-08\/budg_cit_19_pdf.pdf<\/a> ; Tunisia Ministry of Finance, \u201c<em>M\u012bz\u0101niyyat al-muw\u0101<\/em><em>\u1e6d<\/em><em>in li-sanat 2020\u201d [Citizen\u2019s Budget for the Year 2020], <\/em>(Tunisia: Ministry of Finance, 2020), 3-4, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.finances.gov.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-02\/Budget_Citoyen_2020.pdf\">https:\/\/www.finances.gov.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-02\/Budget_Citoyen_2020.pdf<\/a>; Tunisian Ministry of Finance, \u201c<em>Budget Citoyen 2021\u201d [Citizen\u2019s Budget 2021], <\/em>(Tunisia: Ministry of Finance, 2021), 3-4, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.finances.gov.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-03\/Budget%20Citoyen%202021%20FR.pdf\">https:\/\/www.finances.gov.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-03\/Budget%20Citoyen%202021%20FR.pdf<\/a>; Tunisian Ministry of Finance, \u201c<em>M\u012bz\u0101niyyat al-muw\u0101<\/em><em>\u1e6d<\/em><em>in li-sanat 2022\u201d [Citizen\u2019s Budget for the Year 2022], <\/em>(Tunisia: Ministry of Finance, 2022), 4-5, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.finances.gov.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-04\/Budget%20citoyen%20AR.pdf\">https:\/\/www.finances.gov.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-04\/Budget%20citoyen%20AR.pdf<\/a>, ; Tunisia Ministry of Finance, \u201c<em>M\u012bz\u0101niyyat al-muw\u0101<\/em><em>\u1e6d<\/em><em>in \u00a02023\u201d [Citizen\u2019s Budget for the Year 2023], <\/em>(Tunisia: Ministry of Finance, 2023), 4-5, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.finances.gov.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-07\/Budget%20Citoyen%202023.pdf\">https:\/\/www.finances.gov.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-07\/Budget%20Citoyen%202023.pdf<\/a>; Tunisia Ministry of Finance, \u201c<em>M\u012bz\u0101niyyat al-muw\u0101<\/em><em>\u1e6d<\/em><em>in \u00a02024\u201d [Citizen\u2019s Budget for the Year 2024], <\/em>(Tunisia: Ministry of Finance, 2024), 8-9,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.finances.gov.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-11\/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86%20digitale%20%284%29.pdf\">https:\/\/www.finances.gov.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-11\/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86%20digitale%20%284%29.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33 <\/sup> Thousands in Egypt Riot Over Price Rise,\u201d <em>New York Times<\/em>, January 19, 1977, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1977\/01\/19\/archives\/thousands-in-egypt-riot-over-price-rise-students-and-workers.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1977\/01\/19\/archives\/thousands-in-egypt-riot-over-price-rise-students-and-workers.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34 <\/sup> James Rupert, \u201cTunisian Leader Avoids Crackdown After Riots Over Bread Price Rise,\u201d <em>Washington Post<\/em>, January 8, 1984, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/politics\/1984\/01\/08\/tunisian-leader-avoids-crackdown-after-riots-over-bread-price-rise\/aa8da580-c511-49ce-80fc-bc02faab2ec1\/\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/politics\/1984\/01\/08\/tunisian-leader-avoids-crackdown-after-riots-over-bread-price-rise\/aa8da580-c511-49ce-80fc-bc02faab2ec1\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35 <\/sup> \u201cJordan: Revolt in the Desert,\u201d <em>Time, <\/em>May 1, 1989, <a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/archive\/6702437\/jordan-revolt-in-the-desert\/\">https:\/\/time.com\/archive\/6702437\/jordan-revolt-in-the-desert\/<\/a>; Serge Schmemann, \u201cIn Jordan, Bread-Price Protests Signal Deep Anger,\u201d <em>New York Times<\/em>, August 21, 1996, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1996\/08\/21\/world\/in-jordan-bread-price-protests-signal-deep-anger.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1996\/08\/21\/world\/in-jordan-bread-price-protests-signal-deep-anger.html<\/a>; James M. Markham, \u201cAs Morocco Starts to Gain in War, Nation Erupts,\u201d <em>New York Times<\/em>, July 4, 1981, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1981\/07\/04\/world\/as-morocco-starts-to-gain-in-war-nation-erupts.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1981\/07\/04\/world\/as-morocco-starts-to-gain-in-war-nation-erupts.html<\/a>;<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">Henry Kamm, \u201cRioting Fomented, Moroccan Asserts,\u201d <em>New York Times<\/em>, January 23, 1984,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1984\/01\/23\/world\/rioting-fomented-moroccan-asserts.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1984\/01\/23\/world\/rioting-fomented-moroccan-asserts.