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href=\"#endnote43\"><sup>43<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0651 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justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u064f \u0635\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0644\u0632\u0639\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064f\u0633\u0633 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup> \u201cBashar al-Assad: Sudden downfall ends decades of family&#8217;s iron rule,\u201d <em>BBC News<\/em>, December 9, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/10338256\">https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/10338256<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup> Nesrin Alrefaai, \u201cSyria Between Civil and Proxy War: The Question of Terminology,\u201d <em>London School of Economics<\/em>, July 13, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/mec\/2023\/07\/13\/syria-between-civil-and-proxy-war-the-question-of-terminology\/\">https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/mec\/2023\/07\/13\/syria-between-civil-and-proxy-war-the-question-of-terminology\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup> Michael Knights and Wladimir Van Wilgenburg, <em>Accidental Allies: The US\u2013Syrian Democratic Forces Partnership Against the Islamic State,<\/em> (Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, June 22, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/accidental-allies-us-syrian-democratic-forces-partnership-against-islamic-state\">https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/accidental-allies-us-syrian-democratic-forces-partnership-against-islamic-state<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup> \u201cTurkey on a collision course with Syria over Kurdish support in Afrin,\u201d <em>Sky News<\/em>, October 19, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/news.sky.com\/story\/turkey-on-a-collision-course-with-syria-over-kurdish-support-in-afrin-11257896\">https:\/\/news.sky.com\/story\/turkey-on-a-collision-course-with-syria-over-kurdish-support-in-afrin-11257896<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup> \u201cPentagon Allocates $130 Million in 2026 for Syrian Democratic Forces Operations\u201d, <em>Kurdistan 24<\/em>, July 6, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kurdistan24.net\/en\/story\/850229\/pentagon-allocates-130-million-in-2026-for-syrian-democratic-forces-operations\">https:\/\/www.kurdistan24.net\/en\/story\/850229\/pentagon-allocates-130-million-in-2026-for-syrian-democratic-forces-operations<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup> Hugo Bachega and Jake Lapham, \u201cWorst violence in Syria since Assad fall as dozens killed in clashes,\u201d <em>BBC News<\/em>, March 7, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/cdrxkm2evnlo\">https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/cdrxkm2evnlo<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup> Eliott Brachet, Nissim Gasteli, and Benjamin Barthe, \u201cSyrian President Ahmed al-Sharaa, weakened by sectarian violence, looks to rebuild ties with France,\u201d <em>Le Monde, <\/em>May 7, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/international\/article\/2025\/05\/07\/syrian-president-ahmed-al-sharaa-weakened-by-sectarian-violence-looks-to-rebuild-ties-with-france_6741006_4.html\">https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/international\/article\/2025\/05\/07\/syrian-president-ahmed-al-sharaa-weakened-by-sectarian-violence-looks-to-rebuild-ties-with-france_6741006_4.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup> William Christou, \u201cMore than 1,000 people killed in two days of clashes in Syria, war monitor says,\u201d <em>The Guardian, <\/em>March 9, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2025\/mar\/09\/more-than-1000-people-killed-in-two-days-of-clashes-in-syria-war-monitor-says\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2025\/mar\/09\/more-than-1000-people-killed-in-two-days-of-clashes-in-syria-war-monitor-says<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup> Christou, \u201cMore than 1,000 people killed.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup> Lucy Clarke-Billings and Gabriela Pomeroy, \u201cSyria leader vows to hunt down those responsible for bloodshed,\u201d <em>BBC News<\/em>, March 10, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/crknjgrd3geo\">https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/crknjgrd3geo<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup> David Gritten, \u201cSyria leader signs temporary constitution for five-year transition,\u201d <em>BBC News<\/em>, March 14, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/c70ely2p6e4o\">https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/c70ely2p6e4o<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup> \u201cSyria leader vows to protect Druze after sectarian violence prompts Israeli strikes\u201d, <em>BBC News, <\/em>July 17, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/cg5z3jqe673o\">https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/cg5z3jqe673o<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup> William Christou, \u201cSyrian government reaches deal with Kurdish-led SDF to integrate north-east region,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, March 10, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2025\/mar\/10\/syrian-government-reaches-deal-with-kurdish-led-sdf-to-integrate-north-east-region\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2025\/mar\/10\/syrian-government-reaches-deal-with-kurdish-led-sdf-to-integrate-north-east-region<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup> \u201cCommander of Syrian Kurdish-led militia rejects disarmament,\u201d <em>Kurd Press<\/em>, January 20, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.kurdpress.com\/news\/159874\/Commander-of-Syrian-Kurdish-led-militia-rejects-disarmament\">https:\/\/en.kurdpress.com\/news\/159874\/Commander-of-Syrian-Kurdish-led-militia-rejects-disarmament<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup> \u201cStatement on the Interim Government\u2019s Draft Constitutional Declaration,\u201d Syrian Democratic Council, March 14, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/m-syria-d.com\/en\/?p=8290\">https:\/\/m-syria-d.com\/en\/?p=8290<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup> \u201cStatement on the Constitutional Declaration.