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1 <\/sup> United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), \u201cUNHCR: Needs Intensify as 400,000 Syrians Return,\u201d April 11, 2025, https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/news\/briefing-notes\/unhcr-needs-intensify-400-000-syrians-return<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
2 <\/sup> \u201cHajjar: No New Syrian Refugee Camps, Focus on Temporary Stay and Voluntary Return,\u201d National News Agency (NNA) Lebanon<\/em>, December 23, 2024, https:\/\/nna-leb.gov.lb\/en\/politics\/747714\/hajjar-no-new-syrian-refugee-camps-focus-on-tempor<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
3 <\/sup> \u201cWeapons, Justice, Syria: Joseph Aoun\u2019s Inaugural Speech,\u201d L\u2019Orient Today<\/em>, January 9, 2025, https:\/\/today.lorientlejour.com\/article\/1442764\/weapons-justice-syria-joseph-aouns-acceptance-speech.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
4 <\/sup> \u201cLebanon\u2019s President Joseph Aoun urges swift return of Syrian refugees in meeting with UNHCR chief,\u201d LBC International<\/em>, January 23, 2025, https:\/\/www.lbcgroup.tv\/news\/lebanon-news\/832992\/lebanons-president-joseph-aoun-urges-swift-return-of-syrian-refugees-i\/en<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
5 <\/sup> Associated Press, \u201cMikati Calls for Syrian Refugees in Lebanon to Return Home Citing Strain on Resources,\u201d EuroNews<\/em>,\u00a0 December 12, 2024,\u00a0 https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/2024\/12\/15\/mikati-calls-for-syrian-refugees-in-lebanon-to-return-home-citing-strain-on-resources<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
6 <\/sup> “\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646” \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 “\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a”.. \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u061f\u060c Lebanon Files<\/em>\u060c 13 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2025\u060c https:\/\/www.lebanonfiles.com\/articles\/%d8%a3%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a9\/%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b2%d8%ad%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad\/<\/a><\/h6>\n
7 <\/sup> AFP, \u201cSalam Met Sharaa in Damascus to \u2018Open a New Page,\u2019\u201d L\u2019Orient Today<\/em>, April 14, 2025. https:\/\/today.lorientlejour.com\/article\/1455992\/borders-refugees-and-security-salam-visits-damascus-with-mps.html<\/a><\/h6>\n
8 <\/sup> \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c.<\/h6>\n
9 <\/sup> UNHCR Operational Data Portal, \u201cSyrian Regional Refugee Response \u2013 Lebanon,\u201d (accessed May 5, 2025), https:\/\/data.unhcr.org\/en\/situations\/syria\/location\/71<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
10 <\/sup> UNHRC, \u201cUNHCR Lebanon at a Glance,\u201d accessed May 5, 2025, https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/lb\/about-us\/unhcr-lebanon-glance<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
11 <\/sup> Maja Janmyr, \u201cPrecarity in Exile: The Legal Status of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon,\u201d Refugee Survey Quarterly<\/em> 35, no. 4 (November 2016): 58\u201378, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rsq\/hdw016<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
12 <\/sup> Janmyr, \u201cPrecarity in Exile.\u201d<\/h6>\n
13 <\/sup> Maysa Baroud and Nour Zeidan, Addressing the Challenges Faced by Syrian Refugees Working in the Informal Economy: Case Studies from Lebanon and Jordan<\/em>, Policy Brief, (Beirut, Lebanon: Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy & International Affairs, January, 2021), https:\/\/www.aub.edu.lb\/ifi\/Documents\/publications\/policy_briefs\/2020-20\/20210101_addressing_challenges_faced_by_syrian_refugees_brief.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
