{"id":473630,"date":"2025-01-30T13:00:32","date_gmt":"2025-01-30T13:00:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=473630"},"modified":"2025-02-09T06:50:40","modified_gmt":"2025-02-09T06:50:40","slug":"%d8%af%d8%a8%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%87-%d8%b3%d9%8f%d8%a8%d9%84-%d8%aa%d8%ac%d9%86%d9%91%d8%a8-%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%af%d8%a8%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%87-%d8%b3%d9%8f%d8%a8%d9%84-%d8%aa%d8%ac%d9%86%d9%91%d8%a8-%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647: \u0633\u064f\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a 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\u0646\u0647\u0631\u064e\u064a \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 1:<\/strong><strong> \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content lazyload\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Interactive or visual content\" data-src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/21336666\/embed#?secret=DFpmeGqToa\" data-secret=\"DFpmeGqToa\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" height=\"575\" width=\"700\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/strong>: Our World in Data\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0648). \u062d\u064f\u062f\u0651\u062f\u062a \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u062f\u0648\u0646 25 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629: \u0644\u0627 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 25 \u064850 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629: \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 50 \u064875 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629: \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 75 \u0648100 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0642 100 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062e\u0637\u0631.<a href=\"#endnote9\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u062d\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/strong><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 22 \u0633\u062f\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0631\u064e\u064a \u062f\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c<a href=\"#endnote11\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/a> &gt; \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 19 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2022.<a href=\"#endnote12\"><sup>12<\/sup><\/a> \u0632\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c<a href=\"#endnote13\"><sup>13<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u064a\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 2:<\/strong><strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c<a href=\"#endnote14\"><sup>14<\/sup><\/a>.2020<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content lazyload\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Interactive or visual content\" data-src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/21384554\/embed#?secret=bqeuU1qGHV\" data-secret=\"bqeuU1qGHV\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" height=\"575\" width=\"700\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: Our World in Data.<a href=\"#endnote15\"><sup>15<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u062d\u0648\u0636\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1,4 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a.<a href=\"#endnote16\"><sup>16<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 275 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c<a href=\"#endnote17\"><sup>17<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 (\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064b \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629). \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1964 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647&#8221;\u060c<a href=\"#endnote18\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/a>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 440 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 100 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627.<a href=\"#endnote19\"><sup>19<\/sup><\/a> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631.<a href=\"#endnote20\"><sup>20<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 200 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643.<a href=\"#endnote21\"><sup>21<\/sup><\/a> \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 155 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 (\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2005) \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote22\"><sup>22<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0632\u0651\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.<a href=\"#endnote23\"><sup>23<\/sup><\/a> \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 40 \u062e\u0632\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 20 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627<a href=\"#endnote24\"><sup>24<\/sup><\/a> \u064821 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 (\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0632\u0651\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628).<a href=\"#endnote25\"><sup>25<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 3<\/strong><strong>: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0651\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-473671 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/web-04-1024x490.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"359\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/web-04-1024x490.png 1024w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/web-04-300x144.png 300w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/web-04-768x368.png 768w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/web-04-1536x735.png 1536w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/web-04-2048x981.png 2048w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/web-04-1568x751.png 1568w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 750px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 750\/359;\" \/><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (IGRAC).