{"id":472576,"date":"2024-10-27T09:30:33","date_gmt":"2024-10-27T09:30:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=472576"},"modified":"2026-01-14T06:08:54","modified_gmt":"2026-01-14T06:08:54","slug":"%d9%85%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%af-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d9%85%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%af-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627: 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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646 176 \u0648177 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a.<a href=\"#endnote2\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u061f \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b\u061f \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (WGI) \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 2000 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2020.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c<a href=\"#endnote3\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u060c<a href=\"#endnote4\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a> \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a&#8221; (Afrobarometer) \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 &#8220;\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0628&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a (Gallup World Poll)\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 &#8220;\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0633&#8221; (Freedom House) \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0651\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0630\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627.<a href=\"#endnote5\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0651\u064a\u060c<a href=\"#endnote6\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a> \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a).<a href=\"#endnote7\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a> \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 25 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f.<a href=\"#endnote8\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 1 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644<\/p>\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-chart\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-src=\"visualisation\/19961208\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/visualisation\/19961208\/thumbnail\" width=\"100%\" alt=\"chart visualization\" \/><\/noscript><\/div>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629<\/strong>: \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 -2.5 \u06482.5<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/strong>: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote9\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 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href=\"#endnote10\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a.<a href=\"#endnote12\"><sup>12<\/sup><\/a> \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f.<a href=\"#endnote15\"><sup>15<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1). \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 (\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f R\u00b2=0.40 ) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f R\u00b2=0.62 ). \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1: \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"644\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"231\"><strong>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"233\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"180\"><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"231\">\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"180\">0.69<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"231\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td width=\"180\">0.62<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"231\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"180\">0.40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"231\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"180\">0.54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"231\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"180\">0.62<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"231\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td width=\"180\">0.89<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"231\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"180\">0.74<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"231\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"180\">0.74<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629<\/strong>: \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2015.<br \/>\n<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote16\"><sup>16<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064b \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 2). \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"479\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\"><strong>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"150\"><strong>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"156\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644<\/td>\n<td width=\"150\">-0.85<\/td>\n<td width=\"156\">0.44<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649<\/td>\n<td width=\"150\">-0.61<\/td>\n<td width=\"156\">0.55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<td width=\"150\">-0.29<\/td>\n<td width=\"156\">0.62<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644<\/td>\n<td width=\"150\">1.1<\/td>\n<td width=\"156\">0.74<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629<\/strong>: \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 -2.5 \u06482.5<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/strong>: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote17\"><sup>17<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0643\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 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class=\"flourish-embed flourish-chart\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-src=\"visualisation\/19960601\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/visualisation\/19960601\/thumbnail\" width=\"100%\" alt=\"chart visualization\" \/><\/noscript><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/strong>: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 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justify;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 3:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-472636 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Anticorruption-in-MENA25-05-1-1024x920.