14 <\/sup> UNHCR, World Food Program (WFP), and United Nations International Children\u2019s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon 2023, <\/em>(Beirut, Lebanon: UNHCR), 35, https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/lebanon\/vasyr-2023-vulnerability-assessment-syrian-refugees-lebanon<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
15 <\/sup> \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c “\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1\/1\/2023 \u064812\/31\/2023″\u060c 7 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2024\u060c https:\/\/www.labor.gov.lb\/Temp\/Files\/831605eb-bf72-42f0-8a75-8b3dd014e785.pdf<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c “\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1\/1\/2024 \u064812\/31\/2023″\u060c 7 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2024\u060c https:\/\/www.labor.gov.lb\/Temp\/Files\/e89e7337-6da4-42cb-92ef-995bfa73ae9c.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
16 <\/sup> Maja Janmyr and Maysa Baroud, Lebanon\u2019s Refugee Return Agenda: Negotiating Global Protection Norms and Responsibility Sharing,<\/em> Analysis Paper (Beirut, Lebanon: Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy & International Affairs), May 14, 2024.<\/em> https:\/\/www.aub.edu.lb\/ifi\/Documents\/Lebanon%27s_Refugee_Return_Agenda_Negotiating_Global_Protection_Norms_and_Responsibility_Sharing.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
17 <\/sup> United Nations Secretary-General, Implementation of Security Council Resolution 1701 (2006) During the Period from 21 June to 20 October 2024: Report of the Secretary General<\/em>, (New York, USA: United Nations Security Council, November 13, 2024), 13,\u00a0 https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/4067697?v=pdf#files<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
18 <\/sup>\u201cHabboush Municipality Calls on Syrians Not to Return until Further Notice,\u201d L\u2019Orient Today<\/em>, December 1, 2024, https:\/\/today.lorientlejour.com\/article\/1437683\/habboush-municipality-calls-on-syrians-not-to-return-until-further-notice.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
19 <\/sup> \u201cLebanon resumes ‘voluntary’ repatriations of Syrians,\u201d France 24<\/em>, May 14, 2024, https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/live-news\/20240514-lebanon-resumes-voluntary-repatriations-of-syrians<\/a><\/h6>\n
20 <\/sup> \u201cPresident Aoun Briefed by Minister Charafeddine on Ongoing Contacts on Displaced Syrians\u2019 Return Issue, Receives from EU Election Observation Mission Final Report on Lebanese Parliamentary Polls, \u201cNational News Agency (NNA) Lebanon<\/em>, July 4, 2022, https:\/\/www.nna-leb.gov.lb\/en\/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9\/551702\/president-aoun-briefed-by-minister-charafeddine-on<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
21 <\/sup> \u201cMinisterial Committee on Syrian Displaced Persons Discusses Initial Plan for their Safe and Dignified Return to their Country,\u201d LBC International<\/em>, April 16, 2025. https:\/\/www.lbcgroup.tv\/news\/lebanon-news\/849327\/ministerial-committee-on-syrian-displaced-persons-discusses-initial-pl\/en<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
22 <\/sup> Maissam Nimer and Nora Stel, \u201cDisplaced Again: Forced Mobility from Lebanon to Syria,\u201d The Loop<\/em> (blog), December 11, 2024, https:\/\/theloop.ecpr.eu\/displaced-again-forced-mobility-from-lebanon-to-syria\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
23 <\/sup> United Nations Development Program Overview of Communal Relations in Lebanon, \u201cServices,\u201d accessed May 5, 2025, https:\/\/app.powerbi.com\/view?r=eyJrIjoiZGZhMDExMjYtNzFmZC00YjU3LWE0Y2YtNTcyMmZhNjAyNTliIiwidCI6ImIzZTVkYjVlLTI5NDQtNDgzNy05OWY1LTc0ODhhY2U1NDMxOSIsImMiOjh9<\/a><\/h6>\n
