{"id":472963,"date":"2024-11-21T11:42:00","date_gmt":"2024-11-21T11:42:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&p=472963"},"modified":"2024-12-16T08:59:41","modified_gmt":"2024-12-16T08:59:41","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ad%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d9%82%d9%85%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ad%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d9%82%d9%85%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%b1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a: \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\n<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0632\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 2011\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 73 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a.4<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629”.5<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a 25 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2021\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629.6<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f 80 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2014\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0629.7<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2022\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u0644 57 \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b.8<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f. \u0641\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629” \u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 “\u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646” \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629.11<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0636\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0634\u064f\u062f\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0651\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2022 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f “\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629”\u060c \u0635\u0639\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f”.12<\/sup><\/a> \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f.13<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 “\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u064b”. 14<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648”\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627” \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0632\u062d \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0630\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a.15<\/sup><\/a> \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a “\u0633\u0646\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0637\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0622\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646”.16<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u062d\u0630\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2023 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u063a\u0628\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a “\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629” \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a.17<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 “\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a”.18<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 “21 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a”\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2021.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645: \u0634\u062f\u0651 \u062d\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u2013 \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646- \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631. \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0635\u0639\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c29<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 “\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f” \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0634\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0650\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u0651\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a.30<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\n
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/h6>\n
1 <\/sup> \u201cTunisian President Saied Secures a Second Term with More Than 90% of Vote,\u201d Reuters, October 7, 2024, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/tunisian-president-saied-secures-second-term-with-more-than-90-vote-2024-10-07\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
2 <\/sup> \u201cTunisian Commentator Sonia Dahmani Sentenced to 1 year,\u201d The Committee to Protect Journalists, July 9, 2024, https:\/\/cpj.org\/2024\/07\/tunisian-commentator-sonia-dahmani-sentenced-to-1-year\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
3 <\/sup> Georges Fahmi, \u201cWhy Democracy Couldn\u2019t Prevent Radicalization in Tunisia,\u201d Strategic Europe<\/em> (blog), Carnegie Europe,<\/em> October 22, 2019,https:\/\/carnegieeurope.eu\/strategiceurope\/80137<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
4 <\/sup> \u201cTunisia Election: Kais Saied to Become President,\u201d BBC<\/em>, October 14, 2019, https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-50032460<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
5 <\/sup> Radwan Masmoudi (Tunisian intellectual and president of the U.S.-based Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy (CSID)), author interview, May 31, 2024.<\/h6>\n
6 <\/sup> Zaid Al-Ali, \u201cTunisia\u2019s President Just Gave Himself Unprecedented Powers. He Says He\u2019ll Rule by Decree,\u201d The Washington Post,<\/em> September 24, 2021,https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/2021\/09\/24\/tunisias-president-just-gave-himself-unprecedented-powers-he-says-hell-rule-by-decree\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