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"674\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Anticorruption-in-MENA25-05-1-1024x920.png 1024w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Anticorruption-in-MENA25-05-1-300x270.png 300w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Anticorruption-in-MENA25-05-1-768x690.png 768w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Anticorruption-in-MENA25-05-1-1536x1380.png 1536w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Anticorruption-in-MENA25-05-1-2048x1840.png 2048w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Anticorruption-in-MENA25-05-1-1568x1409.png 1568w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 750px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 750\/674;\" \/><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/strong>: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 2000 \u06482020.<a href=\"#endnote23\"><sup>23<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b 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Index). \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 &#8220;\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0644&#8221; \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2022 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote35\"><sup>35<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u200b\u200b\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631. \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 40 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644.<a href=\"#endnote36\"><sup>36<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f.<a href=\"#endnote42\"><sup>42<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064f\u0630\u0644\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064c \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote43\"><sup>43<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0634\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u064e\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0651 &#8220;\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639&#8221;\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629<a href=\"#endnote44\"><sup>44<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f.<a href=\"#endnote45\"><sup>45<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0632\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<hr \/>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup> \u201cCPI 2022 for Middle East &amp; North Africa: Corruption fuels ongoing conflict,\u201d Transparency International, accessed August 27, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transparency.org\/en\/news\/cpi-2022-middle-east-north-africa-corruption-fuels-ongoing-conflict\">https:\/\/www.transparency.org\/en\/news\/cpi-2022-middle-east-north-africa-corruption-fuels-ongoing-conflict<\/a> .<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup>\u201cCorruption Perceptions Index 2023,\u201d Transparency International, accessed August 27, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transparency.org\/en\/cpi\/2023?gad_source=1&amp;gclid=Cj0KCQjwltKxBhDMARIsAG8KnqUG1DapCIMlbpcvXQEUfx-Vxy5CqpoY6N1dIuDPkqIailV7cSqApuoaAkS1EALw_wcB\">https:\/\/www.transparency.org\/en\/cpi\/2023?gad_source=1&amp;gclid=Cj0KCQjwltKxBhDMARIsAG8KnqUG1DapCIMlbpcvXQEUfx-Vxy5CqpoY6N1dIuDPkqIailV7cSqApuoaAkS1EALw_wcB<\/a> .<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup>\u201cHome,\u201d World Governance Indicators, accessed August 31, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/worldwide-governance-indicators\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/worldwide-governance-indicators<\/a> .<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup> For a summary of the WGI Control of Corruption methodology, see Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi, \u201cThe Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues,\u201d <em>World Bank policy research working pape,r no. 5430<\/em>, (2010), <a href=\"https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1682130\">https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1682130<\/a> .<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup>See Charles P. Oman and Christiane Arndt, <em>Uses and Abuses of Governance Indicators,<\/em> (<em>OECD Development Centre Studies<\/em>, 2006), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/19900295\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/19900295<\/a>; for a more recent critique, see Yuen Yuen Ang, \u201cMismeasuring Corruption Lets Rich Countries Off the Hook,\u201d Project Syndicate<em>, <\/em>March 22, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.project-syndicate.org\/commentary\/corruption-perception-index-does-not-give-the-whole-picture-by-yuen-yuen-ang-2024-03\">https:\/\/www.project-syndicate.org\/commentary\/corruption-perception-index-does-not-give-the-whole-picture-by-yuen-yuen-ang-2024-03<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">6 <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup> See Zulfiqar Ali Imran