{"id":473258,"date":"2024-12-23T14:09:14","date_gmt":"2024-12-23T14:09:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=473258"},"modified":"2026-01-14T06:07:42","modified_gmt":"2026-01-14T06:07:42","slug":"%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%af-%d9%88%d9%81%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%81","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%af-%d9%88%d9%81%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%81\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 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\u0633\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0639\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0634\u062d\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642 1 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0633\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u062a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0632\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"606\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1:\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (2022)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f<\/p>\n<table width=\"283\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a098.60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">\u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a092.50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a083.49<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u0642\u0637\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a079.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a075.50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a063.68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a062.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a059.43<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a058.96<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a058.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a057.55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a055.70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a047.64<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a041.51<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a040.10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u00a039.91<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">\u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a037.70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a028.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u0645\u0635\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a026.42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a025.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a013.68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a010.85<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a03.77<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a01.42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">\u00a00.94<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote11\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0629 (CPIB) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a(ICAC) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 (KNAB) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0646 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scrolling=\"no\" height=\"575\" width=\"700\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><a href=\"#endnote15\"><sup>15<\/sup><\/a>.\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: <strong>\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong><\/em><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 90 \u0641\u064a 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href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%ac-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b1%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ab%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7\/\"><sup>17<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 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sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Interactive or visual content\" data-src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/20835604\/embed#?secret=QyNcPOErwr\" data-secret=\"QyNcPOErwr\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" height=\"575\" width=\"700\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote18\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646 3 \u06484 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f. \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 3 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f.<a href=\"#endnote19\"><sup>19<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 19 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 8 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651 2012 \u0648<a href=\"#endnote20\"><sup>20<\/sup><\/a>.2014 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 86 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 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data-src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/20835710\/embed#?secret=5ZMqF6nLyZ\" data-secret=\"5ZMqF6nLyZ\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" height=\"575\" width=\"700\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote22\"><sup>22<\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 3: <\/strong><strong>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 2006 \u06482023<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content lazyload\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Interactive or visual content\" data-src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/20835718\/embed#?secret=Ec854V90Fw\" data-secret=\"Ec854V90Fw\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" height=\"575\" width=\"700\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<a href=\"#endnote23\"><sup>23<\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f 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href=\"#endnote24\"><sup>24<\/sup><\/a>.2022\u00a0\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646. \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 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\u06482021<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content lazyload\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Interactive or visual content\" data-src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/20835785\/embed#?secret=2lW3a6RtwQ\" data-secret=\"2lW3a6RtwQ\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" height=\"575\" width=\"700\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 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data-src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/20929680\/embed#?secret=yHYiygLLlv\" data-secret=\"yHYiygLLlv\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" height=\"575\" width=\"700\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote41\"><sup>44<\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 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class=\"wp-embedded-content lazyload\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Interactive or visual content\" data-src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/20835991\/embed#?secret=j0MHXdprpo\" data-secret=\"j0MHXdprpo\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" height=\"575\" width=\"700\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote45\"><sup>45<\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 9:\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong><strong> \u0628\u064a\u0646 <\/strong><strong>2016<\/strong><strong> \u0648<\/strong><strong>2022<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content lazyload\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Interactive or visual content\" data-src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/20835997\/embed#?secret=tTvtkoMiNc\" data-secret=\"tTvtkoMiNc\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" height=\"575\" width=\"700\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: 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style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote58\"><sup>58<\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 