7 <\/sup> Sharan Grewal, \u201cKais Saied\u2019s Power Grab in Tunisia,\u201d Brookings<\/em>, July 26, 2021,https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/kais-saieds-power-grab-in-tunisia\/#:~:text=Those%20trends%20fueled%20the%20rise,his%20authority%20to%20the%20parliament<\/a><\/h6>\n
8 <\/sup> Sarah Yerkes and Maha Alhomoud, \u201cOne Year Later, Tunisia\u2019s President Has Reversed Nearly a Decade of Democratic Gains,\u201d Carnegie Endowment for International Peace<\/em>, July 22, 2022, https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/posts\/2022\/07\/one-year-later-tunisias-president-has-reversed-nearly-a-decade-of-democratic-gains?lang=en<\/a><\/h6>\n
9 <\/sup> Amnesty International, Human Rights Under Assault Two Years After President Saied\u2019s Power Grab<\/em>, (London: Amnesty International, July 24, 2023),https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/campaigns\/2023\/07\/human-rights-under-assault-two-years-after-president-saieds-power-grab\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
10 <\/sup> Human Rights Watch, Tunisia: President\u2019s Seizure of Powers Threatens Rights<\/em>, (New York: Human Rights Watch, July 27, 2021),https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2021\/07\/27\/tunisia-presidents-seizure-powers-threatens-rights<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
11 <\/sup> Amnesty International, Tunisia: End Prosecution of Bloggers for Criticizing Government\u2019s Response to COVID-19<\/em>, (London: Amnesty International, April 21, 2020), https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/press-release\/2020\/04\/tunisia-end-prosecution-of-bloggers-for-criticizing-governments-response-to-covid19\/<\/a><\/h6>\n
12 <\/sup> EuroMed Human Rights Monitor, \u2018Reporting Under the Weight of Fear\u2019: Restrictions on the media in Tunisia under the president’s exceptional measures (25 July 2021 \u2013 15 April 2022<\/em>), Report, (Tunis: EuroMed Human Rights Monitor, May 17, 2022), https:\/\/euromedmonitor.org\/en\/article\/5121\/%27Reporting-Under-the-Weight-of-Fear%27:-Restrictions-on-the-media-in-Tunisia-under-the-president%27s-exceptional-measures-%2825-July-2021-%E2%80%93-15-April-2022%29<\/a><\/h6>\n
13 <\/sup> Ibid<\/h6>\n
14 <\/sup> Ibid<\/h6>\n
15 <\/sup> Youcef Bounab and Francoise Kadri, \u201cTunisian Civil Society Fears Plan to Limit Foreign Funding,” Al-Monitor<\/em>, March 3, 2024,https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2024\/03\/tunisian-civil-society-fears-plan-limit-foreign-funding<\/a><\/h6>\n
16 <\/sup> Simon Speakman Cordall, \u201cSaied\u2019s Low Turnout Win in Tunisia Election Sparks Repression Concerns,\u201d\u00a0Al-Jazeera<\/em>, October 7, 2024,\u00a0https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/10\/7\/saieds-low-turnout-win-in-tunisia-election-sparks-repression-concerns<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
17 <\/sup> \u201cTunisia Must \u2018Change Course\u2019 amid Media Crackdown: UN Rights Chief,\u201d UN News<\/em>, June 23, 2023, https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2023\/06\/1138037<\/a><\/h6>\n
18 <\/sup> Ibid<\/h6>\n
19 <\/sup> \u201cTunisian Journalist Zied El-Heni Arrested After Criticizing Commerce Minister,\u201d The Committee to Protect Journalists, January 2, 2024,<\/h6>\n
20 <\/sup> \u201cAl Jazeera Journalist Arrested in Tunisia amid Crackdown on Freedom of Press,\u201d The Guardian<\/em>, January 4, 2024, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2024\/jan\/04\/al-jazeera-journalist-samir-sassi-arrested-in-tunisia-amid-crackdown-on-freedom-of-press<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
21 <\/sup> \u201cTunisia: A Sustainable Regulatory Authority Will Support a Free Media,\u201d Article 19<\/em>, February 9, 2023\u00a0https:\/\/www.article19.org\/resources\/tunisia-sustainable-regulatory-authority-free-media\/<\/a><\/h6>\n
22 <\/sup> Hivos, Freedom of expression in Tunisia: Legal Mapping<\/em>, Report, (Hague, Netherlands: Hivos, December 2023), https:\/\/hivos.org\/assets\/2024\/01\/Report-FoE-in-Tunisia.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
23 <\/sup> Noureddine Hlaoui, \u201cApr\u00e8s la suspension des salaires de tous ses membres : La Haica vivrait-elle ses derni\u00e8res heures? [After the suspension of salaries of all its members: Is HAICA living its last hours?],\u201d La Presse<\/em>, January 2, 2024, https:\/\/lapresse.tn\/2024\/01\/02\/apres-la-suspension-des-salaires-de-tous-ses-membres-la-haica-vivrait-elle-ses-dernieres-heures\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
24 <\/sup> Tarek Amara, \u201cTunisian Journalists Fear Erosion of Press Freedom,\u201d Reuters, October 6, 2022,https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/tunisian-journalists-fear-erosion-press-freedom-2022-10-06\/<\/a><\/h6>\n
25 <\/sup> EuroMed Human Rights Monitor, Reporting<\/em><\/h6>\n
26 <\/sup> Ibid<\/h6>\n
27 <\/sup> \u201cTunisia: Journalists protest in Tunis over press freedom,\u201d Africa News<\/em>, May 2022, https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2023\/05\/22\/tunisian-journalists-protest-in-tunis-over-press-freedom\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
28 <\/sup> Ghaya Ben Mbarek, \u201cConcerns over Press Freedom as Journalists Harrassed, Detained,\u201d Nawaat<\/em>, August 2, 2021, https:\/\/nawaat.org\/2021\/08\/02\/concerns-over-press-freedom-as-journalists-harassed-detained\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
29 <\/sup> Kresten Knipp and Tarak Guizani, \u201cFear Reigns in Tunisia as Prelection Repression Intensifies,\u201d DW<\/em>, July 14, 2024,https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/fear-reigns-in-tunisia-as-preelection-repression-intensifies\/a-69644890<\/a><\/h6>\n
30 <\/sup> Nejla Ben Mimoune and Oumeyma Chelbi, \u201cHow Tunisia\u2019s Anti-Corruption Campaign Is Putting Its Next Election into Question,\u201d Afk\u0101r<\/em>, August 21, 2024,https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/blog_posts\/tunisias-upcoming-elections-how-anti-corruption-campaign-is-putting-the-election-in-question\/<\/a><\/h6>\n

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