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36 <\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37 <\/sup> Federica Alfani, Maria Eugenia Genoni, and Johannes Hoogeveen, \u201cMENA: Uniform cash transfers are better than subsidies,\u201d <em>Arab Voices<\/em> (blog), September 19, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/en\/arabvoices\/mena-uniform-cash-transfers-are-better-subsidies\">https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/en\/arabvoices\/mena-uniform-cash-transfers-are-better-subsidies<\/a>; \u201cIMF Survey: Costly Mideast Subsidies Need Better Targeting,\u201d International Monetary Fund (IMF), accessed July 22, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2015\/09\/28\/04\/53\/socar051412b\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2015\/09\/28\/04\/53\/socar051412b<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup> Alfani, Genoni and Hoogeveen, \u201cMENA: Uniform cash transfers are better than subsidies.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39 <\/sup> Benjamin Davis et al., eds., <em>From Evidence to Action: The Story of Cash Transfers and Impact Evaluation in Sub-Saharan Africa<\/em>, (Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2016), <a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/a6e06279-00d7-41c0-8c78-a6df973acf92\/content\">https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/a6e06279-00d7-41c0-8c78-a6df973acf92\/content<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40 <\/sup> Food and Agriculture Organization, <em>Cash transfers: Their Economic and Productive Impacts, Evidence from Programmes in sub-Saharan Africa<\/em>, Policy Brief, (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016),\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/da5c9c37-d0ca-40f9-ba05-64b7d8e065fb\/content\">https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/da5c9c37-d0ca-40f9-ba05-64b7d8e065fb\/content<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41 <\/sup> Guillaume, Zytek, and Farzin, <em>Iran\u2013The Chronicles<\/em> of the Subsidy Reform, 14.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42 <\/sup> Mohammad H. Mostafavi-Dehzooei, Djavad Salehi-Isfahani and Masoumeh Heshmatpour, <em>Cash Transfers, Food Consumption, and Nutrition of the Poor in Iran<\/em>, (Cairo: The Economic Research Forum, June 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/erf.org.eg\/app\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1598372316_703_1658987_252_isfahani_dehzooei_cash_transfers.pdf\">https:\/\/erf.org.eg\/app\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1598372316_703_1658987_252_isfahani_dehzooei_cash_transfers.pdf<\/a>; Afsaneh Saeediankia, Sara Emamgholipour, Hamed Pouraram, Abdoreza Mousavi, and Reza Majdzadeh, \u201cImpact of Targeted Subsidies Reform on Household Nutrition: Lessons Learned from Iran,\u201d <em>Iranian Journal of Public Health<\/em> 52, no.7 (2023): 1504, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/ijph.v52i7.13253\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/ijph.v52i7.13253<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43 <\/sup> Ali Enami, Nora Lustig, and Alireza Taqdiri, <em>Fiscal Policy, Inequality and Poverty in Iran: Assessing the Impact and Effectiveness of Taxes and Transfers, <\/em>Working Paper, (New Orleans: Tulane University, 2016), 22, <a href=\"https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/p\/tul\/wpaper\/1605.html\">https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/p\/tul\/wpaper\/1605.html<\/a>. <em>\u00a0<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44 <\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0651\u0645 \u0646\u064f\u0633\u0628 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064f\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45 <\/sup> Georgeta Vidican Auktor and Markus Loewe, \u201cSubsidy reform and the transformation of social contracts: The cases of Egypt, Iran and Morocco,\u201d <em>Social Sciences<\/em> 11, no. 2 (2022): 85, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci11020085\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci11020085<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/11\/2\/85\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/11\/2\/85<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46 <\/sup> Seyyed Safdar Hosseini, Mohammad Reza Pakravan Charvadeh and Habibollah Salami, \u201cThe Effect of Subsidy Reform Program on Food Security in Iran,\u201d <em>Iranian Journal of Economic Research<\/em> 21(67), (2016), 53-82, <a href=\"https:\/\/ijer.atu.ac.ir\/article_7236.html?lang=en\">https:\/\/ijer.atu.ac.ir\/article_7236.html?lang=en<\/a>; Fatemeh Mohammadi-Nasrabadi, \u201cCash Transfer Versus Staple Food Subsidies: An Effective Factor on Food Security and Expenditure of Urban Households in Iran,\u201d <em>Journal of Nutrition and Food Security <\/em>\u00a08,\u00a0 no. 2 (2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/jnfs.v8i2.12596\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/jnfs.v8i2.12596<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47 <\/sup> Paolo Verme, <em>Subsidy reforms <\/em>in the Middle East and North Africa region: A Review; Semira N. Nikou and Cameron Glenn, <em>The Subsidies Conundrum, <\/em>(Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2010), <a href=\"https:\/\/iranprimer.com\/resource\/subsidies-conundrum\">https:\/\/iranprimer.com\/resource\/subsidies-conundrum<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote48\">48 <\/sup> Guillaume, Zytek, and Farzin, <em>Iran\u2013The Chronicles of the Subsidy Reform<\/em>, 4.