13 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 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src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote59\"><sup>59<\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b 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justify;\"><strong>4. \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064d \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0629 (STAR)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5. \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u064f\u0643\u0650\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064c\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642 1: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 (\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2024)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"210\"><strong>\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"101\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a (\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"217\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631<\/td>\n<td width=\"217\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ocrc.gov.dz\/en\">https:\/\/www.ocrc.gov.dz\/en<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631<\/td>\n<td width=\"217\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.acees.gov.bh\/\">https:\/\/www.acees.gov.bh\/<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0645\u0635\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631<\/td>\n<td width=\"217\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aca.gov.eg\/\">https:\/\/aca.gov.eg\/<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">2006-2023<\/td>\n<td width=\"217\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nazaha.iq\/en_default.asp\">https:\/\/nazaha.iq\/en_default.asp<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">2013-2022<\/td>\n<td width=\"217\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jiacc.gov.jo\/\">https:\/\/www.jiacc.gov.jo\/<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">2016\/2017-2023\/2024<\/td>\n<td width=\"217\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nazaha.gov.kw\/nazaha\/\">https:\/\/nazaha.gov.kw\/nazaha\/<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631<\/td>\n<td width=\"217\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">2011-2022<\/td>\n<td width=\"217\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.audit.gov.ly\/\">https:\/\/www.audit.gov.ly\/<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">2019-2022<\/td>\n<td width=\"217\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inpplc.ma\/\">https:\/\/www.inpplc.ma\/<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">2020-2022<\/td>\n<td width=\"217\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sai.gov.om\/\">https:\/\/www.sai.gov.om\/<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">2011-2023<\/td>\n<td width=\"217\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pacc.ps\/\">https:\/\/www.pacc.ps\/<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0642\u0637\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631<\/td>\n<td width=\"217\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.acta.gov.qa\/\">https:\/\/www.acta.gov.qa\/<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f (\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629)<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">2016-2022<\/td>\n<td width=\"217\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nazaha.gov.sa\/Index\">https:\/\/nazaha.gov.sa\/Index<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631<\/td>\n<td width=\"217\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uaeaa.gov.ae\/\">https:\/\/uaeaa.gov.ae\/<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631<\/td>\n<td width=\"217\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.snaccye.org\/\">https:\/\/www.snaccye.org\/<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642 2:\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table width=\"705\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"67\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"5\" width=\"499\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"71\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"67\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"74\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0649<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"95\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"125\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"101\"><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"67\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">X<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"71\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\">2017-2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"67\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">X<\/td>\n<td width=\"71\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\">\u2713<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"67\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">2021<\/td>\n<td width=\"71\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\">2022<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"67\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">X<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">X<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">X<\/td>\n<td width=\"71\">X<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\">X<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"67\"><strong>\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"71\">X<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\">X<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"67\"><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">(\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629) X<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"71\">X<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\">\u2713<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"67\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"71\">\u2713<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\">\u2713<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table width=\"619\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"226\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"306\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"226\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"306\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645<a href=\"#endnote66\"><sup>66<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\"><strong>\u0645\u0635\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"226\">\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"306\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a.<a href=\"#endnote67\"><sup>67<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"226\">\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"306\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646) \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a.<a href=\"#endnote68\"><sup>68<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"226\">\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"306\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote69\"><sup>69<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"226\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f (\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629)<\/td>\n<td width=\"306\">\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0621 (\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633) \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0634\u0651\u064e\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645.<a href=\"#endnote70\"><sup>70<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<table width=\"666\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"180\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"228\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"258\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"180\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"228\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"258\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633) \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645.