et. al, \u201cMeasuring the impact of governance quality on stock market performance in developed countries,\u201d <em>Economic Research <\/em>33 no. 1, (August 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1331677X.2020.1774789\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1331677X.2020.1774789<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup> For a response, see Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi, \u201cWorldwide Governance Indicators Project: Answering the Critics,\u201d <em>World Bank Policy Research Working Paper no. 4149, <\/em>(2007)<em>, <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=965077\"><em>https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=965077<\/em><\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup> \u201cHome\u201d, World Governance Indicators, accessed August 31, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/worldwide-governance-indicators\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/worldwide-governance-indicators<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup> \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 &#8220;\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627. \u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644: \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a (\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637)\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup> For a discussion of the sources used for this metric, see World Governance Indicators, <em>Government Effectiveness,<\/em> World Bank, accessed August 31, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/content\/dam\/sites\/govindicators\/doc\/ge.pdf\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/content\/dam\/sites\/govindicators\/doc\/ge.pdf<\/a> .<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup> For a discussion of the sources used for this metric, see World Governance Indicators, <em>Voice and Accountability<\/em>, World Bank, accessed August 31, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/content\/dam\/sites\/govindicators\/doc\/va.pdf\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/content\/dam\/sites\/govindicators\/doc\/va.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup> For a discussion of the sources used for this metric, see World Governance Indicators, <em>Government Effectiveness,<\/em> World Bank, accessed August 31, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/content\/dam\/sites\/govindicators\/doc\/ge.pdf\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/content\/dam\/sites\/govindicators\/doc\/ge.pdf<\/a> .<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup> \u201cHome\u201d, World Governance Indicators, accessed August 31, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/worldwide-governance-indicators\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/worldwide-governance-indicators<\/a> ; World Development Indicators, \u201cGDP per capita (constant LCU)\u201d, accessed August 28, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.KN\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.KN<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup> \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f (\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 1.0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 0.0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629). \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup> For some recent examples of this debate, see David Ottaway, <em>Grim Prospects for Democracy Promotion in the Arab World<\/em>, (Washington D.C.: Wilson Center, February 19, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/article\/grim-prospects-democracy-promotion-arab-world?gad_source=1&amp;gclid=CjwKCAjwl4yyBhAgEiwADSEjeDfeQiu2LATeq4TYgDGwLsVd-cMQJKWywzW6VivofC791aq8X2Iv6hoC6jkQAvD_BwE\">https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/article\/grim-prospects-democracy-promotion-arab-world?gad_source=1&amp;gclid=CjwKCAjwl4yyBhAgEiwADSEjeDfeQiu2LATeq4TYgDGwLsVd-cMQJKWywzW6VivofC791aq8X2Iv6hoC6jkQAvD_BwE<\/a>; Imad K. Harb, <em>The Democracy Deficit in the Arab World<\/em>, (Washington D.C.: Arab Center, January 14, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/arabcenterdc.org\/resource\/the-democracy-deficit-in-the-arab-world\/\">https:\/\/arabcenterdc.org\/resource\/the-democracy-deficit-in-the-arab-world\/<\/a>; Shadi Hamid, \u201cThe Struggle for Middle East Democracy,\u201d Brookings, April 26, 2011, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/the-struggle-for-middle-east-democracy\/\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/the-struggle-for-middle-east-democracy\/<\/a>; Larry Diamond, \u201cThe Arab Democracy Deficit,\u201d Hoover Institution, September 29, 2010, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hoover.org\/research\/arab-democracy-deficit\">https:\/\/www.hoover.org\/research\/arab-democracy-deficit<\/a>; Amaney A. Jamal and Michael Robbins, \u201cWhy Democracy Stalled in the Middle East,\u201d <em>Foreign Affairs, <\/em>February 22, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2022-02-22\/why-democracy-stalled-middle-east\">https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2022-02-22\/why-democracy-stalled-middle-east<\/a>; Bernard Lewis, \u201cIslam and Liberal Democracy,\u201d <em>The Atlantic, <\/em>February 1993, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/archive\/1993\/02\/islam-and-liberal-democracy\/308509\/\">https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/archive\/1993\/02\/islam-and-liberal-democracy\/308509\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup> \u201cFreedom in the World,\u201d Freedom house, accessed August 27, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/report\/freedom-world\">https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/report\/freedom-world<\/a> .