{"id":474870,"date":"2025-05-07T09:21:23","date_gmt":"2025-05-07T09:21:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=474870"},"modified":"2025-05-20T13:43:15","modified_gmt":"2025-05-20T13:43:15","slug":"%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b3-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b3-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0647\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u0646\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0626 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0651\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup> \u201cWashington Summit Declaration,\u201d NATO, Press Release, July 10, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4j45u6um\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4j45u6um<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup> \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup> Galip Dalay, \u201cTurkey and Russia are Bitter Frenemies,\u201d <em>Foreign Policy<\/em>, May 28, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/m2xvn9m7\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/m2xvn9m7<\/a>; G\u00fcney Y\u0131ld\u0131z, <em>Turkish-Russian Adversarial Collaboration in Syria, Libya, and Nagorno-Karabakh<\/em>, SWP Comment 2021\/C 22, (Berlin, Germany: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik [German Institute for International and Security Affairs]<em>,<\/em> March 24, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18449\/2021C22\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18449\/2021C22<\/a>; Yeghia Tashjian, <em>The Russian-Turkish \u2018Co-opetition\u2019 in Times of Regional Crisis<\/em>, (Beirut, Lebanon: Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs, March 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/mtvmxrft\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/mtvmxrft<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup> Alexei Anishchuk, \u201cGaddafi Fall Cost Russia Tens of Blns in Arms Deals,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, November 2, 2011, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/zazhdmds\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/zazhdmds<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup> \u201c\u0130n\u015faat Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc Analizi: Arap Bahar\u0131, Bor\u00e7 Krizi ve A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Is\u0131nan Ekonomiler [Construction Sector Analysis: Arab Spring, Debt Crisis and Overheating Economies],\u201d <em>Turkish Contractors Union<\/em>, July 2011, 14-15, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/mrysa77n\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/mrysa77n<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup> \u201cAnsar al-Sharia Leader \u2018Almost Certainly\u2019 Killed in Libya,\u201d <em>Middle East Eye<\/em>, February 13, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/ywyu9k66\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/ywyu9k66<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup> Maria Tsvetkova, \u201cExclusive: Russian Private Security Firm Says It Had Armed Men in East Libya,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, March 13, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/yc88dxum\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/yc88dxum<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup> Abdulkader Assad, \u201cLibya\u2019s Parallel Central Bank Admits Printing 9.7 Billion Dinar Banknotes in Russia,\u201d <em>The Libya Observer<\/em>, November 20, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4zd5b3aj\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4zd5b3aj<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup> Michelle Nichols, \u201cU.S., Russia Say Cannot Support a U.N. Call for Libya Truce: Diplomats,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, April 19, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5c6s4anv\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5c6s4anv<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup> Darek Liam, \u201cLibya: Turkey Delivers BMC Kirpi 4\u00d74 Armoured Vehicle to GNA,\u201d <em>Military Africa<\/em>, May 18, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y74sefjr\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y74sefjr<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup> \u201cUAE Implicated in Lethal Drone Strike in Libya,\u201d <em>BBC<\/em>, August 28, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-53917791\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-53917791<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup> Samer Al-Atrush and Stepan Kravchenko, \u201cPutin-Linked Mercenaries Are Fighting on Libya\u2019s Front Lines,\u201d <em>Bloomberg<\/em>, September 25, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/yc7295r6\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/yc7295r6<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup> \u201cRussia Says Gaddafi&#8217;s Son Should Play Role in Libyan Politics \u2013 RIA,\u201d Reuters, December 25, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bde4xpee\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bde4xpee<\/a>; \u201cRussia: Gaddafi Loyalists Should Participate in Libyan Dialogue,\u201d <em>Middle East Monitor<\/em>, January 5, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2k8e3cy4\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2k8e3cy4<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup> International Crisis Group, <em>Turkey Wades into Libya\u2019s Troubled Waters<\/em>, Europe Report N\u00b0257, (Brussels, Belgium: International Crisis Group, April 30, 2020), 13, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/sites\/default\/files\/257-turkey-libya-troubled-waters.pdf\">https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/sites\/default\/files\/257-turkey-libya-troubled-waters.