<a href=\"#endnote71\"><sup>71<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"180\"><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"228\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"258\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a.<a href=\"#endnote72\"><sup>72<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"180\"><strong>\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"228\">\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"258\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621.<a href=\"#endnote73\"><sup>73<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"180\"><strong>\u0642\u0637\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"228\">\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"258\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a.<a href=\"#endnote74\"><sup>74<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"180\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"228\">\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f (\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629)<\/td>\n<td width=\"258\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a.<a href=\"#endnote75\"><sup>75<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"180\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"228\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"258\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a.<a href=\"#endnote76\"><sup>76<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup> Abdul-Wahab Kayyali, Arab Public Opinion on Domestic Conditions, <em>Findings from the Sixth Wave of Arab Barometer<\/em>, (Princeton, New Jersey, Arab Barometer: 2021), 28, https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/AB_Domestic_Conditions_MEI_FINAL.pdf.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup> Kayyali, Arab Public Opinion, 29<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup> United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,<em> United Nations Convention Against Corruption, <\/em>(New York, United Nations: 2004), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/brussels\/UN_Convention_Against_Corruption.pdf\">https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/brussels\/UN_Convention_Against_Corruption.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup> \u201cAbout the Commission,\u201d Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Integrity and Anti-Corruption Commission (JIACC), accessed September 22, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jiacc.gov.jo\/En\/Pages\/About_the_Authority\">https:\/\/www.jiacc.gov.jo\/En\/Pages\/About_the_Authority<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup> Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Integrity and Anti-Corruption Commission, <em>Integrity and Anti-Corruption Law No. (13) of 2016, <\/em>(Amman, Jordan: Jordan Integrity and Anti-Corruption Commission, 2004), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jiacc.gov.jo\/EBV4.0\/Root_Storage\/EN\/EB_Blog\/integrity_and_anti_corruption_law_of_2016.pdf\">https:\/\/www.jiacc.gov.jo\/EBV4.0\/Root_Storage\/EN\/EB_Blog\/integrity_and_anti_corruption_law_of_2016.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup> \u201cLower House Endorses Draft Anti-Corruption Law,\u201d <em>Jordan Times<\/em>, August 6, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/lower-house-endorses-draft-anti-corruption-law\">https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/lower-house-endorses-draft-anti-corruption-law<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup> \u062d\u064f\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0651\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 24 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629. \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">\u00a0\u201cThe Case for Maintaining Inspectors General Offices in Iraq,\u201d <em>1001 Iraqi Thoughts<\/em>, April 08, 2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/1001iraqithoughts.com\/2019\/04\/08\/the-case-for-maintaining-inspectors-general-offices-in-iraq\/\">https:\/\/1001iraqithoughts.com\/2019\/04\/08\/the-case-for-maintaining-inspectors-general-offices-in-iraq\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup> Alan Doig and Francesca Recanatini, \u201cAnticorruption Agencies: Are They Effective for Reducing Corruption Risks?\u201d <em>World Bank Blogs<\/em>, May 4, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/en\/governance\/anticorruption-agencies-are-they-effective-reducing-corruption-risks\">https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/en\/governance\/anticorruption-agencies-are-they-effective-reducing-corruption-risks<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup> Sofie Sch\u00fctte, Juan Camilo Ceballos, and Elizabeth David-Barrett, <em>Measuring Effectiveness of Anti-Corruption Agencies<\/em>, (Laxenburg: International Anti-Corruption Agency, 2023), 3, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iaca.int\/measuring-corruption\/measuring-the-capacity-and-effectiveness-of-anti-corruption-agencies-acas\/\">https:\/\/www.iaca.int\/measuring-corruption\/measuring-the-capacity-and-effectiveness-of-anti-corruption-agencies-acas\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup> For a description of the WGI, see the metric on Worldwide Governance Indicators, <em>Control of Corruption<\/em>, World Bank Group, accessed October 12, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/content\/dam\/sites\/govindicators\/doc\/cc.pdf\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/content\/dam\/sites\/govindicators\/doc\/cc.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup> Daniel Kaufmann and Aart Kraay, <em>Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2023 Update,<\/em> accessed October 12, 2024, www.govindicators.org.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup><span style=\"font-family: var(--heading--font-family); font-size: var(--heading--font-size-h6); font-weight: var(--heading--font-weight-strong); letter-spacing: var(--heading--letter-spacing-h6); background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary);\">\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2003\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f.<\/span><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>\u201cImplementation Review Mechanism,\u201d United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, accessed October 12, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/corruption\/en\/uncac\/implementation-review-mechanism.html\">https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/corruption\/en\/uncac\/implementation-review-mechanism.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup>\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u201cUNCAC Review Status Tracker,\u201d UNCAC Civil Society Coalition<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a 22 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2024\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/uncaccoalition.org\/uncacreviewstatustracker\/\">https:\/\/uncaccoalition.org\/uncacreviewstatustracker\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0623\u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15<\/sup> Arab Barometer, Arab Barometer VII, Iraq Report, (Princeton, New Jersey: Arab Barometer, 2022), 4, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/ABVII_Iraq_Country_Report-ENG.pdf\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/ABVII_Iraq_Country_Report-ENG.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16<\/sup> Arab Barometer, <em>Arab Barometer VII, Iraq Report<\/em>, 5.