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup> \u201cSyria in maps: Who controls the country now Assad has gone?\u201d <em>BBC News<\/em>,\u00a0 December 13, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/c2ex7ek9pyeo\">https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/c2ex7ek9pyeo<\/a>. See also, for example, \u201cQatar to Fund More Gas For Syria to Boost Power Output\u201d, <em>Bloomberg<\/em>, July 31, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2025-07-31\/qatar-to-pay-for-syria-to-get-more-piped-gas-from-azerbaijan?embedded-checkout=true\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2025-07-31\/qatar-to-pay-for-syria-to-get-more-piped-gas-from-azerbaijan?embedded-checkout=true<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup> \u201cPKK to disband, potentially ending decades of conflict in Turkiye,\u201d <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, May 12, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2025\/5\/12\/kurdish-pkk-to-disband-potentially-ending-decades-of-conflict-turkey\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2025\/5\/12\/kurdish-pkk-to-disband-potentially-ending-decades-of-conflict-turkey<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup> \u201cSyria\u2019s new constitution: Dashing hopes for progress,\u201d <em>The<\/em> <em>New Region<\/em>, March 19, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/thenewregion.com\/posts\/1827\/syria-s-new-constitution-dashing-hopes-for-progress\">https:\/\/thenewregion.com\/posts\/1827\/syria-s-new-constitution-dashing-hopes-for-progress<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup> Patrick Wintour, \u201cRussia and Turkey to set up Idlib buffer zone to protect civilians,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, September 17, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/sep\/17\/russia-and-turkey-to-set-up-idlib-buffer-zone-to-protect-civilians\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/sep\/17\/russia-and-turkey-to-set-up-idlib-buffer-zone-to-protect-civilians<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup> \u201cYPG confirms withdrawal from Syria\u2019s Manbij after Turkey-US deal,\u201d <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, June 5, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2018\/6\/5\/ypg-confirms-withdrawal-from-syrias-manbij-after-turkey-us-deal\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2018\/6\/5\/ypg-confirms-withdrawal-from-syrias-manbij-after-turkey-us-deal<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup> \u201cTurkey\u2019s Erdogan welcomes Syrian deal with Kurdish forces,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, March 11, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/turkey-cautiously-optimistic-about-syrian-deal-with-kurdish-forces-official-says-2025-03-11\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/turkey-cautiously-optimistic-about-syrian-deal-with-kurdish-forces-official-says-2025-03-11\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup> \u201cSyria\u2019s government signs deal with Kurdish-led SDF forces in the northeast,\u201d <em>France 24<\/em>, March 10, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/live-news\/20250310-%F0%9F%94%B4-syria-s-government-signs-deal-with-kurdish-led-authorities-in-the-northeast\">https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/live-news\/20250310-?-syria-s-government-signs-deal-with-kurdish-led-authorities-in-the-northeast. <\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup> France 24, \u201cSyria\u2019s government signs deal.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup> Daniel Serwer and Koen van Wijk, \u201cDivided Syria: An examination of stabilization efforts and prospects for state continuity,\u201d <em>Middle East Institute<\/em>, April 26, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/divided-syria-examination-stabilization-efforts-and-prospects-state-continuity\">https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/divided-syria-examination-stabilization-efforts-and-prospects-state-continuity<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup> \u201cSDF chief says division of Syria not goal of pan-Kurdish conference,\u201d <em>Rudaw<\/em>, April 26, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rudaw.net\/english\/middleeast\/syria\/260420252\">https:\/\/www.rudaw.net\/english\/middleeast\/syria\/260420252<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup> Sirwan Kajjo, <em>Prospects for Syrian Kurdish Unity: Assessing Local and Regional Dynamics<\/em>, Policy Note 86 (Washington, D.C.: the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, October 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/media\/3879\">https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/media\/3879<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup> \u201cIran rejects claims of involvement in Syria violence,\u201d <em>AlArabiya English<\/em>, March 10, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2025\/03\/10\/-no-justification-for-attacks-on-alawites-and-other-minorities-in-syria-iran-\">https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2025\/03\/10\/-no-justification-for-attacks-on-alawites-and-other-minorities-in-syria-iran-<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup> Brendan O&#8217;Leary, <em>How to Get Out of Iraq with Integrity<\/em> (Philadelphia, P.A.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008).<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup> O\u2019Leary, <em>How to Get Out of Iraq with Integrity.