<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup> \u201cHome,\u201d World Governance Indicators, accessed August 31, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/worldwide-governance-indicators\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/worldwide-governance-indicators<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup> Anthony Cordesman, <em>The Greater Middle East: From the Arab Spring to the Axis of Failed States<\/em>, (Washington D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Affairs, August 24, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/greater-middle-east-arab-spring-axis-failed-states\">https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/greater-middle-east-arab-spring-axis-failed-states<\/a>; for an illustration of the fragmentation in Tunisia\u2019s parliament, see Thierry Br\u00e9sillon and Hamza Meddeb, <em>Reform from Crisis: How Tunisia Can Use Covid-19 as an Opportunity<\/em>, Policy Brief, (European Council on Foreign Relations, June 24, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/reform_from_crisis_how_tunisia_can_use_covid_19_as_an_opportunity\/\">https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/reform_from_crisis_how_tunisia_can_use_covid_19_as_an_opportunity\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup> Amnesty International, \u201cIraq: Four years after Tishreen protests, no justice for state and militia violence,\u201d September 27, 2023,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2023\/09\/iraq-four-years-after-tishreen-protests-no-justice-for-state-and-militia-violence\/\"> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2023\/09\/iraq-four-years-after-tishreen-protests-no-justice-for-state-and-militia-violence\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup> \u201cHome,\u201d World Governance Indicators, accessed August 31, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/worldwide-governance-indicators\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/worldwide-governance-indicators<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup> Michael Robbins, \u201cArab citizens know democracy\u2019s not perfect. They want it anyway,\u201d <em>The Washington Post,<\/em> July 21, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/2022\/07\/21\/arab-citizens-know-democracys-not-perfect-they-want-it-anyway\/\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/2022\/07\/21\/arab-citizens-know-democracys-not-perfect-they-want-it-anyway\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup> World Bank, <em>Logistics Performance Index 2023- Connecting to Compete<\/em>, (The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and The World Bank, 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/lpi.worldbank.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-04\/LPI_2023_report_with_layout.pdf\">https:\/\/lpi.worldbank.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-04\/LPI_2023_report_with_layout.pdf<\/a> page 10.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup> See Andrew Stone and Adele Barzelay, \u201cFacilitating Investment through the Cairo One-Stop Shop,\u201d in eds., Robert Beschel and Tarik Yousef, <em>Public Sector Reform in the Middle East and North Africa: Lessons of Experience for a Region in Transition,<\/em> (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/books\/public-sector-reform-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa\/\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/books\/public-sector-reform-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup> Deepa Iyer, <em>Creating a \u2018Citizen Friendly\u2019 Department: Speeding Document Production in Jordan, 1991-1996<\/em>, Innovations for Successful Societies, (New Jersey: Princeton University, 2010), <a href=\"https:\/\/successfulsocieties.princeton.edu\/sites\/g\/files\/toruqf5601\/files\/Citizen%20Friendly%20Jordan_ToU_1_0.pdf\">https:\/\/successfulsocieties.princeton.edu\/sites\/g\/files\/toruqf5601\/files\/Citizen%20Friendly%20Jordan_ToU_1_0.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup> \u201cDubai Now App,\u201d Digital Dubai, accessed August 27, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.digitaldubai.ae\/entities\/dubai-now\">https:\/\/www.digitaldubai.ae\/entities\/dubai-now<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup> United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, <em>E-Government Survey 2022- The future of Digital Government, <\/em>(New York: United Nations, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/desapublications.un.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2022-09\/Web%20version%20E-Government%202022.pdf\">https:\/\/desapublications.un.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2022-09\/Web%20version%20E-Government%202022.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup> World Bank, <em>From Privilege to Competition: Unlocking Private-led Growth in the Middle East and North Africa<\/em> (Washington D.C.: World Bank, 2009), 3, <a href=\"https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/144601468276305506\/from-privilege-to-competition-unlocking-private-led-growth-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa\">https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/144601468276305506\/from-privilege-to-competition-unlocking-private-led-growth-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup> Ibid, 4<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31 <\/sup> World Bank Group, <em>Doing Business 2020- Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies<\/em>, (Washington D.C.: World Bank, 2020), 13, <a href=\"https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/688761571934946384\/pdf\/Doing-Business-2020-Comparing-Business-Regulation-in-190-Economies.pdf\">https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/688761571934946384\/pdf\/Doing-Business-2020-Comparing-Business-Regulation-in-190-Economies.pdf<\/a>;Andrea Shalal, \u201cExternal review finds deeper rot in World Bank &#8216;Doing Business&#8217; rankings,\u201d<em> Reuters,<\/em> September 21, 2021, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/external-review-finds-deeper-rot-world-bank-doing-business-rankings-2021-09-<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0635 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2020 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221;.