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote49\">49 <\/sup> Djavad Salehi-Isfahani, <em>Iran\u2019s Subsidy Reform from Promise to Disappointment<\/em>, (Cairo: Economic Research Forum, 2014), 5, <a href=\"https:\/\/erf.org.eg\/publications\/irans-subsidy-reform-from-promise-to-disappointment\/\">https:\/\/erf.org.eg\/publications\/irans-subsidy-reform-from-promise-to-disappointment\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote50\">50 <\/sup> Bijan Khajehpour, \u201cDeep Data: What Raisi\u2019s \u2018Economic Surgery\u2019 Means for Iran,\u201d <em>Amwaj Media,<\/em> June 1, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/amwaj.media\/en\/article\/raisi-s-economic-reforms-right-policies-at-the-wrong-time\">https:\/\/amwaj.media\/en\/article\/raisi-s-economic-reforms-right-policies-at-the-wrong-time<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote51\">51 <\/sup> Ali Akbar Tajmazinani, <em>Challenges for food subsidy reform: lessons learnt from the Just Distribution of Subsidies Scheme in Iran, <\/em>(Bonn: German Institute of Development and Sustainability, 2024),<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.idos-research.de\/en\/discussion-paper\/article\/challenges-for-food-subsidy-reform-lessons-learnt-from-the-just-distribution-of-subsidies-scheme-in-iran\/\">https:\/\/www.idos-research.de\/en\/discussion-paper\/article\/challenges-for-food-subsidy-reform-lessons-learnt-from-the-just-distribution-of-subsidies-scheme-in-iran\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote52\">52 <\/sup> Ibid; World Bank, <em>Iran Economic Monitor: Sustaining Growth Amid Rising Geopolitical Tensions<\/em>, (Washington D.C., World Bank, 2024), 8, <a href=\"https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099051007102421530\/pdf\/IDU-39800829-628d-4b5a-a9f9-728b946987e4.pdf\">https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099051007102421530\/pdf\/IDU-39800829-628d-4b5a-a9f9-728b946987e4.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote53\">53 <\/sup> Mohammad Reza Pakravan-Charvadeh, \u201cGeographical patterns of implementing a government subsidy program: implications for health outcomes and nutrient intake in Iran,\u201d <em>Frontiers in Public Health<\/em> 12 (2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1354099\">10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1354099<\/a>; Bijan Khajehpour, \u201cDeep Data: What Raisi\u2019s \u2018Economic Surgery\u2019 Means for Iran.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote54\">54 <\/sup> Arab Barometer Data Analysis Tool, \u201cThe food that we bought did not last and we did not have money to get more,\u201d accessed July 29, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/survey-data\/data-analysis-tool\/\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/survey-data\/data-analysis-tool\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote55\">55 <\/sup> Arab Barometer Data Analysis Tool, \u201cHow much trust do you have in: Government,\u201d accessed July 22, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/survey-data\/data-analysis-tool\/\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/survey-data\/data-analysis-tool\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote56\">56 <\/sup> Arab Barometer Data Analysis Tool, \u201cAmong the following, which should be the top priority for government spending in the coming year?\u201d accessed July 22, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/survey-data\/data-analysis-tool\/\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/survey-data\/data-analysis-tool\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote57\">57 <\/sup> Roberta V. Gatti, Harun Onder, Asif M. Islam, Jesica Torres, Gianluca Mele, Federico Bennet, Sumin Chun, Rana Lotfi, and Ilias Suvanov, <em>Shifting Gears: The Private Sector as an Engine of Growth in the Middle East and North Africa, <\/em>(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025), 16, <a href=\"https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/099715404232517870\">https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/099715404232517870<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote58\">58 <\/sup> IMF, <em>Fiscal Policy under Uncertainty<\/em>, (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2025), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/FM\/Issues\/2025\/04\/23\/fiscal-monitor-April-2025\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/FM\/Issues\/2025\/04\/23\/fiscal-monitor-April-2025<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote59\">59 <\/sup> \u201cPress Briefing Transcript: Middle East and Central Asia Department, Spring Meetings 2025,\u201d International Monetary Fund, accessed July 22, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2025\/04\/24\/tr-04242025-mcd-press-briefing-sms-2025\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2025\/04\/24\/tr-04242025-mcd-press-briefing-sms-2025<\/a>; Roberta Gatti, Jesica Torres, Nelly Elmallakh, Gianluca Mele, Diego Faur\u00e8s, Mennatallah Emam Mousa, and Ilias Suvanov., <em>Growth in the Middle East and North Africa<\/em>, (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024), 9, <a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/entities\/publication\/3d15a77f-2cc3-45af-98fa-2fd577b44b69\">https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/entities\/publication\/3d15a77f-2cc3-45af-98fa-2fd577b44b69<\/a>; IMF, <em>Fiscal Policy under Uncertainty; <\/em>Alex Kozul-Wright, \u201cWhat would an Israel-Iran war mean for the global economy?\u201d <em>Aljazeera<\/em>, June 16, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/economy\/2025\/6\/16\/what-would-an-israel-iran-war-mean-for-the-global-economy\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/economy\/2025\/6\/16\/what-would-an-israel-iran-war-mean-for-the-global-economy<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote60\">60 <\/sup> IMF, <em>Fiscal Policy under Uncertainty<\/em>, 2.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote61\">61 <\/sup> \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote62\">62 <\/sup> \u201cShort-Term Energy Outlook\u201d, U.S. Energy Information Administration, accessed August 12, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/outlooks\/steo\/\">https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/outlooks\/steo\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote63\">63 <\/sup> IMF, <em>Fiscal Policy under Uncertainty.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote64\">64 <\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote65\">65 <\/sup> \u201cOpen Budget Survey 2023\u201d, International Budget Partnership, accessed July 28, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/internationalbudget.org\/open-budget-survey\/open-budget-survey-2023\">https:\/\/internationalbudget.org\/open-budget-survey\/open-budget-survey-2023<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote66\">66 <\/sup> \u00a0\u062d\u062a\u0649 19 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2025\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0641 1 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a 0,021 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote67\">67 <\/sup> World Bank, \u200b\u200b\u201cPromoting Inclusive Human Capital Development and Building Resilience in Egypt through Cash Transfer Programs\u201d (Washington, DC: World Bank, May 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/results\/2024\/05\/28\/promoting-inclusive-human-capital-development-and-building-resilience-in-egypt-through-cash-transfer-programs\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/results\/2024\/05\/28\/promoting-inclusive-human-capital-development-and-building-resilience-in-egypt-through-cash-transfer-programs<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote68\">68 <\/sup> Ibid; Ahmed Tammam, <em>Reform of\u00a0 Social Protection In Egypt: Takaful and Karama Programme (TKP), A pro-women programme, <\/em>(New York: United Nations Children&#8217;s Emergency Fund, 2019), 4,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/mena\/media\/4971\/file\/EGY-SocialProtection-June2019.pdf.pdf\">https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/mena\/media\/4971\/file\/EGY-SocialProtection-June2019.pdf.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote69\">69 <\/sup> Hagar ElDidi, Hoda El-Enbaby, Yumna Kassim, Sikandra Kurdi, Patti Petesch, Yasmine Moataz, and Karim-Yassin Goessinger<em>, Impact evaluation study for Egypt&#8217;s Takaful and Karama cash transfer program, Part 2: Qualitative Report<\/em>, Working Paper, (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/cgspace.cgiar.org\/items\/0a32125d-c50e-4d91-9a39-38aa7e6a7bc8\">https:\/\/cgspace.cgiar.org\/items\/0a32125d-c50e-4d91-9a39-38aa7e6a7bc8<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote70\">70 <\/sup> Hoda El Enbaby Dalia Elsabbagh, Daniel Gilligan, Naureen Karachiwalla, Bastien Koch, and Sikandra Kurdi, <em>Impact Evaluation Report: Egypt\u2019s Takaful Cash Transfer Program, Second Round Report, <\/em>Working Paper, (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2022),\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/egyptssp.ifpri.info\/2022\/09\/30\/new-publications-impact-evaluation-report-egypts-takaful-cash-transfer-program-second-round-report\/\">https:\/\/egyptssp.ifpri.info\/2022\/09\/30\/new-publications-impact-evaluation-report-egypts-takaful-cash-transfer-program-second-round-report\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote71\">71 <\/sup> \u201cFur\u1e63a [Chance],\u201d Ministry of Social Solidarity of the Arab Republic of Egypt, accessed July 22, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.moss.gov.eg\/ar-eg\/Pages\/program-details.aspx?pid=11\">https:\/\/www.moss.gov.eg\/\/ar-eg\/Pages\/program-details.aspx?pid=11<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote72\">72 <\/sup> National Aid Fund, <em>\u201cal-Taqr\u012br al-Sanaw\u012b 2024 [Annual Report 2024],\u201d <\/em>(Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan: National Aid Fund, 2024), 14, <a href=\"https:\/\/naf.gov.jo\/EBV4.0\/Root_Storage\/AR\/EB_RelatedItems\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A_2024.pdf\">https:\/\/naf.gov.jo\/EBV4.0\/Root_Storage\/AR\/EB_RelatedItems\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A_2024.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote73\">73 <\/sup> \u201cEnhancing the Social Protection System to Better Serve Vulnerable Populations,\u201d World Bank, accessed July 22, 2025,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/programs\/teri\/brief\/enhancing-the-social-protection-system-to-better-serve-vulnerable-populations\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/programs\/teri\/brief\/enhancing-the-social-protection-system-to-better-serve-vulnerable-populations<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote74\">74 <\/sup> United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (UNESCWA), <em>Innovation for effective social protection policies, <\/em>(Beirut: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, 2025), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unescwa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/event\/materials\/10-%20Innovation%20for%20effective%20social%20protection%20policies.pdf\">https:\/\/www.unescwa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/event\/materials\/10-%20Innovation%20for%20effective%20social%20protection%20policies.pdf<\/a>; Ahmed Tammam, <em>Reform of\u00a0 Social Protection In Egypt.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote75\">75 <\/sup> United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (UNESCWA), <em>Annual Digest of Social Protection Reforms in the Arab Region, 2023, <\/em>(Beirut: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, 2024), <em>\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unescwa.org\/publications\/annual-digest-social-protection-reforms-arab-region-2023\">https:\/\/www.unescwa.org\/publications\/annual-digest-social-protection-reforms-arab-region-2023<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote76\">76 <\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote77\">77 <\/sup> United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative,<em> Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2024<\/em>, (New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2024),7,<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/content\/2024-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi#\/indicies\/MPI\">https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/content\/2024-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi#\/indicies\/MPI<\/a>; \u201cWorld Social Protection Report 2024-26: In figures,\u201d International Labour Organization, accessed July 28, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/resource\/article\/world-social-protection-report-2024-26-figures\">https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/resource\/article\/world-social-protection-report-2024-26-figures<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote78\">78 <\/sup> \u201cSocial protection in the Arab States,\u201d International Labour Organization, accessed July 22, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/regions-and-countries\/ilo-arab-states\/areas-work\/social-protection-arab-states\">https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/regions-and-countries\/ilo-arab-states\/areas-work\/social-protection-arab-states<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote79\">79 <\/sup> Ibid<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote80\">80 <\/sup> United Nations E-Government Knowledgebase, \u201cE-Government Development Index,\u201d accessed July 22, 2025,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/publicadministration.un.org\/egovkb\/en-us\/Data-Center\">https:\/\/publicadministration.un.org\/egovkb\/en-us\/Data-Center<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote81\">81 <\/sup> Asif M. Islam, <em>Data Transparency in the Middle East and North Africa, <\/em>Working Paper, (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/entities\/publication\/963fadd6-eb3b-4e62-8146-309d648f85d3\">https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/entities\/publication\/963fadd6-eb3b-4e62-8146-309d648f85d3<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote82\">82 <\/sup> Verme, <em>Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa region<\/em>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote83\">83 <\/sup> Verme, <em>Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa region<\/em>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote84\">84 <\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote85\">85 <\/sup> Verme, El-Massnaoui, and Araar, <em>Reforming subsidies in Morocco.