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17<\/sup> Arab Barometer, <em>Arab Barometer VII Jordan Report,<\/em> (Princeton, New Jersey: Arab Barometer, 2022), 25, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/ABVII_Jordan_Report-EN.pdf\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/ABVII_Jordan_Report-EN.pdf<\/a>; Khalil Shikaki, <em>Arab Barometer VII Palestine Report,<\/em> (Princeton, New Jersey: Arab Barometer, 2023), 31, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Arab-Barometer-VII_Palestine-Report-2021-2022.pdf\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Arab-Barometer-VII_Palestine-Report-2021-2022.pdf<\/a>;<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">Ghanim Alnajjar, <em>Arab Barometer VII<\/em> <em>Kuwait Country Report, <\/em>(Princeton, New Jersey: Arab Barometer, 2023), 14, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/ABVII_Kuwait_Report-ENG.pdf\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/ABVII_Kuwait_Report-ENG.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18<\/sup> \u062c\u064f\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651 2026 \u06482022 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 2016 \u06482018 \u06482022 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 2018 \u06482022 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 2020 \u06482022 (\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646). \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: &#8220;Al-Taqarir&#8221; [Reports], Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Integrity and Anti-Corruption Commission (JIACC), accessed August 31, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/jiacc.gov.jo\/Ar\/List\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631_\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\">https:\/\/jiacc.gov.jo\/Ar\/List\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631_\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a>; &#8220;Annual Reports,&#8221; Republic of Iraq Federal Commission of Integrity (FCOI), accessed August 31, 2024, https:\/\/nazaha.iq\/en_news2.asp?page_namper=e9; &#8220;Al-Taqarir&#8221; [Reports], State of Kuwait Anti-Corruption Authority (Kuwait Nazaha), accessed August 31, 2024, https:\/\/www.nazaha.gov.kw\/nazaha\/reports\/; &#8220;Al-Taqarir Al-Sanawiyya&#8221; [Annual Reports], Kingdom of Morocco National Commission for Integrity, Preventing and Combating Bribery (INPPLC), accessed August 31, 2024, https:\/\/www.inpplc.ma\/ar\/altqaryr-alsnwyt; &#8220;Al-Taqrir Al-Sanawi&#8221; [Annual Report], Sultanate of Oman State Audit Institution (SAI), accessed August 31, 2024, https:\/\/www.sai.gov.om\/annual_report; &#8220;Taqarir Al-Hay&#8217;a&#8221; [Commission Reports], State of Palestine Anti-Corruption Commission (PACC), accessed August 31, 2024, https:\/\/www.pacc.ps\/Library\/index\/6; &#8220;Statistics Reports,&#8221; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Oversight and Anti-Corruption Authority (Saudi Nazaha), accessed August 31, 2024, https:\/\/nazaha.gov.sa\/PageDetails\/?q=jC1GK1E8G177v\/\/\/ptw2Lw==. Population data for Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Morocco was obtained from: \u201cPopulation, total,\u201d World Bank World Development Indicators, accessed August 31, 2024, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL. Population data for Palestine was obtained from: \u201cEstimated Population in the Palestine Mid-Year by Governorate,1997-2026,\u201d State of Palestine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), accessed August 31, 2024, https:\/\/www.pcbs.gov.ps\/statisticsIndicatorsTables.aspx?lang=en&amp;table_id=676.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19<\/sup> Khalil Shikaki, <em>Arab Barometer VII Palestine Country Report 2022,<\/em> Survey Report, (Princeton, New Jersey: Arab Barometer, 2023), 31, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Arab-Barometer-VII_Palestine-Report-2021-2022.pdf\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Arab-Barometer-VII_Palestine-Report-2021-2022.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"&quot;endnote20\">20<\/sup> Shikaki, <em>Arab Barometer VII Palestine<\/em>, 14.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21<\/sup> Shikaki, <em>Arab Barometer VII Palestine<\/em>, 31-32.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22<\/sup> PACC, &#8220;Taqarir Al-Hay&#8217;a&#8221; [Commission Reports]; PCBS, \u201cEstimated Population in the Palestine Mid-Year by Governorate,1997-2026\u201d.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23<\/sup> Khalil Shikaki, <em>Arab Barometer Palestine Country Report 2021-2022<\/em>, (Princeton: New Jersey: Arab Barometer, 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Arab-Barometer-VII_Palestine-Report-2021-2022.pdf\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Arab-Barometer-VII_Palestine-Report-2021-2022.pdf<\/a>, page 31; Khalil Shikaki, Palestinian Perception of Governance, (Princeton: New Jersey: Arab Barometer, 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/AB8-Palestine-Report-3-English.pdf\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/AB8-Palestine-Report-3-English.pdf<\/a>, page 20.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24<\/sup> JIACC, &#8220;Al-Taqarir&#8221; [Reports]; Kuwait Nazaha, &#8220;Al-Taqarir&#8221; [Reports].<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25<\/sup> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26<\/sup> Complaints data in this graph was sources from the annual reports and press releases published by the following national anti-corruption agencies during the years 2019-2021: JIACC, &#8220;Al-Taqarir&#8221; [Reports]; FCOI, &#8220;Annual Reports&#8221;; Kuwait Nazaha, &#8220;Al-Taqarir&#8221; [Reports]; INPPLC, &#8220;Al-Taqarir Al-Sanawiyya&#8221; [Annual Reports]; SAI, &#8220;Al-Taqrir Al-Sanawi&#8221; [Annual Report]; PACC, &#8220;Taqarir Al-Hay&#8217;a&#8221; [Commission Reports]; Saudi Nazaha, &#8220;Statistics Reports&#8221;; &#8220;ICAC Annual Reports,&#8221; Hong Kong Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC), accessed August 28, 2024, https:\/\/www.icac.org.hk\/en\/about\/report\/annual\/index.html; &#8220;Laporan Tahunan&#8221; [Annual Reports], Indonesia Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), accessed August 28, 2024, https:\/\/www.kpk.go.id\/id\/publikasi-data\/laporan; &#8220;Annual Reports,&#8221; Latvia Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau (KNAB), accessed August 28, 2024, https:\/\/www.knab.gov.lv\/en\/annual-reports; &#8220;Laporan Tahunan,&#8221; [Annual Reports], Malaysia Anti-Corruption Commission (SPRM), accessed August 28, 2024, https:\/\/www.sprm.gov.my\/index.php?page_id=79&amp;type=EBREPORT&amp;language=my; &#8220;Activity Reports,&#8221; Romania National Anti-Corruption Directorate (DNA), accessed August 28, 2024, https:\/\/www.pna.ro\/results.xhtml; \u201cCorruption Situation in Singapore Remains Firmly Under Control,\u201d Singapore Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB), accessed August 28, 2024, https:\/\/www.cpib.gov.sg\/press-room\/press-releases\/280423-public-vigilance-critical-in-fighting-corruption\/; &#8220;Annual Performance Reports,&#8221; Sri Lanka Commission to Investigate Allegations of Bribery or Corruption (CIABOC), accessed August 28, 2024, https:\/\/ciaboc.gov.lk\/media-centre\/resources\/reports. Population data was obtained from: World Bank World Development Indicators, \u201cPopulation, total\u201d; PCBS, \u201cEstimated Population in the Palestine Mid-Year by Governorate,1997-2026.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27<\/sup> For a critical account of the Ritz Carlton incident in November 2017, see Martin Chulov, \u201cNight of The Beating: Details Emerge of Riyadh Ritz-Carlton Purge,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, November 19, 2020, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/nov\/19\/saudi-accounts-emerge-of-ritz-carlton-night-of-the-beating.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28<\/sup> Saudi Arabia Oversight and Anti-Corruption Authority, <em>Statistics of Reports Submitted to the Oversight and Anti-Corruption Authority in 2022; <\/em>\u201cAl Sukan 2010-2022,\u201d [Population 2010-2020], Saudi Census, accessed August 29, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/portal.saudicensus.sa\/portal\/public\/1\/15\/101462?type=TABLE\">https:\/\/portal.saudicensus.sa\/portal\/public\/1\/15\/101462?type=TABLE<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29<\/sup> See GovHK, <em>Hong Kong: The Facts ICAC<\/em>, (Hong Kong: GovHK, 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.hk\/en\/about\/abouthk\/factsheets\/docs\/icac.pdf\">https:\/\/www.gov.hk\/en\/about\/abouthk\/factsheets\/docs\/icac.