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup> \u201cTurkey\u2019s Parliament Approves Military Deployment to Libya,\u201d <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, January 2, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bdhurmv7\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bdhurmv7<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup> Ibid<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup> United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL), \u201cLibyan Political Agreement,\u201d Article 13, 9, signed on December 17, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/43cy6nuv\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/43cy6nuv<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup> \u201cMavi Vatan,\u201d or \u201cBlue Homeland,\u201d has become a common phrase in Turkish politics, most often used as shorthand for Ankara\u2019s maritime claims in the eastern Mediterranean.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup> Karim Faheem, \u201cAmid Mediterranean tensions, retired Turkish admiral grabs the spotlight touting supremacy at sea,\u201d <em>The Washington post<\/em>, September 27, 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/middle_east\/turkey-greece-blue-homeland\/2020\/09\/26\/15cf7afe-fc3b-11ea-830c-a160b331ca62_story.html\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/middle_east\/turkey-greece-blue-homeland\/2020\/09\/26\/15cf7afe-fc3b-11ea-830c-a160b331ca62_story.html<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup> Cihat Yayc\u0131, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye-Libya Aras\u0131nda \u0130mzalanan M\u00fcnhas\u0131r Ekonomik B\u00f6lge Andla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n Sonu\u00e7 ve Etkileri,\u201d [Results and Effects of the Exclusive Economic Zone Agreement Signed Between T\u00fcrkiye and Libya], <em>kriter<\/em>, January 1, 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/kriterdergi.com\/dosya\/turkiye-ve-libya-arasindaki-anlasmanin-sonuc-ve-etkileri\">https:\/\/kriterdergi.com\/dosya\/turkiye-ve-libya-arasindaki-anlasmanin-sonuc-ve-etkileri<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup> \u201cLibya Conflict: Haftar \u2018Leaves\u2019 Moscow Ceasefire Talks Without Deal,\u201d <em>BBC<\/em>, January 14, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5w3krbdm\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5w3krbdm<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup> Barbara Bibbo, \u201cBerlin Conference: Another Failure in the Libya Crisis,\u201d <em>Middle East Eye<\/em>, February 3, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/yc4xva7t\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/yc4xva7t<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup> Patrick Wintour, \u201cUN-backed Libyan Forces Take Key Airbase from Rebel General,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, May 18, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/43vr9w42\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/43vr9w42<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup> Seth J. Frantzman, \u201cHow Did Turkish UAVs Outmaneuver Russia&#8217;s Pantsir Air Defense in Libya: Lessons and Ramifications,\u201d <em>Middle East Center for Reporting and Analysis (MECRA), <\/em>May 27, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/3wnsv648\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/3wnsv648<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup> \u201cHundreds More Russian Mercenaries Flee Western Libya: GNA Forces,\u201d <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, May 25, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/ycwnecbm\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/ycwnecbm<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup> Samy Magdy and Andrew Wilks, \u201cEgyptian President Says Libyan City Sirte a \u2018Red Line\u2019,\u201d <em>Associated Press<\/em>, June 20, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y3rv7d99\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y3rv7d99<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup> Joseph S. Bermudez Jr. and Brian Katz, <em>Moscow\u2019s Next Front: Russia\u2019s Expanding Military Footprint in Libya<\/em>, Commentary, (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 17, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/vahyvv3k\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/vahyvv3k<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup> \u201cRussia, Wagner Group Complicating Libyan Ceasefire Efforts,\u201d U.S. Africa