<a href=\"#endnote26\"><sup>26<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 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\u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h6><strong><br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup> UNICEF, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/mena\/water-doesnt-come-tap\">https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/mena\/water-doesnt-come-tap<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup> \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u064a\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 &#8220;\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0650\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f&#8221; \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0650\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0632\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0632\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup> Mohamad Hejazi et al., \u201cImpacts of Water Scarcity on Agricultural Production and Electricity Generation in the Middle East and North Africa,\u201d\u00a0<em>Frontiers in Environmental Science<\/em>\u00a011, no. 1082930 (February 27, 2023): 1-16, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenvs.2023.1082930\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenvs.2023.1082930<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup> Flannery Dolan et al.,\u00a0\u201cEvaluating the Economic Impact of Water Scarcity in a Changing World,\u201d\u00a0<em>Nature Communications<\/em>\u00a012, no. 1915 (March 26, 2021): 1-10, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-22194-0\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-22194-0<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup> UNESCO, <em>The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023: Partnerships and Cooperation for Water<\/em>, (Paris France, UNESCO, March 15, 2023), 7, <a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000384655.locale=en\">https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000384655.locale=en<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup> UNESCO, <em>The United Nations World Water Development Report 2024: Water for Prosperity and Peace<\/em>, (Paris, France: UNESCO, March 19, 2024), 6, <a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000388948.locale=en\">https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000388948.locale=en<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup> \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0628\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0634\u0637\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup> Our World in Data, \u201cFreshwater withdrawals as a share of internal resources, 2021,\u201d accessed November 7, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/freshwater-withdrawals-as-a-share-of-internal-resources\">https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/freshwater-withdrawals-as-a-share-of-internal-resources<\/a>. Reuse permitted under Creative Commons \u201cBY\u201d license.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup> Mohammed Mahmoud, <em>The Looming Climate and Water Crisis in the Middle East and North Africa<\/em>, (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, April 19, 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2024\/04\/the-looming-climate-and-water-crisis-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa?lang=en\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2024\/04\/the-looming-climate-and-water-crisis-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa?lang=en<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup> Erika Solomon and Laura Pitel, \u201cWhy water is a growing Faultline between Turkey and Iraq,\u201d <em>Financial Times<\/em>, July 4, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/82ca2e3c-6369-11e8-90c2-9563a0613e56\">https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/82ca2e3c-6369-11e8-90c2-9563a0613e56<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup> Samya Kullab, \u201cPolitics, climate conspire as Tigris and Euphrates dwindle,\u201d Associated Press (AP), November18, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/iran-middle-east-business-world-news-syria-3b8569a74d798b9923e2a8b812fa1fca\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/iran-middle-east-business-world-news-syria-3b8569a74d798b9923e2a8b812fa1fca<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup> Amirhossein Montazeri, Mehdi Mazaheri, Saeed Morid, and Mohammad Reza Mosaddeghi, \u201cEffects of upstream activities of Tigris-Euphrates River Basin on water and soil resources of Shatt al-Arab Border River,\u201d\u00a0<em>Science of The Total Environment<\/em>\u00a0858, no. 159751, part 1 (February 1, 2023): n.p., <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159751\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159751<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup> \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup> Our World in Data, \u201cInternal renewable freshwater resources by region, 2020,\u201d accessed November 7, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/internal-renewable-freshwater-resources-by-region\">https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/internal-renewable-freshwater-resources-by-region<\/a>. Reuse permitted under Creative Commons \u201cBY\u201d license.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup> Mauro Van Aken, Fran\u00e7ois Molle, and Jean-Phillipe Venot, \u201cSqueezed Dry: the Historical Trajectory of the Lower Jordan River Basin,\u201d in Fran\u00e7ois Molle and Philippus Wester, eds., <em>River Basin Trajectories: Societies, Environments and Development<\/em> (Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 2009), 20, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/9781845935382.0020\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/9781845935382.0020<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup> R\u00e9my Courcier, Jean-Philippe Venot and Fran\u00e7ois Molle, <em>Historical Transformations of the Lower Jordan River Basin (in Jordan): Changes in Water Use and Projections (1950-2025)<\/em>, Research Report, (Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute, 2005), 21, <a href=\"https:\/\/urn.kb.se\/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Akth%3Adiva-82477\">https:\/\/urn.kb.se\/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Akth%3Adiva-82477<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup> Uri Shamir, \u201cApplication of operations research in Israel\u2019s water sector,\u201d\u00a0<em>European Journal of Operational Research <\/em>5, no. 5 (November 1980): 341, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0377-2217(80)90163-0\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0377-2217(80)90163-0<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup> Courcier, Venot and Molle, <em>Historical Transformations of the Lower Jordan River Basin<\/em>, 21.