{"id":472711,"date":"2024-10-31T08:20:29","date_gmt":"2024-10-31T08:20:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&p=472711"},"modified":"2024-11-04T09:14:38","modified_gmt":"2024-11-04T09:14:38","slug":"%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d9%88%d8%a5%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%83%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%ae%d9%81","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d9%88%d8%a5%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%83%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%ae%d9%81\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627.16<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0624\u0647\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 21<\/a>.2024 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629.22<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c23<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (ATMIS).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0651 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0632\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2006\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0622\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629.35<\/sup><\/a> \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0636 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.36<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0623 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628. \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n

\n
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h6>\n
1 <\/sup>Afyare Elmi and Abdi Aynte, \u201cNegotiating an End to Somalia\u2019s War with al Shabaab,\u201d Foreign Affairs<\/em>, February 7, 2012, https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/somalia\/2012-02-07\/negotiating-end-somalias-war-al-shabaab<\/a>; Afyare Elmi and Abdi Aynte, \u201cSomalia: The Case for Negotiating with al-Shabaab,\u201d Al Jazeera Centre for Studies, February 20, 2012, https:\/\/studies.aljazeera.net\/en\/reports\/2012\/02\/201222072248106446.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
2 <\/sup>Abdifatah Ismael Tahir, \u201cAl-Shabaab and the Limits of Ma\u2019awisley \u2013 State-Sponsored Vigilantism,\u201d PeaceRep <\/em>(blog), September 12, 2024, https:\/\/peacerep.org\/2024\/09\/12\/al-shabaab-and-the-limits-of-maawisley-state-sponsored-vigilantism\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
3 <\/sup>Khader Aweys, \u201cPresident Hassan delivers a keynote speech at the 2024 Oslo Forum,\u201d SONNA, June 11, 2024, https:\/\/sonna.so\/en\/president-hassan-delivers-a-keynote-speech-at-the-2024-oslo-forum\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
4 <\/sup>William I. Zartman, \u201cRipeness: The Hurting Stalemate and Beyond,\u201d in International Conflict Resolution after the Cold War<\/em>, eds. Paul Stern and Daniel Druckman, (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000).<\/h6>\n
5 <\/sup>Ibid. See also William I. Zartman, \u201cThe Timing of Peace Initiatives: Hurting Stalemates and Ripe Moments,\u201d Contemporary Peace-Making: Conflict, Peace Processes and Post-War Reconstruction (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008).<\/h6>\n
6 <\/sup>Elmi and Abdi, \u201cNegotiating an End.\u201d; Mohamed Haji Ingiriis, \u201cBuilding Peace from the Margins in Somalia: The Case for Political Settlement with Al-Shabaab,\u201d Contemporary Security Policy<\/em> 39, no. 4 (February 2018), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13523260.2018.1429751; Mohammed I. Shire, \u201cDialoguing and Negotiating with Al-Shabaab: The Role of Clan Elders as Insider-Partial Mediators,\u201d Journal of Eastern African Studies<\/em> 15, no.1 (December 2020), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17531055.2020.1863099; Anneli Botha and Mahdi Abdile, \u201cAl-Shabaab Attitudes Towards Negotiations,\u201d in War and Peace in Somalia: National Grievances, Local Conflict and Al-Shabaab<\/em>, eds. Michael Keating and Matt Waldman (London: Hurst, 2018).<\/h6>\n
7 <\/sup>Christopher Anzalone, The Resilience of al-Shabaab<\/em>, Analysis Paper, (New York, United States: Combatting Terrorism Center at West Point, April, 2016), https:\/\/ctc.westpoint.edu\/the-resilience-of-al-shabaab\/<\/a>.; Afyare Elmi and Ruqaya Mohamed, \u201cViolent Non-State Actors in Somalia: al-Shabaab and Pirates,\u201d in Violent Radical Movements in the Arab World: The Ideology and Politics of Non-State Actors<\/em>, ed. Peter Sluglett (London: I. B. Tauris Publishing, 2019).<\/h6>\n
8 <\/sup>Paul Williams and Afyare Elmi, Security Sector Reform in Somalia<\/em>, Report, (Mogadishu, Somalia: The Heritage Institute for Policy Studies, January, 2023), https:\/\/heritageinstitute.org\/security-sector-reform-in-somlia-challenges-and-opportunities\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
9 <\/sup>Mohamed Gabobe, \u201cAl-Shabab in Somalia: Bullets and bombs can\u2019t bury ideologies,\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, October 6, 2024, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2024\/10\/6\/al-shabab-in-somalia-bullets-and-bombs-cant-bury-ideologies<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
10 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n
11 <\/sup>Daniel G. Maxwell and Nizar Majid, Famine in Somalia: Competing Imperatives, Collective Failures, <\/em>(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 2011-12.<\/h6>\n