Command Public Affairs<em>,<\/em> July 15, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2kv4j55y\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2kv4j55y<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup> Yigal Chazan, \u201cWhy Libya\u2019s Arms Embargo is Failing,\u201d <em>The Arab Weekly<\/em>, August 17, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/37rp2u2d\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/37rp2u2d<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup> \u201cTrimming Turkey\u2019s Wings: Ankara and Cairo Fight for Influence in Africa and East Med,\u201d <em>Mada Masr,<\/em> August 25, 2020, https:\/\/www.madamasr.com\/en\/2020\/08\/25\/feature\/politics\/trimming-turkeys-wings-ankara-and-cairo-fight-for-influence-in-africa-and-east-med\/; Dario Cristiani, <em>A Ceasefire with Feet of Clay: The Potential Spoilers of Peace in Libya, <\/em>(Rome, Italy: Istituto Affari Internazionali, November 21, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iai.it\/en\/pubblicazioni\/c05\/ceasefire-feet-clay-potential-spoilers-peace-libya\">https:\/\/www.iai.it\/en\/pubblicazioni\/c05\/ceasefire-feet-clay-potential-spoilers-peace-libya<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31 <\/sup> Torrey Clark and Samer Al-Atrush, \u201cRussia Welcomes Libya Deal on Oil Exports, Revenue Distribution,\u201d <em>Bloomberg<\/em>, September 19, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/wrypasnv\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/wrypasnv<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup> Tarek Megerisi, \u201cFuelled by Corruption and Nepotism, Libya Finds Itself Trapped in Political Anarchy,\u201d <em>Al Majalla<\/em>, July 3, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4vf6eb7a\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4vf6eb7a<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33 <\/sup> Stephanie Williams, \u201cOpening Remarks During Third Virtual Meeting of the Second Round of the LPDF,\u201d transcript of speech delivered at the UNSMIL Libyan Political Dialogue Forum, December 2, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/52mmhn6v\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/52mmhn6v<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34 <\/sup> Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, <em>Libyans Who Looted Gaddafi\u2019s Graft-Ridden Development Fund Banked at Credit Suisse, <\/em>Suisse Secrets Investigation, (Amsterdam, Netherlands: Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), February 24, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4jszzs3d\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4jszzs3d<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35 <\/sup> \u201cTurkey Extends Libya Troop Deployment for Another 18 Months,\u201d <em>Daily Sabah, <\/em>June 21, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bddnwe27\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bddnwe27<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36 <\/sup> \u201cClashes Rock Outskirts of Tripoli as Questions Rise about Turkey\u2019s Role in Libya,\u201d <em>The Arab Weekly<\/em>, September 4, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4crfaftb\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4crfaftb<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37 <\/sup> Monia Ghanmi, \u201cIstahdafat Mawaqi\u2018 Muhharrib\u012bn.. Gh\u0101r\u0101t Jawiyyah Jad\u012bdah Gharb L\u012bbiy\u0101 [Airstrikes Target Smuggler Locations&#8230; New Airstrikes in Western Libya],\u201d <em>Al Arabiya, <\/em>May 28, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/n8nah69d\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/n8nah69d<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup> Nisreen Suleiman, \u201cL\u012bbiy\u0101: jadal tuth\u012bruhu \u1e0darab\u0101t jawwiyya tabannath\u0101 \u1e25uk\u016bmat al-wa\u1e25da al-wa\u1e6daniyya f\u012b i\u1e6d\u0101r \u02bfamaliyya \u02bfaskariyya \u1e0didd tahreeb al-wuq\u016bd [Libya: Controversy Raised by Airstrikes Adopted by the Government of National Unity as Part of a Military Operation Against Fuel Smuggling],\u201d <em>Al-Quds Al-Arabi<\/em>, May 26, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/d58fvxhf\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/d58fvxhf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39 <\/sup> United Nation Security Council, \u201cLetter Dated 5 September 2018 from the Panel of Experts on Libya Established Pursuant to Resolution 1973 (2011) Addressed to the President of the Security Council,\u201d UN Document, S\/2018\/812, (September 5, 2018), 10, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4mudube5\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4mudube5<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40 <\/sup> \u201cHaftar, his Son Saddam and the Gold Smuggling,\u201d <em>Libya Tribune<\/em>, October 12, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/mvffm8ed\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/mvffm8ed<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41 <\/sup> Ali Bin Musa, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Leverages Derna Relief to Reconcile with Eastern Libya,\u201d <em>Afk\u0101r <\/em>(blog), Middle East