{"id":473519,"date":"2025-01-16T14:27:33","date_gmt":"2025-01-16T14:27:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=473519"},"modified":"2025-05-14T10:50:05","modified_gmt":"2025-05-14T10:50:05","slug":"%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d9%81%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%ab%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%82","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d9%81%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%ab%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%82\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%91%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%87%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%91-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a\/\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/a><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2015\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 (COP21) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e (UNFCC)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 1,5 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b\u060ci \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2024 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 1,55 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a. \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%91%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%87%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%91-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a\/\">&#8230;<\/a>]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648&#8221;\u0625\u0631\u062b\u0646\u0627&#8221; \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 2030 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0648&#8221;\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%91%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%87%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%91-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b data-olk-copy-source=\"MailCompose\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 : <\/span><\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%91%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%87%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%91-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e &#8211; \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW114695902 BCX0\" lang=\"AR-SA\" xml:lang=\"AR-SA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114695902 BCX0\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114695902 BCX0\">\u0644: \u0627<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114695902 BCX0\">\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW114695902 BCX0\" lang=\"AR-SA\" xml:lang=\"AR-SA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114695902 BCX0\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114695902 BCX0\">\u0648<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114695902 BCX0\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114695902 BCX0\">\u062e\u0641\u0636<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW114695902 BCX0\" lang=\"AR-SA\" xml:lang=\"AR-SA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114695902 BCX0\">\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW114695902 BCX0\" lang=\"AR-SA\" xml:lang=\"AR-SA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114695902 BCX0\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"EOP SCXW114695902 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:0}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%ab%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%b2-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7\/\"><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 1<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u00a0:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%ab%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%b2-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648 \u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648 <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d9%88%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%86%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86\/\"><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">2<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> :<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d9%88%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%86%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 -\u0638\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0644\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646-\u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0632<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%a5%d8%b2%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%82\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 3<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> :\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%a5%d8%b2%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%82\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u2013 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627\u062c \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW157346278 BCX0\" lang=\"AR-SA\" xml:lang=\"AR-SA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157346278 BCX0\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157346278 BCX0\">\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW157346278 BCX0\" lang=\"AR-SA\" xml:lang=\"AR-SA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157346278 BCX0\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157346278 BCX0\"> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW157346278 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:0}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%b2-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b9%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%88%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%82\/\"><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 4<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> :<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%b2-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b9%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%88%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%82\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631- \u062c\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%b1%d8%a4%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d8%a3%d9%86-%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%88\/\"><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">5<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> :<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%b1%d8%a4%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d8%a3%d9%86-%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%88\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 -\u062f\u0648\u064a\u063a\u0640\u0648 \u0633\u0640\u064a\u0641\u0631<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%83%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%91%d8%b2-%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%81%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%ab%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%81%d9%8a\/\"><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">6<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> :<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%83%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%91%d8%b2-%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%81%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%ab%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%81%d9%8a\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632 \u0644\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631 -\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064a<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%87-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%81%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%ab%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1\/\"><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">7<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> : <\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%87-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%81%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%ab%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u2013 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0634<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW196802556 BCX0\" lang=\"AR-SA\" xml:lang=\"AR-SA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196802556 BCX0\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW196802556 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:0}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%a7\/\"><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 <\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">8<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> :<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%a7\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631- \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d9%81%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86\/\"><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 <\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">9<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> :<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d9%81%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 -\ufee7\ufef4\ufeb8\ufe8e\u062f \ufeb7\ufe8e\ufed3\ufef2<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%83%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8d-%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%81%d8%b6-%d8%a7\/\"><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 <\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">10<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> :<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%83%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8d-%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%81%d8%b6-%d8%a7\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064d \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631- \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0622\u0642\u062c\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication_chapters\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d9%81%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%ab%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83\/\"><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &#8211; \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a <\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6 data-ogsc=\"black\" data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\">\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u00a9 2025 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h6>\n<h6>\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 &nbsp; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2015\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 (COP21) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e (UNFCC)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 1,5 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d9%81%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%ab%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%82\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":474711,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[80],"programs":[],"publication_type":[384],"class_list":["post-473519","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","geographic_area-80","publication_type-384","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/473519","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/474711"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=473519"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=473519"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=473519"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=473519"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=473519"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=473519"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}