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30<\/sup> See Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Integrity and Anti-Corruption Commission, Annual Report 2022, 33-43.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31<\/sup> Karim Merhej, \u201cPromises and Pitfalls of Jordan\u2019s Anti-Corruption Legal Framework,\u201d <em>The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy,<\/em> July 20, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/timep.org\/2022\/07\/20\/promises-and-pitfalls-of-jordans-anti-corruption-legal-framework\/\">https:\/\/timep.org\/2022\/07\/20\/promises-and-pitfalls-of-jordans-anti-corruption-legal-framework\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32<\/sup> \u201cAbout Aman,\u201d Aman Transparency Palestine, accessed September 22, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aman-palestine.org\/en\/about-aman\/5.html\">https:\/\/www.aman-palestine.org\/en\/about-aman\/5.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33<\/sup> \u201cNew Civil Society Report on Yemen: Stronger Independence and Operationalization of Oversight and Anti-Corruption Bodies Needed to Better Implement and Enforce Legislation,\u201d UNCAC Civil Society Coalition, accessed September 22, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/uncaccoalition.org\/civil-society-report-uncac-implementation-yemen\/\">https:\/\/uncaccoalition.org\/civil-society-report-uncac-implementation-yemen\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34<\/sup> \u201cKuwait Transparency Society,\u201d UNCAC Civil Society Coalition, accessed September 22, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/uncaccoalition.org\/kuwait-transparency-society\/\">https:\/\/uncaccoalition.org\/kuwait-transparency-society\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35<\/sup> U4 Helpdesk Answer, <em>The Financial Returns from Anti-Corruption and Anti-Money Laundering Initiatives,<\/em> (Norway: U4 Anti-Corruption Research Center, March 11, 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.u4.no\/publications\/the-financial-returns-from-anti-corruption-and-anti-money-laundering-initiatives\">https:\/\/www.u4.no\/publications\/the-financial-returns-from-anti-corruption-and-anti-money-laundering-initiatives<\/a>; See also Stephen Johnson, \u201cCorruption Is Costing the Global Economy $3.6 Trillion Dollars Every Year,\u201d <em>World Economic Forum<\/em>, December 13, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2018\/12\/the-global-economy-loses-3-6-trillion-to-corruption-each-year-says-u-n\/\">https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2018\/12\/the-global-economy-loses-3-6-trillion-to-corruption-each-year-says-u-n\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36<\/sup> See Europol European Law Enforcement Agency, <em>Does Crime Still Pay? Criminal Asset Recovery in the EU Survey of Statistical Information 2010-2014, <\/em>(The Hague: Europol European Law Enforcement Agency, 2016), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.europol.europa.eu\/cms\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/criminal_asset_recovery_in_the_eu_web_version_0.pdf\">criminal_asset_recovery_in_the_eu_web_version_0.pdf (europa.eu)<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37<\/sup> Transparency International, <em>Lost Billions: Recovering Public Money in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia and Yemen<\/em>, (Berlin: Transparency International, 2014), 7, <a href=\"https:\/\/images.transparencycdn.org\/images\/2016_LostBillions_RecoveringPublicMoney_EN.pdf\">https:\/\/images.transparencycdn.org\/images\/2016_LostBillions_RecoveringPublicMoney_EN.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38<\/sup> Reuters, \u201cTunisia Recovers $29 Million from Ben Ali&#8217;s Wife&#8217;s Account,\u201d Reuters, April 11, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/world\/tunisia-recovers-29-million-from-ben-ali-s-wife-s-account-idUSBRE93A0CX\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/world\/tunisia-recovers-29-million-from-ben-ali-s-wife-s-account-idUSBRE93A0CX\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39<\/sup> Ma\u00edra Martini, <em>Lessons Learnt in Recovering Assets from Egypt, Libya and Tunisia<\/em>, (Transparency International, 2014), <a href=\"https:\/\/knowledgehub.transparency.org\/assets\/uploads\/helpdesk\/Lessons_Learnt_in_recovering_assets_from_Egypt_Libya_and_Tunisia_2014.pdf\">https:\/\/knowledgehub.transparency.org\/assets\/uploads\/helpdesk\/Lessons_Learnt_in_recovering_assets_from_Egypt_Libya_and_Tunisia_2014.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40<\/sup>\u00a0 For an example, see Caitlin Maslen, <em>The Financial Returns from Anticorruption and Anti Money Laundering Initiatives<\/em>, (U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Center, 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.u4.no\/publications\/the-financial-returns-from-anti-corruption-and-anti-money-laundering-initiatives.pdf\">https:\/\/www.u4.no\/publications\/the-financial-returns-from-anti-corruption-and-anti-money-laundering-initiatives.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41<\/sup> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 &#8220;\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f- \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627&#8221; \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 27 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 350 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0643 \u0648263 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u062f \u062d\u062b\u064a\u062b&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 12 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0628\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Assessment on a Proposal for a New Legal Framework on the Confiscation and Recovery of Criminal Assets<\/em>, (Cambridge, UK, RAND Corporation, 2012), <a href=\"https:\/\/home-affairs.ec.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2020-09\/external_study_used_as_a_basis_for_the_commission_ia_october_2012_en.pdf\">https:\/\/home-affairs.ec.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2020-09\/external_study_used_as_a_basis_for_the_commission_ia_october_2012_en.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42<\/sup> \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43<\/sup> Oman News Agency, \u201cOman\u2019s SAI Recovers OMR 97.8 Million to Public Treasury,\u201d <em>Arabian Stories<\/em>, October 02, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thearabianstories.com\/2023\/10\/02\/omans-sai-recovers-omr-97-8-million-to-public-treasury\/\">https:\/\/www.thearabianstories.com\/2023\/10\/02\/omans-sai-recovers-omr-97-8-million-to-public-treasury\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44<\/sup>Data on asset recovery and anticorruption spending was obtained from the web pages of the following national agencies: JIACC, &#8220;Al-Taqarir&#8221; [Reports]; JIACC, \u201cAl Fasl 3601: Hay\u2019at Al Nazaha Wa Mukafahat Al Fasad\u201d [Article 3601: The Integrity and Anti-Corruption Commission], https:\/\/www.jiacc.gov.jo\/EBV4.0\/Root_Storage\/AR\/EB_Info_Page\/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9.pdf; FCOI, &#8220;Annual Reports&#8221;; INPPLC, &#8220;Al-Taqarir Al-Sanawiyya&#8221; [Annual Reports]; SAI, &#8220;Al-Taqrir Al-Sanawi&#8221; [Annual Report]; Sultanate of Oman Ministry of Finance (Oman MoF), <em>The State General Budget For The Financial Year 2020<\/em>, (Oman: Ministry of Finance, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mof.gov.om\/UploadsAll\/YearlyBudget\/1687431452122Tables%20The%20State%20General%20Budget%20For%20The%20Financial%20Year%202020.pdf\">https:\/\/www.mof.gov.om\/UploadsAll\/YearlyBudget\/1687431452122Tables%20The%20State%20General%20Budget%20For%20The%20Financial%20Year%202020.pdf<\/a>; PACC, &#8220;Taqarir Al-Hay&#8217;a&#8221; [Commission Reports]; ICAC, &#8220;ICAC Annual Reports&#8221;; Hong Kong 2020-2021 Budget, <em>Head 72-Independent Commission Against Corruption<\/em>, (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Budget, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.budget.gov.hk\/2020\/eng\/pdf\/head072.pdf\">https:\/\/www.budget.gov.hk\/2020\/eng\/pdf\/head072.pdf<\/a>; Hong Kong 2021-2022 Budget, <em>Head 72-Independent Commission Against Corruption<\/em>, (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Budget, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.budget.gov.hk\/2021\/eng\/pdf\/head072.pdf\">https:\/\/www.budget.gov.hk\/2021\/eng\/pdf\/head072.pdf<\/a>; Hong Kong 2022-2023 Budget, <em>Head 72-Independent Commission Against Corruption<\/em>, (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Budget, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.budget.gov.hk\/2022\/eng\/pdf\/head072.pdf\">https:\/\/www.budget.gov.hk\/2022\/eng\/pdf\/head072.pdf<\/a>; DNA, &#8220;Activity Reports\u201d; SPRM, &#8220;Laporan Tahunan,&#8221; [Annual Reports]; KNAB, &#8220;Annual Reports&#8221;; KPK, &#8220;Laporan Tahunan&#8221; [Annual Reports]..