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote31\">31 <\/sup> \u201c\u2018This constitution was written by exiles. We will not accept it\u2019\u201c, <em>The Times<\/em>, August 29, 2005, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thetimes.com\/world\/us-world\/article\/this-constitution-was-written-by-exiles-we-will-not-accept-it-8rn5pq2d9bx\">https:\/\/www.thetimes.com\/world\/us-world\/article\/this-constitution-was-written-by-exiles-we-will-not-accept-it-8rn5pq2d9bx<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup> Patrick Cockburn, <em>Muqtada al-Sadr and the Fall of Iraq<\/em> (London: Faber &amp; Faber, 2008).<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote33\">33 <\/sup> Jos\u00e9 Ciro Mart\u00ednez and Brent Eng, \u201cStifling stateness: The Assad regime\u2019s campaign against rebel governance,\u201d <em>Security Dialogue<\/em> 49, no. 4 (August 2018): 235\u201353, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0967010618768622\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0967010618768622<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote34\">34 <\/sup> Mart\u00ednez and Eng, \u201cStifling stateness.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote35\">35 <\/sup> Rana Khalaf, <em>Governing Rojava: Layers of Legitimacy in Syri<\/em>a, Research Paper (London, UK: Chatham House, December 2016), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/research\/2016-12-08-governing-rojava-khalaf.pdf\">https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/research\/2016-12-08-governing-rojava-khalaf.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote36\">36 <\/sup> Tim Lister and Eyad Kourdi, \u201cISIS claims first attacks against forces loyal to new government in Syria,\u201d <em>CNN<\/em>, May 31, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2025\/05\/31\/middleeast\/isis-attacks-syria-government-forces-intl\">https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2025\/05\/31\/middleeast\/isis-attacks-syria-government-forces-intl<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote37\">37 <\/sup> Knights and van Wilgenburg, <em>Accidental Allies<\/em>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup> Chia-yi Lee, \u201cTerrorism, Counterterrorism Aid, and Foreign Direct Investment,\u201d <em>Foreign Policy and Economic Statecraft<\/em> 13, no. 1 (January 2017), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26168140\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26168140<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote39\">39 <\/sup> Ahmad Sharawi, \u201cAnalysis: Continued chaos in Syria: Iraqi militias and an Alawite Insurgency,\u201d <em>Long War Journal<\/em> (blog), January 29, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.longwarjournal.org\/archives\/2025\/01\/analysis-continued-chaos-in-syria-iraqi-militias-and-an-alawite-insurgency.php\">https:\/\/www.longwarjournal.org\/archives\/2025\/01\/analysis-continued-chaos-in-syria-iraqi-militias-and-an-alawite-insurgency.php<\/a>; \u201cAlawite Insurgents Seek to Use Sectarian Violence to Destabilize the Interim Government in Syria,\u201d <em>Institute for the Study of War<\/em>, April 3, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.understandingwar.org\/backgrounder\/alawite-insurgents-seek-use-sectarian-violence-destabilize-interim-government-syria\">https:\/\/www.understandingwar.org\/backgrounder\/alawite-insurgents-seek-use-sectarian-violence-destabilize-interim-government-syria<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote40\">40 <\/sup> G\u00f6n\u00fcl Tol and Alex Vatanka, \u201cWar of words as Turkey-Iran tensions escalate over Syria, Iraq,\u201d <em>Middle East Institute<\/em>, March 18, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/war-words-turkey-iran-tensions-escalate-over-syria-iraq\">https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/war-words-turkey-iran-tensions-escalate-over-syria-iraq<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote41\">41 <\/sup>Christina Goldbaum and Reham Mourshed, \u201cThese Militias Refuse to Join Syria\u2019s New Army,\u201d <em>The New York Times<\/em>, April 1, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/04\/01\/world\/middleeast\/syria-israel-border.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/04\/01\/world\/middleeast\/syria-israel-border.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote42\">42 <\/sup> \u201cSyrian Kurds set to hold unified conference to discuss future, rights,\u201d <em>The New Arab<\/em>, April 23, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/news\/syrian-kurds-set-hold-unified-conference-discuss-future\">https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/news\/syrian-kurds-set-hold-unified-conference-discuss-future<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote43\">43 <\/sup> \u201cIraqi Defense Ministry to form 20th Joint Brigade with Peshmerga,\u201d <em>K24<\/em>, November 27, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kurdistan24.net\/en\/story\/393279\/Iraqi-Defense-Ministry-to-form-20th-Joint-Brigade-with-Peshmerga\">https:\/\/www.kurdistan24.net\/en\/story\/393279\/Iraqi-Defense-Ministry-to-form-20th-Joint-Brigade-with-Peshmerga<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote44\">44 <\/sup> Amr Mostafa and Lizzie Porter, \u201cSyrian armed groups agree to disband and join defence ministry, says new administration,\u201d <em>The National<\/em>,\u00a0 December 24, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/news\/mena\/2024\/12\/24\/syrian-armed-groups-agree-to-dissolve-and-join-defence-ministry-says-new-administration\/\">https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/news\/mena\/2024\/12\/24\/syrian-armed-groups-agree-to-dissolve-and-join-defence-ministry-says-new-administration\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2024 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629.  \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0637\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064d \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0628 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0651\u0637 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627.  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