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote86\">86 <\/sup> Tom S. Moerenhout, &#8220;Reforming Egypt\u2019s fossil fuel subsidies in the context of a changing social contract,&#8221; in <em>The politics of fossil fuel subsidies and their reform<\/em>, eds. Jakob Skovgaard and Haaro van Asselt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, August 2018), 265-282, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781108241946.017\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781108241946.017<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote87\">87 <\/sup> Guillaume, Zytek, and Farzin, <em>Iran\u2013The Chronicles of the Subsidy Reform. <\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote88\">88 <\/sup> \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c &#8220;\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631&#8221;\u060c \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote89\">89 <\/sup> International Energy Agency Fossil Fuel Subsidies Database, \u201cTotal subsidy as share of GDP (%)\u201d &amp; \u201cAverage subsidisation rate (%),\u201d accessed July 23, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-product\/fossil-fuel-subsidies-database\">https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-product\/fossil-fuel-subsidies-database<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote90\">90 <\/sup> James Colvin and Peter Farup Ladegaard, <em>Governance of State-Owned Enterprises in the Mena Region: Synthesis and Cross-cutting Findings of SOE Governance Reviews of Six Countries, <\/em>(Washington DC: World Bank, 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/099041724024017229\/p17710512063070d01877e17dabd0bc80f0\">https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/099041724024017229\/p17710512063070d01877e17dabd0bc80f0<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote91\">91 <\/sup> Ernesto Ramirez Rigo et al., <em>State-Owned Enterprises in Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia: Size, Costs, and Challenges, <\/em>(Washington DC: International Monetary Fund, 2021),\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/Departmental-Papers-Policy-Papers\/Issues\/2021\/09\/17\/State-Owned-Enterprises-in-Middle-East-North-Africa-and-Central-Asia-Size-Costs-and-464657\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/Departmental-Papers-Policy-Papers\/Issues\/2021\/09\/17\/State-Owned-Enterprises-in-Middle-East-North-Africa-and-Central-Asia-Size-Costs-and-464657<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote92\">92 <\/sup> Jihad Azour, Priscilla Muthoora and Genevi\u00e8ve Verdier, \u201cMiddle East Needs Fairer Taxes to Aid Growth and Ease Inequality,\u201d <em>IMF Blog<\/em>, \u00a0July 06, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Blogs\/Articles\/2022\/07\/06\/middle-east-needs-fairer-taxes-to-aid-growth-and-ease-inequality\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Blogs\/Articles\/2022\/07\/06\/middle-east-needs-fairer-taxes-to-aid-growth-and-ease-inequality<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote93\">93 <\/sup> United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (UNESCWA), <em>Tax reforms in the Arab Region: Assessing Equity, Efficiency and Progressivity Toward Mobilizing Domestic Resources, <\/em>(Beirut: UNESCWA, 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unescwa.org\/node\/45079\">https:\/\/www.unescwa.org\/node\/45079<\/a>.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629: \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. &nbsp; \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629:&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%af%d8%b9%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%b0%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7-%d9%88%d8%b4\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":476582,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[],"programs":[],"publication_type":[90],"class_list":["post-476480","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","publication_type-90","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/476480","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/476582"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=476480"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=476480"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=476480"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=476480"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=476480"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=476480"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}