24 <\/sup> United Nations Development Program Overview of Communal Relations in Lebanon, \u201cServices,\u201d accessed May 5, 2025, https:\/\/app.powerbi.com\/view?r=eyJrIjoiZGZhMDExMjYtNzFmZC00YjU3LWE0Y2YtNTcyMmZhNjAyNTliIiwidCI6ImIzZTVkYjVlLTI5NDQtNDgzNy05OWY1LTc0ODhhY2U1NDMxOSIsImMiOjh9<\/a><\/h6>\n
25 <\/sup> UNHCR, WFP, and UNICEF, Vulnerability Assessment<\/em>, 14.<\/h6>\n
26 <\/sup> United Nations Lebanon, 2024 Aid Tracking Lebanon report<\/em>, (Beirut, Lebanon: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, January 1, 2025), https:\/\/www.unocha.org\/publications\/report\/lebanon\/2024-aid-tracking-lebanon-report-1-january-16-december-2024<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
27 <\/sup> UNHCR, \u201cMessage from UNHCR Representative in Lebanon to Refugees,\u201d Press Release, April 9, 2025, https:\/\/help.unhcr.org\/lebanon\/en\/2025\/04\/09\/message-from-unhcrs-representative-in-lebanon-to-refugees-3\/<\/a><\/h6>\n
28 <\/sup> \u201cNational Dialogue Concludes with 18-point Final Statement,\u201d The Syrian Observer<\/em>, February 26, 2025. https:\/\/syrianobserver.com\/syrian-actors\/national-dialogue-conference-concludes-with-18-point-final-statement.html<\/a><\/h6>\n
29 <\/sup> AFP, \u201cSalam Met Sharaa.\u201d<\/h6>\n
30 <\/sup> UNHCR, Flash Regional Survey on Syrian Refugees\u2019 Perceptions and Intentions on Return to Syria<\/em>, (Amman: UNHCR MENA Regional Bureau, February 2025), 6, https:\/\/data.unhcr.org\/en\/documents\/details\/114221<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
31 <\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c 9.<\/h6>\n
32 <\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/h6>\n
33 <\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c 7.<\/h6>\n
34 <\/sup> UNHCR, Operational Framework Voluntary Return of Syrian Refugees and IDPs<\/em>, (UNHCR Operational Data Portal, 2025), https:\/\/data.unhcr.org\/en\/documents\/details\/114336<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/h6>\n
35 <\/sup> \u201cFrequently Asked Questions \u2013 Assistance and Financial Support,\u201d Syria Is Home, accessed May 5, 2025. https:\/\/syriaishome.org\/en\/faq\/#Assistanceandfinancialsupport<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
36 <\/sup> Jihad Yazigi, \u201cUS Sanctions Remain the Biggest Obstacle Interview by Hussam Baravi, International Politics and Society<\/em>, 15, April 2025, https:\/\/www.ips-journal.eu\/interviews\/us-sanctions-remain-the-biggest-obstacle-8223\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
37 <\/sup> Erin Banco, Humeyra Pamuk, & Daphne Psaledakis, \u201cTrump’s Syria Announcement Surprised his Own Sanctions Officials\u201d Reuters<\/em>, May 15, 2025, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/trumps-big-syria-announcement-surprised-his-own-sanctions-officials-2025-05-14\/.<\/h6>\n
38 <\/sup> NGO Forum Northwest Syria, USAID Funding Freeze and its Impact on the Humanitarian Response in Syria<\/em>, Policy Analysis (Gaziantep, T\u00fcrkiye: Reliefweb, February 25, 2025), https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/syrian-arab-republic\/policy-analysis-usaid-funding-freeze-and-its-impact-humanitarian-response-syria<\/a><\/h6>\n
39 <\/sup> Sally Abou Aljoud, \u201cSyria Extends the Deadline for a Probe into Coastal Killings of Alawites,\u201d Associated Press<\/em>, April 11, 2025, https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/syria-coastal-killings-alawites-amnesty-assad-latakia-c76c9be2eee1fa48c7d58ef7cd0a2aed<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
40 <\/sup> UNHCR, \u201cRegional Flash Update #21,\u201d April 3, 2025, https:\/\/data.unhcr.org\/en\/documents\/download\/115521<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
41 <\/sup> \u201cSyrian Druze Leader Condemns Government over Sectarian Violence,\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, May 1, 2025, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2025\/5\/1\/syrian-druze-leader-condemns-government-over-sectarian-violence<\/a><\/h6>\n