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup> Mark Zeitoun et al., \u201cThe Yarmouk River Tributary to the Jordan River I: Agreements Impeding Equitable Transboundary Water Arrangements,\u201d <em>Water Alternatives<\/em> 12, no. 3 (2019), 1064-1094, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.water-alternatives.org\/index.php\/alldoc\/articles\/volume-12\/v12issue3\/555-a12-3-11\/file\">https:\/\/www.water-alternatives.org\/index.php\/alldoc\/articles\/volume-12\/v12issue3\/555-a12-3-11\/file<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup> Courcier, Venot and Molle, <em>Historical Transformations of the Lower Jordan River Basin<\/em>, 21<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup> Ibid<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup> Younes Hamed et al., &#8220;Climate Impact on Surface and Groundwater in North Africa: A Global Synthesis of Findings and Recommendations,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration<\/em>\u00a03, no. 1 (July 11, 2018): 25, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41207-018-0067-8\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41207-018-0067-8<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup> \u201cTransboundary Aquifers of the Middle East Map 2022,\u201d International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IRGAC), accessed August 5, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un-igrac.org\/resource\/transboundary-aquifers-middle-east-map-2022\">https:\/\/www.un-igrac.org\/resource\/transboundary-aquifers-middle-east-map-2022<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup> International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IRGAC), \u201cTransboundary Aquifers of Africa Map 2022,\u201d accessed August 6, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un-igrac.org\/resource\/transboundary-aquifers-africa-map-2022\">https:\/\/www.un-igrac.org\/resource\/transboundary-aquifers-africa-map-2022<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup> International Groundwater Resource Assessment Center (IGRAC), \u201cTransboundary aquifers of the Middle East map 2022,\u201d 2022, accessed November 7, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un-igrac.org\/resource\/transboundary-aquifers-middle-east-map-2022\">https:\/\/www.un-igrac.org\/resource\/transboundary-aquifers-middle-east-map-2022<\/a>. Reuse permitted under IRGAC Creative Commons Non-Commercial License.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup> Amnesty International, <em>The Occupation of Water <\/em>(London: Amnesty International, November 29, 2017), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/campaigns\/2017\/11\/the-occupation-of-water\/\">https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/campaigns\/2017\/11\/the-occupation-of-water\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup> Amnesty International, <em>Israel\u2019s Apartheid Against Palestinians:<\/em> <em>Cruel system of domination and crime against humanity<\/em>, (London: Amnesty International, February 1, 2022), 28, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/documents\/mde15\/5141\/2022\/en\/\">https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/documents\/mde15\/5141\/2022\/en\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup> \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u064e\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 &#8220;\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a&#8221; \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup> \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0646\u0647\u0631\u064e\u064a \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote31\">31 <\/sup> Annika Rabo, \u201cWater, Land and Politics in the Raqqa Province. A Contemporary Case Study.\u201d\u00a0<em>Levant<\/em> 51, no. 2 (November 19, 2020): 223, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00758914.2020.1841957\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00758914.2020.1841957<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup> Nadhir Al-Ansari, Nasrat Adamo, Sven Knutsson, and Jan Laue, \u201cGeopolitics of the Tigris and Euphrates basins,\u201d\u00a0<em>Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering<\/em>\u00a08, no. 3 (2018): 196, <a href=\"https:\/\/ltu.diva-portal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:1199712\/FULLTEXT01.pdf\">https:\/\/ltu.diva-portal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:1199712\/FULLTEXT01.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote33\">33 <\/sup> \u201cRunning Dry: Water Scarcity Threatens Lives and Development in Iraq,\u201d UNICEF, August 29, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/iraq\/press-releases\/running-dry-water-scarcity-threatens-lives-and-development-iraq\">https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/iraq\/press-releases\/running-dry-water-scarcity-threatens-lives-and-development-iraq<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote34\">34 <\/sup> Ali Fadhil Hussein (General Manager, Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources), interview by Mohammad Abu Hawash, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, September 18, 2024.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote35\">35 <\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote36\">36 <\/sup> H.E. Aoun Diab Abdullah (Iraqi Minister of Water Resources), \u201cHigh Level Ministerial Dialogue on Water,\u201d Panel Discussion, Sixth Arab Water Forum, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, September 16, 2024.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote37\">37 <\/sup> Hussein, interview.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup> \u201cTurkey\u2019s Erdogan meets Iraq PM for talks on water, security and trade,\u201d <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, April 22, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/4\/22\/turkeys-erdogan-meets-iraq-pm-for-talks-on-water-security-and-trade\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/4\/22\/turkeys-erdogan-meets-iraq-pm-for-talks-on-water-security-and-trade<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote39\">39 <\/sup> Shamma Al Qutba, \u201cHydropolitics and Water Disputes in the MENA Region,\u201d Trends Research &amp; Advisory, June 14, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/trendsresearch.org\/insight\/hydropolitics-and-water-disputes-in-the-mena-region\/\">https:\/\/trendsresearch.org\/insight\/hydropolitics-and-water-disputes-in-the-mena-region\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote40\">40 <\/sup> Dr. Khaled Abu Zeid (Director of The Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE)), \u201cTransboundary Water Resources Management in the Arab Region,\u201d presentation, Sixth Arab Water Forum, Abu Dhabi, September 16, 2024.