12 <\/sup>UNICEF, Humanitarian Action for Children: Somalia<\/em>, (New York, United States, 2023), https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/media\/131931\/file\/2023-HAC-Somalia.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
13 <\/sup>Barbara F. Walter, Committing to Peace: The Successful Settlement of Civil Wars, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003).<\/h6>\n
14 <\/sup>Linnea Gelot and Prabin B. Khadka, \u201cTraditional Authorities as Both Curse and Cure: the Politics of Coping with Violent Extremism in Somalia,\u201d Conflict, Security & Development 24, no. 1 (February 12, 2024), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14678802.2024.2310317<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
15 <\/sup>Shire, \u201cDialoguing and Negotiating with Al-Shabaab.\u201d<\/h6>\n
16 <\/sup>Elmi and Aynte, \u201cNegotiating an end.\u201d<\/h6>\n
17 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n
18 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n
19 <\/sup>\u201cParliament approves introduction of sharia law,\u201d France 24<\/em>, April 18, 2009, https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090418-parliament-approves-introduction-sharia-law-<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
20 <\/sup>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2012\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 “\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0633\u0646\u0651 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629”.<\/h6>\n
21 <\/sup>\u201cSecurity Council Extends Authorization of African Union Transition Mission in Somalia until 31 December, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2478 (2024),\u201d UN Press, August 15, 2024, \u00a0https:\/\/press.un.org\/en\/2024\/sc15793.doc.htm<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
22 <\/sup>Williams and Elmi, Security Sector Reform.<\/h6>\n
23 <\/sup>\u201cSomalia asks peacekeepers to slow withdrawal, fears armed group resurgence,\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, June 20, 2024,\u00a0 https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/6\/20\/somalia-asks-peacekeepers-to-slow-withdrawal-fears-armed-group-resurgence<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
24 <\/sup>Botha and Abdile, \u201cAl-Shabaab Attitudes.\u201d<\/h6>\n
25 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n
26 <\/sup>UN Security Council to vote to end Somalia arms embargo after three decades,\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, December 1, 2023, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/12\/1\/un-security-council-to-vote-to-end-somalia-arms-embargo-after-three-decades<\/a>; Michelle Nichols, \u201cUN Security Council lifts arms embargo on Somalia government,\u201d Reuters, December 2, 2023, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/un-security-council-lifts-arms-embargo-somalia-government-2023-12-01\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
27 <\/sup>\u201cSomalia and Ethiopia sign MOU on defense cooperation,\u201d FTL Somalia<\/em>, December 8, 2023, https:\/\/www.ftlsomalia.com\/somalia-and-ethiopia-sign-mou-on-defense-cooperation.\/<\/a><\/h6>\n
28 <\/sup>Harun Maruf and Abdulaziz Osman, \u201cHeavy losses reported as Somali Puntland forces repel Al-Shabab Attack,\u201d Voice of America News<\/em>, June 8, 2017, \u00a0https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/somalia-puntland-al-shabab-attack\/3892123.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
29 <\/sup>Abdi Sheikh, \u201cSomalia appoints al Shabaab co-founder as religion minister,\u201d Reuters, August 2, 2022, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/somalia-names-former-al-shabaab-spokesperson-minister-2022-08-02\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
30 <\/sup>\u201cATMIS lauds Ethiopian troops for restoring peace in the Hiiran region,\u201d African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS), August 22, 2024, https:\/\/atmis-au.org\/atmis-lauds-ethiopian-troops-for-restoring-peace-in-hiiran-region\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
31 <\/sup>Jonathan Powell, Talking to Terrorists: How to End Armed Conflicts<\/em>, (London, The Bodley Head, 2014).<\/h6>\n
32 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n
33 <\/sup>Rytis Beresnevi\u010dius, \u201cSomaliland obtains stake in Ethiopian Airlines after granting Ethiopia sea access,\u201d Simple Flying, January 3, 2024, https:\/\/simpleflying.com\/somaliland-stake-ethiopian-airlines-sea-access\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
34 <\/sup>Nuruddin Farah, \u201cWhich Way to the Sea, Please?\u201d Horn of Africa 1, no. 4 (1978).<\/h6>\n
35 <\/sup>Afyare Elmi and Yusuf Hassan, \u201cThe Coming War Nobody Is Talking About,\u201d New York Times<\/em>, August 25, 2024, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/08\/26\/opinion\/ethiopia-somalia-conflict.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
36 <\/sup>Caleb Weiss, \u201cShabaab says it rejects Red Sea access deal between Ethiopia and Somaliland,\u201d Foundation for Defense of Democracies, January 2, 2024, https:\/\/www.fdd.org\/analysis\/2024\/01\/02\/shabaab-says-it-rejects-red-sea-access-deal-between-ethiopia-and-somaliland\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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