Council on Global Affairs, October 5, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/22zvewz7\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/22zvewz7<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42 <\/sup> Safa Alharathy, \u201cHaftar\u2019s Fund Inks Turkish Deals for Benghazi, Suluq,\u201d <em>The Libya Observer<\/em>, October 24, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/mtc8vy95\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/mtc8vy95<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43 <\/sup> Oguzhan Sari, \u201cTurkish National Defense Ministry Hosts Libyan Military Joint Commission Delegation,\u201d <em>Anadolu Agency, <\/em>November 28, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/turkiye\/turkish-national-defense-ministry-hosts-libyan-military-joint-commission-delegation\/3407669\">https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/turkiye\/turkish-national-defense-ministry-hosts-libyan-military-joint-commission-delegation\/3407669<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44 <\/sup> John A. Lechner and Sergey Eledinov, \u201cIs Africa Corps a Rebranded Wagner Group?,\u201d <em>Foreign Policy<\/em>, February 7, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2024\/02\/07\/africa-corps-wagner-group-russia-africa-burkina-faso\/\">https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2024\/02\/07\/africa-corps-wagner-group-russia-africa-burkina-faso\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45 <\/sup> \u201cRussia Shifts Focus to Libya Following Setbacks in Syria,\u201d <em>Military Africa<\/em>, February 2, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/3s4e2vtt\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/3s4e2vtt<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46 <\/sup> \u201cLibya: Haftar Strengthens Axis with Belarus and Relaunches Military Cooperation with Moscow,\u201d <em>Agenzia Nova, February 20, 2025. <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.agenzianova.com\/en\/news\/libia-haftar-rafforza-lasse-con-la-bielorussia-e-rilancia-la-cooperazione-militare-con-mosca\/\"><em>https:\/\/www.agenzianova.com\/en\/news\/libia-haftar-rafforza-lasse-con-la-bielorussia-e-rilancia-la-cooperazione-militare-con-mosca\/<\/em><\/a><em>. <\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47 <\/sup> Al Jazeera Mubasher, \u201cMa\u1e6d\u0101mi\u02bf al-Gharb wa-R\u016bsiy\u0101 f\u012b L\u012bbiy\u0101.. Mub\u0101shar ma\u02bf al-Saf\u012br al-R\u016bs\u012b [The West and Russia\u2019s Ambitions in Libya&#8230; Live with the Russian Ambassador],\u201d YouTube, June 10, 2024, 10:09 p.m., <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/nhdrzxrs\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/nhdrzxrs<\/a><u>. <\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote48\">48 <\/sup> \u201cLibya: Two Russian Military Ships on a \u2018Courtesy Visit\u2019 to Tobruk,\u201d <em>Nova News<\/em>, June 18, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2ah3pxx2\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2ah3pxx2<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote49\">49 <\/sup> Levent Kenez, \u201cTurkish Foreign Ministry Acknowledges Legitimacy Problems in Agreements with Libya,\u201d <em>Nordic Monitor, November<\/em> 15, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/mppnwvxk\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/mppnwvxk<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote50\">50 <\/sup> Handan Kazanc\u0131, \u201cTurkish Parliament Approves Motion to Extend Mandate of Troops in Libya for 24 Months,\u201d <em>Anadolu Agency<\/em>, November 30, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/32zxjj68\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/32zxjj68<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote51\">51 <\/sup> Abdulkader Assad, \u201cAFRICOM Reviews in Tripoli and Benghazi Efforts to Unify Libya\u2019s Military Institution,\u201d <em>The Libya Observer<\/em>, February 5, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/md8kctn5\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/md8kctn5<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><u><\/u><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><u><\/u><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><\/a><u><\/u><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><\/a><u><\/u><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><u><\/u><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":474907,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[113],"programs":[],"publication_type":[90],"class_list":["post-474870","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","geographic_area-113","publication_type-90","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/474870","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/474907"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=474870"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=474870"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=474870"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=474870"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=474870"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=474870"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}