{"id":472362,"date":"2024-09-30T09:53:57","date_gmt":"2024-09-30T09:53:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&p=472362"},"modified":"2024-10-06T09:44:36","modified_gmt":"2024-10-06T09:44:36","slug":"%d8%a5%d8%ab%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%b9%d9%89-%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%af-%d9%85%d9%86%d9%81%d8%b0-%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d9%87%d9%84-%d9%8a%d9%87%d8%af%d9%91%d8%af","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a5%d8%ab%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%b9%d9%89-%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%af-%d9%85%d9%86%d9%81%d8%b0-%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d9%87%d9%84-%d9%8a%d9%87%d8%af%d9%91%d8%af\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a: \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0628\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b> \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631:<\/span><\/b> \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629<\/span>\u060c <\/span>\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u064e\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627:<\/span><\/b> \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0622\u0628\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span>\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/b> \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064c \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 <\/span>\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643<\/span> \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064d \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u064e\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630\u064d \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0632\u0639\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u064a <\/span>\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/span>. <\/span>\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630\u064d \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/span> \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062d\u062c\u062c: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0623 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a “[\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639] \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646<\/span> \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0623 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/span>“.<\/span>2<\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u064a\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 95 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/span>3<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 -\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062b\u0645\u0646\u064c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0647.<\/span>4<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064f \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2024\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064d \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f) \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0651\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/span>5<\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0631\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a<\/span>\u060c <\/span>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636.<\/span>7<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064e\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0641\u0651\u0641 \u0622\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 “\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0640[<\/span>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632<\/span>] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636<\/span>“.<\/span>8<\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a”<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u0628\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2023 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span>9<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064d \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c<\/span>10<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0637\u062a<\/span> \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1865 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631.<\/span>11<\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0636\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0646\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 “\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0648\u0639” \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 12<\/sup><\/a>.<\/span>1884<\/span> \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/span>13<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1941 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <\/span>14<\/sup><\/span><\/a>.<\/span>1952<\/span> \u063700\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1931\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u0639\u0632\u0645\u0629<\/span>.<\/span>15<\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/span>.<\/span>xvi<\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a.<\/span>17<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u060c<\/span>18<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631.<\/span>19<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0648<\/span>\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1991\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630\u064d \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631.<\/span>20<\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064e\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0622\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647<\/span>: “<\/span>\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2030\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0635\u0644 [\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627] \u0625\u0644\u0649 150 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629<\/span>…<\/span> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064f\u0647\u0645 150 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0646\u064d \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/span>“.<\/span>21<\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629\u064f \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/span>22<\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u064f<\/span> \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f <\/span>\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/span>23<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u064e<\/span> \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629\u064c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644<\/span>24<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631.<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u063a\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0632\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/span>25<\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644.<\/span>26<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0639\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0631 2020\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631.<\/span>27<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u064e\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u062a\u064a “\u062f\u064a \u0628\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0644\u062f” <\/span>(DP World)<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626<\/span> “<\/span>\u0628\u064a & \u0623\u0648” <\/span>(P&O Ports) <\/span>\u0648\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u064f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a.<\/span>28<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0622\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0639\u062f\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/span>29<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064e\u0639\u064e\u062f\u062a \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 “\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642” \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629.