<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45<\/sup> JIACC, &#8220;Al-Taqarir&#8221; [Reports].<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46<\/sup> FCOI, &#8220;Annual Reports.&#8221;.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47<\/sup> \u201cAl jawlaat alriqabiya wa a&#8217;dad almuhqaq ma&#8217;ahum wa almawqofin\u201d [Oversights Visits, investigated and arrested individuals], Open Data Platform, accessed August 29, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/open.data.gov.sa\/ar\/publishers\/8f3ec40a-dde7-412b-a0ac-bdb2e16db81a\">https:\/\/open.data.gov.sa\/ar\/publishers\/8f3ec40a-dde7-412b-a0ac-bdb2e16db81a<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote48\">48<\/sup> CPIB, \u201cCorruption Situation in Singapore Remains Firmly Under Control.\u201d.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote49\">49<\/sup> Palestinian Anti-Corruption Commission, Annual Report 2022, 10, 46; Kuwait Nazaha, Annual Report 2022-2023, 42 &#8211; 43.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote50\">50<\/sup> See the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, <em>Jakarta Statement on Principles for Anticorruption Agencies<\/em>, (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2012), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/corruption\/WG-Prevention\/Art_6_Preventive_anti-corruption_bodies\/JAKARTA_STATEMENT_en.pdf\">https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/corruption\/WG-Prevention\/Art_6_Preventive_anti-corruption_bodies\/JAKARTA_STATEMENT_en.pdf<\/a>; Jeremy Pope and Frank Vogl, \u201cMaking Anticorruption Agencies More Effective,\u201d <em>Finance and Development<\/em> 37, no. 2 (June 2000), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/fandd\/2000\/06\/pope.htm\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/fandd\/2000\/06\/pope.htm<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote51\">51<\/sup> \u201cNew Civil Society Report on Yemen: Stronger Independence and Operationalization of Oversight and Anti-Corruption Bodies Needed to Better Implement and Enforce Legislation,\u201d UNCAC Civil Society Coalition, 12.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote52\">52<\/sup> Andrew Mills, \u201cExclusive: Qatari Court Convicts Ex-Finance Minister of Laundering $5.6bn \u2013 Document,\u201d Reuters, January 17, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/qatari-court-convicts-ex-finance-minister-laundering-56bn-document-2024-01-17\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/qatari-court-convicts-ex-finance-minister-laundering-56bn-document-2024-01-17\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote53\">53<\/sup> See Karim Merhej, \u201cPromises and Pitfalls of Jordan\u2019s Anti-Corruption Legal Framework\u201d; See also Hamzeh M. Abu Issa and Ahmad M. Al Rifaei, \u201cMinisters\u2019 Procedural Immunity in the Jordanian Constitution<em>,\u201d Journal of Legislative Studies<\/em> 26, no. 2 (2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13572334.2020.1741787\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13572334.2020.1741787<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote54\">54<\/sup> \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:\u00a0United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, <em>Review of implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption<\/em>, (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2012), 6, 11, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/treaties\/UNCAC\/WorkingGroups\/ImplementationReviewGroup\/ExecutiveSummaries\/V1187238e.pdf\">https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/treaties\/UNCAC\/WorkingGroups\/ImplementationReviewGroup\/ExecutiveSummaries\/V1187238e.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote55\">55<\/sup> See Ma\u00edra Martini, Lessons Learnt in Recovering Assets from Egypt Libya and Tunisia, 4.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote56\">56<\/sup> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote57\">57<\/sup> Anticorruption per capita spending was calculated using data obtained from the following web pages: JIACC, \u201cAl Fasl 3601: Hay\u2019at Al Nazaha Wa Mukafahat Al Fasad\u201d [Article 3601: The Integrity and Anti-Corruption Commission], 3;\u00a0 FCOI, &#8220;Annual Reports&#8221;; Kuwait Nazaha, &#8220;Al-Taqarir&#8221; [Reports]; INPPLC, &#8220;Al-Taqarir Al-Sanawiyya&#8221; [Annual Reports]; Oman MoF, <em>The State General Budget For The Financial Year 2020<\/em>; PACC, &#8220;Taqarir Al-Hay&#8217;a&#8221; [Commission Reports]; Hong Kong 2020-2021 Budget, <em>Head 72-Independent Commission Against Corruption<\/em>; Hong Kong 2021-2022 Budget, <em>Head 72-Independent Commission Against Corruption<\/em>; Hong Kong 2022-2023 Budget, <em>Head 72-Independent Commission Against Corruption<\/em>; DNA, &#8220;Activity Reports\u201d; SPRM, &#8220;Laporan Tahunan,&#8221; [Annual Reports]; KNAB, &#8220;Annual Reports&#8221;; KPK, &#8220;Laporan Tahunan&#8221; [Annual Reports]; Republic of Singapore Ministry of Finance (Singapore MoF), <em>The Revenue and Expenditure Estimates for the Financial Year 2019\/2020<\/em>, (Republic of Singapore: Ministry of Finance, 2019), 243, https:\/\/www.nas.gov.sg\/archivesonline\/government_records\/docs\/ef4aecf7-4efb-11ea-a865-001a4a5ba61b\/Cmd.19of2019S.pdf; Republic of Singapore Ministry of Finance (Singapore MoF), <em>FY2021 Expenditure Estimate<\/em>s, (Republic of Singapore: Ministry of Finance, 2022), 4, https:\/\/www.mof.gov.sg\/docs\/librariesprovider3\/budget2021\/download\/pdf\/47-pmo-2021.pd; Republic of Singapore Ministry of Finance (Singapore MoF), <em>The Revenue and Expenditure Estimates for the Financial Year 2022\/2023<\/em>, (Republic of Singapore: Ministry of Finance, 2022), 244, https:\/\/www.mof.gov.sg\/docs\/librariesprovider3\/budget2022\/download\/pdf\/revenue-and-expenditure-estimates-for-fy2022-fy2023.pdf; CIABOC, &#8220;Annual Performance Reports&#8221;; Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Treasury (Sri Lanka Treasury), <em>Budget Estimates 2023<\/em>, (Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka: Treasury, 2022), 8, https:\/\/www.treasury.gov.lk\/api\/file\/817341f9-142b-44cc-a649-0e24000e49b0; Population data was obtained from: World Bank World Development Indicators, \u201cPopulation, total\u201d; PCBS, \u201cEstimated Population in the Palestine Mid-Year by Governorate,1997-2026.