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote41\">41 <\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote42\">42 <\/sup> \u201cAgreement on Declaration of Principles between The Arab Republic of Egypt, The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia And The Republic of the Sudan On The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project (GERDP),\u201d United Nations Environment Program (UNDP) Law and Environment Assistance Platform (LEAP), accessed November 10, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/leap.unep.org\/en\/countries\/sd\/national-legislation\/agreement-declaration-principles-between-arab-republic-egypt\">https:\/\/leap.unep.org\/en\/countries\/sd\/national-legislation\/agreement-declaration-principles-between-arab-republic-egypt<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote43\">43 <\/sup> \u201cEgypt notified that Ethiopia has resumed filling of giant dam,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, July 6, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/egypt-informs-ethiopia-its-categorical-refusal-second-gerd-filling-statement-2021-07-05\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/egypt-informs-ethiopia-its-categorical-refusal-second-gerd-filling-statement-2021-07-05\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote44\">44 <\/sup> Reuters, \u201cEthiopian PM warns Egypt off Nile war,\u201d November 23, 2010, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/business\/environment\/ethiopian-pm-warns-egypt-off-nile-war-idUSTRE6AM5V8\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/business\/environment\/ethiopian-pm-warns-egypt-off-nile-war-idUSTRE6AM5V8\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote45\">45 <\/sup> Kalkidan Yibeltal, \u201cEthiopia hits out at Egypt as Nile dam row escalates,\u201d September 9, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/bbc.com\/news\/articles\/cp3dgx36gn5o\">https:\/\/bbc.com\/news\/articles\/cp3dgx36gn5o<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote46\">46 <\/sup> Dr. Kamel El Sayed (Water Resources Advisor &amp; Head of the Middle Regional Office, Arab Organization for Agricultural Development (AOAD)), interview by Mohammad Abu Hawash, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, September 16, 2024.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote47\">47 <\/sup> Jesutimilehin O. Akamo, <em>GERD from an Ethiopian Perspective: Actors, Interests and Instruments<\/em>, (Rome, Italy: Istituto Affari Internazionali, October 31, 2022),16, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iai.it\/en\/pubblicazioni\/gerd-ethiopian-perspective-actors-interests-and-instruments\">https:\/\/www.iai.it\/en\/pubblicazioni\/gerd-ethiopian-perspective-actors-interests-and-instruments<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote48\">48\u00a0<\/sup> Kalkidan Yibeltal, \u201cEthiopia hits out at Egypt as Nile dam row escalates,\u201d British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), September 9, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/cp3dgx36gn5o\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/cp3dgx36gn5o<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote49\">49\u00a0<\/sup> Omar Faruk, \u201cEthiopia is worried over a defense deal between Egypt and Somalia as tensions rise in Horn of Africa,\u201d Associated Press (AP), August 30, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/ethiopia-egypt-somalia-tensions-fe758a2efe35aeaadce57ca4be858bda\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/ethiopia-egypt-somalia-tensions-fe758a2efe35aeaadce57ca4be858bda<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote50\">50\u00a0<\/sup> Dana Jibreel, \u201cHawd aldiysi: miah mukalafat tndub, wshb sueudiun jayir\u201d [Disi Basin: Expensive Water Is Running Out, and Saudi Arabia Is Overdrawing], <em>7iber<\/em>, July 7, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.7iber.com\/environment-urban\/%d8%b3%d8%ad%d8%a8-%d8%b3%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1-%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%88%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%8a\/\"><em>https:\/\/www.7iber.com\/environment-urban\/%d8%b3%d8%ad%d8%a8-%d8%b3%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1-%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%88%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%8a\/<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote51\">51 <\/sup>Dalal Salama, \u201cSharikat aljanub alziraeiati: qisat &#8216;arbaein eaman min &#8216;iihdar miahina alshahiha\u201d [Southern Agricultural Companies: A Forty-Year Story of Wasting Our Scarce Water], <em>7iber<\/em>, March 16, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.7iber.com\/politics-economics\/%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%86%d9%88%d8%a8-40-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8b%d8%a7-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a5%d9%87%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%87\/\">https:\/\/www.7iber.com\/politics-economics\/%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%86%d9%88%d8%a8-40-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8b%d8%a7-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a5%d9%87%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%87\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote52\">52\u00a0<\/sup>\u201cMultinational &#8211; Water Resources Planning and Management Project of the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) Member Countries,\u201d MapAfrica, accessed August 22, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/mapafrica.afdb.org\/en\/projects\/46002-P-Z1-K00-010\">https:\/\/mapafrica.afdb.org\/en\/projects\/46002-P-Z1-K00-010<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":473633,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[],"programs":[],"publication_type":[90],"class_list":["post-473630","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","publication_type-90","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/473630","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/473633"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=473630"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=473630"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=473630"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=473630"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=473630"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=473630"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}