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1 <\/sup> \u201cKey Provisions of Russia-Iran Strategic Cooperation Treaty,\u201d Reuters,<\/em> January 17, 2025, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/key-provisions-russia-iran-strategic-cooperation-treaty-2025-01-17\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
2 <\/sup> Maziar Motamedi, \u201cIran and Israel: From Allies to Archenemies, How Did They Get Here?\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, November 6, 2023, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/11\/6\/iran-and-israel-from-allies-to-archenemies-how-did-they-get-here<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
3 <\/sup> Dmitry V. Yefremenko, \u201cThe Sources of Russia\u2019s Great-Power Status,\u201d Russia in Global Affairs<\/em>, no. 1 (January\/March 2025), https:\/\/eng.globalaffairs.ru\/articles\/great-russia-yefremenko\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
4 <\/sup> Max Bergmann, Hanna Notte, and Jon B. Alterman, \u201cUnderstanding the Growing Collaboration Between Russia and Iran,\u201d Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)<\/em>,<\/em> June 12, 2024, https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/understanding-growing-collaboration-between-russia-and-iran<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
5 <\/sup> \u201cIran\u2019s Crude Oil Production Fell to an Almost 40-Year Low in 2020,\u201d U.S. Energy Information Administration<\/em>, August 12, 2021, https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=49116<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
6 <\/sup> Hamidreza Azizi, Iran\u2019s \u201cLook East\u201d Strategy: Continuity and Change under Raisi<\/em>, (Doha, Qatar: Middle East Council on Global Affairs<\/em>, September, 2023), https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/irans-policy-and-its-relations-with-china-and-russia-me-council\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
7 <\/sup> Javad Heiran-Nia, \u201cThe Roots of Increasing Military Cooperation Between Iran and Russia,\u201d Stimson Center<\/em>, October 16, 2024, https:\/\/www.stimson.org\/2024\/the-roots-of-increasing-military-cooperation-between-iran-and-russia\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
8 <\/sup> Jack Roush, \u201cRussia\u2019s War in Ukraine Has Brought Iran and Belarus Closer Together,\u201d War on the Rocks<\/em>, February 17, 2025, https:\/\/warontherocks.com\/2025\/02\/russias-war-in-ukraine-has-brought-iran-and-belarus-closer-together\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
9 <\/sup> Hamidreza Azizi, \u201cAllied against the West,\u201d International Politics and Society<\/em>, March 12, 2024, https:\/\/www.ips-journal.eu\/topics\/foreign-and-security-policy\/allied-against-the-west-7384\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
10 <\/sup> \u201cRussia Says Israel’s Gaza Bombardment Is against International Law,\u201d Reuters<\/em>, October 28, 2023, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/russia-says-israels-gaza-bombardment-is-against-international-law-2023-10-28\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
11 <\/sup> Hamidreza Azizi and Hanna Notte, \u201cRussia\u2019s Dangerous New Friends: How Moscow Is Partnering with the Axis of Resistance,\u201d Foreign Affairs<\/em>, February 14, 2024, https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/russian-federation\/russias-dangerous-new-friends<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
12 <\/sup> Farzin Zandi, \u201cHow Iran Lost Before It Lost: The Roll Back of Its Gray Zone Strategy,\u201d War on the Rocks<\/em>, January 24, 2025, https:\/\/warontherocks.com\/2025\/01\/how-iran-lost-before-it-lost-the-roll-back-of-its-gray-zone-strategy\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
13 <\/sup> \u201cIran’s Revolutionary Guards Commander Says Iran Purchased Russian-Made Sukhoi 35 Fighter Jets,\u201d Reuters<\/em>, January 27, 2025, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/aerospace-defense\/irans-revolutionary-guards-commander-says-iran-purchased-russian-made-sukhoi-35-2025-01-27\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
14 <\/sup> \u201cTrade Turnover Between Russia, Iran Up 20% in 2022 to $4.9 Billion, Says Chamber of Commerce,\u201d TASS<\/em>, March 1, 2023, https:\/\/tass.com\/economy\/1583367<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
15 <\/sup> Umud Shokri, \u201cNorth-South Transport Corridor: Iran-Russia New Railway to Circumvent Western Pressure,\u201d Gulf International Forum<\/em>, May 3, 2023, https:\/\/gulfif.org\/north-south-transport-corridor-iran-russia-new-railway-to-circumvent-western-pressure\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
16 <\/sup> \u201cFull Text of Iran-Russia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Agreement,\u201d Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran<\/em>, January 17, 2025, https:\/\/irangov.ir\/detail\/456479<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
17 <\/sup> Maya Gebeily and Humeyra Pamuk, \u201cExclusive: Israel Lobbies US to Keep Russian Bases in a ‘Weak’ Syria, Sources Say,\u201d Reuters<\/em>, February 28, 2025, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/israel-lobbies-us-keep-russian-bases-weak-syria-sources-say-2025-02-28\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
18 <\/sup> Sabena Siddiqui, \u201cRussia’s Iran-UAE Balancing Act in the Gulf Islands Dispute,\u201d The New Arab<\/em>, January 10, 2024, https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/analysis\/russias-iran-uae-balancing-act-gulf-islands-dispute<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
19 <\/sup> Nikolay Kozhanov, \u201cOPEC+: Locked in a Russia-US-Saudi Triangle,\u201d Middle East Institute<\/em>, December 8, 2021, https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/opec-locked-russia-us-saudi-triangle<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
20 <\/sup> Nikita Smagin, \u201cNew Russia-Iran Treaty Reveals the Limits of Their Partnership,\u201d Carnegie Endowment for International Peace<\/em>, January 21, 2025, https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/russia-eurasia\/politika\/2025\/01\/russia-iran-strategic-agreement?lang=en<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
21 <\/sup> Mathieu Droin and Nicole Grajewski, \u201cIran, Russia, and the Challenges of \u2018Inter-Pariah Solidarity,\u2019\u201d War on the Rocks<\/em>, July 11, 2023, https:\/\/warontherocks.com\/2023\/07\/iran-russia-and-the-challenges-of-inter-pariah-solidarity\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
22 <\/sup> \u201cRussian Offer to Mediate Talks with Trump Spurs Expressions of Mistrust in Iran,\u201d Amwaj Media<\/em>, March 6, 2025, https:\/\/amwaj.media\/en\/media-monitor\/russian-offer-to-mediate-talks-with-trump-spurs-expressions-of-mistrust-in-iran<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
23 <\/sup> \u201cChina, Russia and Iran Jointly Discuss Iran’s Nuclear Programme with IAEA, Reports Xinhua,\u201d Reuters<\/em>, April 25, 2025, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china-russia-iran-jointly-discuss-irans-nuclear-programme-with-iaea-reports-2025-04-24\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
24 <\/sup> \u201cThe Shah to the Soviet Union: As Long as I Am Alive, There Will Be No Threat to You,\u201d Islamic Revolution Document Center<\/em>, November 24, 2024 (in Persian), https:\/\/irdc.ir\/0002VK<\/a>.<\/h6>\n