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote58\">58<\/sup> JIACC, \u201cAl Fasl 3601: Hay\u2019at Al Nazaha Wa Mukafahat Al Fasad\u201d [Article 3601: The Integrity and Anti-Corruption Commission], 3; FCOI, &#8220;Annual Reports&#8221;; Kuwait Nazaha, &#8220;Al-Taqarir&#8221; [Reports];\u00a0 INPPLC, &#8220;Al-Taqarir Al-Sanawiyya&#8221; [Annual Reports]; Oman MoF, <em>The State General Budget For The Financial Year 2020<\/em>; Hong Kong 2020-2021 Budget, <em>Head 72-Independent Commission Against Corruption<\/em>; Hong Kong 2021-2022 Budget, <em>Head 72-Independent Commission Against Corruption<\/em>; Hong Kong 2022-2023 Budget<em>, Head 72-Independent Commission Against Corruption<\/em>; DNA, &#8220;Activity Reports&#8221;; SPRM, &#8220;Laporan Tahunan,&#8221; [Annual Reports]; KNAB, &#8220;Annual Reports&#8221;; KPK, &#8220;Laporan Tahunan&#8221; [Annual Reports]; Singapore MoF, <em>The Revenue and Expenditure Estimates for the Financial Year 2019\/2020<\/em>, 243; Singapore MoF, <em>FY2021 Expenditure Estimates, 4<\/em>; Singapore MoF, <em>The Revenue and Expenditure Estimates for the Financial Year 2022\/2023<\/em>, 244;\u00a0 CIABOC, &#8220;Annual Performance Reports&#8221;; Sri Lanka Treasury, <em>Budget Estimates 2023<\/em>, 8;\u00a0 World Bank World Development Indicators, \u201cPopulation, total\u201d; PCBS, \u201cEstimated Population in the Palestine Mid-Year by Governorate,1997-2026\u201d; World Bank World Development Indicators, \u201cOfficial exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average)\u201d; World Bank World Development Indicators, \u201cGDP per capita (current $),\u201d accessed August 29, 2024, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote59\">59<\/sup> \u201cAl Fasl 3601: Hay\u2019at Al Nazaha Wa Mukafahat Al Fasad\u201d [Article 3601: The Integrity and Anti-Corruption Commission],\u00a0 2; World Population Review \u201cPublic Sector Size by Country,\u201d accessed September 23, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/country-rankings\/public-sector-size-by-country\">https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/country-rankings\/public-sector-size-by-country<\/a>; CEIC Data, \u201cJordan Employed Persons,\u201d accessed September 23, 2024, https:\/\/www.ceicdata.com\/en\/indicator\/jordan\/employed-persons;; FCOI, &#8220;Annual Reports&#8221;; ; World Bank World Development Indicators, \u201cLabor force, total,\u201d accessed September 23, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN<\/a>; ; Kuwait Nazaha, &#8220;Al-Taqarir&#8221; [Reports]; Kuwait Times, \u201c397,600 Kuwaitis work in the public sector, 84.6% of total workforce,\u201d March 24, 2024, https:\/\/kuwaittimes.com\/article\/12456\/kuwait\/other-news\/397600-kuwaitis-work-in-the-public-sector-846-of-total-workforce\/; \u00a0INPPLC, &#8220;Al-Taqarir Al-Sanawiyya&#8221; [Annual Reports];; Jean R. AbiNader, \u201cFacing High Public Employment, Morocco Continues to Build Support for Small and Medium Enterprises \u2013 Jean R. AbiNader,\u201d <em>Morocco on the Move<\/em>, February 10, 2020, https:\/\/moroccoonthemove.com\/2020\/02\/10\/facing-high-public-employment-morocco-continues-to-build-support-for-small-and-medium-enterprises-jean-r-abinader\/#:~:text=More%20than%20564%2C000%20were%20employed,34.8%25%20of%20public%20sector%20employees;\u00a0 SAI, <em>Community Brief 2020<\/em>, 10; Vinod Nair, \u201cMen Dominate Job Market in Oman,\u201d <em>Oman Observer<\/em>, August 4, 2022, https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1123200\/oman\/labour\/men-dominate-job-market-in-oman-report Authors\u2019 correspondence with Palestinian Anti-Corruption Commission staff; Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, <em>H.E. Dr. Awad highlighted the most significant indicators depending on the reality of labor market and establishments in the State of Palestine<\/em>, (State of Palestine: Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, April 2020), 1, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pcbs.gov.ps\/portals\/_pcbs\/PressRelease\/Press_En_15-4-2020-lab-en.pdf\">https:\/\/www.pcbs.gov.ps\/portals\/_pcbs\/PressRelease\/Press_En_15-4-2020-lab-en.pdf<\/a>; ICAC, &#8220;ICAC Annual Reports&#8221;;; \u201cStrength of the Civil Service (as at 31 March 2024) (excluding Judges and Judicial Officers, ICAC officers and locally engaged staff working in Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices outside Hong Kong),\u201d Hong Kong Civil Service Bureau, accessed August 29, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csb.gov.hk\/english\/publications_stat\/stat\/annually\/548.html\">https:\/\/www.csb.gov.hk\/english\/publications_stat\/stat\/annually\/548.html<\/a>; Singapore MoF <em>The Revenue and Expenditure Estimates for the Financial Year 2020\/2021<\/em>, 478; Singapore MoF, <em>The Revenue and Expenditure Estimates for the Financial Year 2022\/2023<\/em>, 477; \u201cThe Singapore Administrative Service,\u201d Public Service Division, accessed August 29, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psd.gov.sg\/faq\/#:~:text=The%20Singapore%20Public%20Service%20employs,officers%20working%20in%20the%20Ministries\">https:\/\/www.psd.gov.sg\/faq\/#:~:text=The%20Singapore%20Public%20Service%20employs,officers%20working%20in%20the%20Ministries<\/a>; DNA, \u201cActivity Reports\u201d; \u201cNumber of employees working in the public sector in Romania from 2015 to 2020 (in millions),\u201d Statista, accessed August 29, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1190485\/romania-employees-working-in-the-public-sector\/\">https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1190485\/romania-employees-working-in-the-public-sector\/<\/a>; SPRM, &#8220;Laporan Tahunan,&#8221; [Annual Reports]; Lee Hwok Aun, \u201c2023\/34 \u201cDiversity in Malaysia\u2019s Civil Service: From Venting Old Grouses to Seeking New Grounds,\u201d <em>IEAS Perspective,<\/em> 2023, https:\/\/www.iseas.edu.sg\/articles-commentaries\/iseas-perspective\/2023-34-diversity-in-malaysias-civil-service-from-venting-old-grouses-to-seeking-new-grounds-by-lee-hwok-aun\/#:~:text=%5B9%5D%20Their%20share%20has%20increased,management%20(above%20Grade%2056).&amp;text=Source:%20Parliamentary%20written%20answer%20by,html?uweb=dr&amp;); CIABOC, &#8220;Annual Performance Reports&#8221;; ; Shihar Aneez, \u201cCrisis-hit Sri Lanka finally starts to deal with bloated public sector,\u201d <em>Economynext<\/em>, June 24, 2022, https:\/\/economynext.com\/crisis-hit-sri-lanka-finally-starts-to-deal-with-bloated-public-sector-96277\/; KNAB, &#8220;Annual Reports&#8221;; ; Spain Ministry of the Presidency, <em>Public Employment in European Member States<\/em>, (Madrid: Ministry of the Presidency, 2010), 125, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dgaep.gov.pt\/upload\/RI_estudos%20Presid%C3%AAncias\/Public_Employment_EUMS.pdf\">https:\/\/www.dgaep.gov.pt\/upload\/RI_estudos%20Presid%C3%AAncias\/Public_Employment_EUMS.pdf<\/a>;KPK, &#8220;Laporan Tahunan&#8221; [Annual Reports]; Aneu Yulianeu et al., \u201cBusiness Intelligence Applications In Government: Executive Information System At Civil Servant Agency (NCSA) In Indonesia,\u201d\u00a0 In <em>Proceedings of The 2nd International Conference On Advance And Scientific Innovation, ICASI 2019, 18 July, Banda Aceh, Indonesia<\/em>, July 18, 2019, 3, <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4108\/eai.18-7-2019.2288599\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4108\/eai.18-7-2019.2288599<\/a> .<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote60\">60<\/sup> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (DNA). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2021\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a (ICAC) \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 862 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0634\u063a\u0644 761 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 19 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629\u060c \u064833 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u06489 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u064839 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:\u00a0\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.icac.org.hk\/icac\/post\/iaaca2\/common\/pdf\/3_dna.pdf\">Remarkable results in most indicators for National Anticorruption Directorate of Romania in 2021,\u201d <\/a><em>ICAC Newsletter, <\/em>March 2022, https:\/\/www.icac.org.hk\/icac\/post\/iaaca2\/common\/pdf\/3_dna.pdf.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote61\">61<\/sup> \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f (R<sup>2<\/sup><sup>) <\/sup>\u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 0,604\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (p-value) \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 0,393 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 0,042. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote62\">62<\/sup> \u201cCPI Middle East and North Africa Region,\u201d Transparency International, accessed September 22, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transparency.org\/en\/news\/cpi-2020-middle-east-north-africa\">https:\/\/www.transparency.org\/en\/news\/cpi-2020-middle-east-north-africa<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote63\">63<\/sup> On this point, see Paul Heywood, \u201cThe Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI): the Good, the Bad and the Ugly,\u201d <em>The British Academy<\/em> (blog), February 03, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk\/blog\/corruption-perceptions-index-cpi-good-bad-and-ugly\/\">https:\/\/www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk\/blog\/corruption-perceptions-index-cpi-good-bad-and-ugly\/<\/a>. See also \u201cMeasuring Corruption,\u201d United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, accessed September 22, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/e4j\/en\/anti-corruption\/module-1\/key-issues\/measuring-corruption.html\">https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/e4j\/en\/anti-corruption\/module-1\/key-issues\/measuring-corruption.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote64\">64<\/sup> Daniel Kaufmann and Aart Kraay, <em>Worldwide Governance Indicators<\/em>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote65\">65<\/sup> See United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, <em>Jakarta Statement on Principles for Anticorruption Agencies, <\/em>3.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote66\">66<\/sup> &#8220;\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a 22 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2024\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ocrc.gov.dz\/en\/presentation\">https:\/\/www.ocrc.gov.dz\/en\/presentation<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote67\">67<\/sup>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 45 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1995 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 [\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 45 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1995 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629]\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/alp.unescwa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-09\/Egypt_Law54_y1964_on_Administrative_Control_Authority_AR%20%281%29.pdf\">https:\/\/alp.unescwa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-09\/Egypt_Law54_y1964_on_Administrative_Control_Authority_AR%20%281%29.pdf<\/a>,\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 12\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 6<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote68\">68<\/sup>\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0642\u0645 13 (2016) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jiacc.gov.jo\/EBV4.0\/Root_Storage\/EN\/EB_Blog\/integrity_and_anti_corruption_law_of_2016.pdf\">https:\/\/www.jiacc.gov.jo\/EBV4.0\/Root_Storage\/EN\/EB_Blog\/integrity_and_anti_corruption_law_of_2016.pdf<\/a>,\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 6\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 5<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote69\">69<\/sup>\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/nazaha.iq\/pdf_up\/1545\/low_nazaha.pdf\">https:\/\/nazaha.iq\/pdf_up\/1545\/low_nazaha.pdf<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 4\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 2<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote70\">70<\/sup>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (2) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2016 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nazaha.gov.kw\/nazaha\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85-2-%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-2016-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%85%D8%A9.pdf\">https:\/\/www.nazaha.gov.kw\/nazaha\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85-2-%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-2016-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%85%D8%A9.pdf<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 6\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 3<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote71\">71<\/sup>\u00a0\u0638\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1.21.36 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 8 \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646 1442 (21 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2021) \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 46.19 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627. https:\/\/inpplc.ma\/ar\/zhyr-shryf-rqm-12136-alsadr-fy-8-rmdan-1442-21-abryl-2021-btnfydh-alqanwn-rqm-4619almtlq-balhyyt\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 9\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 3<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote72\">72<\/sup>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 2011\/111 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sai.gov.om\/storage\/laws\/111-2011.pdf\">https:\/\/www.sai.gov.om\/storage\/laws\/111-2011.pdf<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 13\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 7<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote73\">73<\/sup>\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2005 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Dell\/Downloads\/book-10277-cat-1-d-19-06-19.pdf\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 3\u060c3\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 4<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote74\">74<\/sup>\u00a0\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.acta.gov.qa\/en-us\/AboutActa\/Pages\/Emiri-Decision.aspx\">https:\/\/www.acta.gov.qa\/en-us\/AboutActa\/Pages\/Emiri-Decision.aspx<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 7<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote75\">75<\/sup>\u00a0\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0623\/65 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/sau202741E.pdf\">https:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/sau202741E.pdf<\/a>,\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 2\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 1<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote76\">76\u00a0<\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (56) \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2023 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/uaelegislation.gov.ae\/en\/legislations\/2174\/download\">https:\/\/uaelegislation.gov.ae\/en\/legislations\/2174\/download<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 7\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 12<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651 2010 \u06482011. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%af-%d9%88%d9%81%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%81\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":473345,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[94,80],"programs":[],"publication_type":[387],"class_list":["post-473258","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","geographic_area-94","geographic_area-80","publication_type-387","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/473258","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/473345"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=473258"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=473258"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=473258"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=473258"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=473258"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=473258"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}