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33 <\/sup> <em>From Privilege to Competition<\/em>, 9-10<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34 <\/sup> Basel Institute on Governance, <em>Basel AML Index 2023: 12th Public Edition- Ranking money laundering and terrorist financing risks around the world<\/em>, (Switzerland: Basel Institute on Governance, 2023), 40, <a href=\"https:\/\/baselgovernance.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-11\/Basel%20AML%20Index%202023%2012th%20Edition.pdf\">https:\/\/baselgovernance.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-11\/Basel%20AML%20Index%202023%2012th%20Edition.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35 <\/sup> \u201cEnhancing the United Arab Emirates\u2019 Response to Fighting Money Laundering and Countering Terrorism Financing Activities,\u201d Executive Office of Anti-Money Laundering and Counter Terrorism Financing, accessed August 27, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/amlctf.gov.ae\/en\">https:\/\/amlctf.gov.ae\/en<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36 <\/sup> \u201cThe right to information around the world,\u201d ARTICLE 19, accessed August 27, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/right-to-information-around-the-world\/\">https:\/\/www.article19.org\/right-to-information-around-the-world\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37 <\/sup> \u201cMembers,\u201d Open Government Partnership, accessed August 27, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.opengovpartnership.org\/our-members\/\">https:\/\/www.opengovpartnership.org\/our-members\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup> \u201cUnited Arab Emirates,\u201d Open Data Watch, August 9, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/odin.opendatawatch.com\/Report\/countryProfileUpdated\/ARE?year=2022\">https:\/\/odin.opendatawatch.com\/Report\/countryProfileUpdated\/ARE?year=2022<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39 <\/sup> \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40 <\/sup> For Jordan\u2019s Integrity &amp; Anticorruption Commission\u2019s annual reports, see \u201cAnnual Reports,\u201d Integrity &amp; Anti-Corruption Commission, accessed August 31, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jiacc.gov.jo\/En\/List\/Annual_Reports\">https:\/\/www.jiacc.gov.jo\/En\/List\/Annual_Reports<\/a>. For Iraq\u2019s Federal Commission of Integrity reports, see Federal Commission of integrity (FCOI), accessed August 31, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/nazaha.iq\/verify\/index.php?url=\/en_default.asp\">https:\/\/nazaha.iq\/verify\/index.php?url=\/en_default.asp<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41 <\/sup> Gael Raball and Francesca Recanatini, \u201cCorruption in Fragile, Conflict and Violent Settings: False dilemmas and inadequate toolbox?,\u201d <em>World Bank Blogs,<\/em> July 11, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/en\/governance\/corruption-fragile-conflict-and-violent-settings-false-dilemmas-and-inadequate-toolbox\">https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/en\/governance\/corruption-fragile-conflict-and-violent-settings-false-dilemmas-and-inadequate-toolbox<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42 <\/sup> Sofia Wickberg, \u201cLiterature Review on Corruption in Fragile States,\u201d <em>U4 Expert Answer<\/em>, (2013), <a href=\"https:\/\/knowledgehub.transparency.org\/assets\/uploads\/helpdesk\/360_Literature_review_on_corruption_in_fragile_states.pdf\">https:\/\/knowledgehub.transparency.org\/assets\/uploads\/helpdesk\/360_Literature_review_on_corruption_in_fragile_states.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43 <\/sup> As per Arab Barometer data, in 2021-2022 48% of respondents in Morocco, 35% in Jordan, 33% in Kuwait, and only 11% in Lebanon believed their government is cracking down on corruption to a large\/medium extent. See Arab Barometer, <em>Arab Barometer VII Lebanon report, <\/em>(Arab Barometer: September 2022), 14, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/ABVII_Lebanon_Country_Report-ENG.pdf\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/ABVII_Lebanon_Country_Report-ENG.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44 <\/sup> \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 2021 \u06482022\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f 48 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u064835 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u064833 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u064811 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\/\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":472574,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[113],"programs":[],"publication_type":[90],"class_list":["post-472576","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","geographic_area-113","publication_type-90","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/472576","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/472574"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=472576"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=472576"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=472576"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=472576"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=472576"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=472576"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}