<\/span>30<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c<\/span> \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0650\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0630\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0651\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0634\u0648 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628.<\/span>31<\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0648\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062f\u064a \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a. \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0639\u064a \u0622\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0631\u0629.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0647\u0634\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/span>38<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627 <\/span>“<\/span>\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648<\/span>“<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627.<\/span>39<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f <\/span>\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c<\/span>40<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064e \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 -\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u064d \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645- \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0622\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0622\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/span>41<\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0651\u0629<\/span> \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633.<\/span>42<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u062a\u0636\u062e\u0651\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/span>43<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0644\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646.<\/span>44<\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a\u064f \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0622\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062e\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u064d \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644.<\/span>45<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 <\/span>\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627<\/span>\u060c <\/span>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0647\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0622\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630\u064d \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064c \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064e\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0622\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 2004 \u06482017 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635.<\/span>46<\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a. \u0644\u0643\u0646 <\/span>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/span>\u060c <\/span>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630\u064d \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a <\/span>\u0648\u0623\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0631\u0651\u062d \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0634\u0648 “\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b” \u0628\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u064d \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a “\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a” \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.47<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0648- \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646-\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 (<\/span>LAPSSET<\/span>) \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064c \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/span>48<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0648.<\/span>49<\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a 5 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2018 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 <\/span>\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/span>54<\/sup><\/span><\/a> \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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1 <\/sup>Anthony Squazzin, \u201cWhy Is Abiy Threatening Ethiopia\u2019s Neighbors?: Next Africa,\u201d Bloomberg<\/em>, October 20, 2023, https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/newsletters\/2023-10-20\/why-is-ethiopia-s-abiy-ahmed-demanding-access-to-the-sea<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
2 <\/sup>\u201cFeature: \u2018A Population of 150 Million Can\u2019t Live in a Geographic Prison\u2019 \u2013 PM Abiy Ahmed,\u201d Addis Standard, <\/em>October 14, 2023, https:\/\/addisstandard.com\/feature-a-population-of-150-million-cant-live-in-a-geographic-prison-pm-abiy-ahmed\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
3 <\/sup>Hailu Gelana Ero, \u201cAnalysing Opportunities and Obstacles in Ethio-Djibouti Relations: Post-Cold War Era Historical Analysis,\u201d Current Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities <\/em>6, no. 2 (2023): 223, https:\/\/journalofsocialsciences.org\/pdf\/vol6no2\/CRJSSH_Vol06_No2_p_219-229.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
4 <\/sup>Guled Ahmed, Djibouti Needs a Plan B for the Post-Guelleh Era<\/em>, (Washington, DC: Middle East Institute, July 20, 2021), https:\/\/mei.edu\/publications\/djibouti-needs-plan-b-post-guelleh-era<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
5 <\/sup>\u201cThe Stakes in the Ethiopia-Somaliland Deal,\u201d International Crisis Group, March 6, 2024, https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/horn-africa\/ethiopia-somaliland\/stakes-ethiopia-somaliland-deal<\/a>; Abdi Sheikh and Abdiqani Hassan, \u201cSomalia Rejects Port Deal between Ethiopia and Somaliland,\u201d Reuters, January 2, 2024, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/somalias-cabinet-calls-emergency-meet-ethiopia-somaliland-port-deal-2024-01-02\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
6 <\/sup>World Bank Statistical Database, \u201cPopulation, Total \u2013 Ethiopia,\u201d accessed August 29, 2024, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=ET<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
7 <\/sup>Squazzin, \u201cWhy is Abiy Threatening Ethiopia\u2019s Neighbors?\u201d<\/h6>\n
8 <\/sup>Faisal A. Roble, \u201cThe Historical Search for a Sea Outlet and Leadership Legacy,\u201d Wardheer News<\/em>, December 1, 2023, https:\/\/wardheernews.com\/the-historical-search-for-a-sea-outlet-and-leadership-legacy<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
9 <\/sup>Zecharia Zelalem, \u201cIs Landlocked Ethiopia Starting Another War over Ports in the Horn of Africa?\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, November 7, 2023, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2023\/11\/7\/is-landlocked-ethiopia-starting-another-war-over-ports-in-horn-of-africa<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
10 <\/sup>Donald Levine, Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society<\/em>, (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 1-256, https:\/\/press.uchicago.edu\/ucp\/books\/book\/chicago\/G\/bo3621292.html<\/a>; Harold Marcus, A History of Ethiopia, Updated Edition<\/em> (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002), 1-336, https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/books\/a-history-of-ethiopia\/paper<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
11 <\/sup>Geoffrey Charles Last and John Markakis, \u201cEritrea: Contesting the Coastlands and Beyond,\u201d Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>, August 25, 2024, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Eritrea\/Contesting-for-the-coastlands-and-beyond<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
12 <\/sup>\u201cHewett Treaty,\u201d Sewasew<\/em>, accessed February 16, 2024, https:\/\/en.sewasew.com\/p\/hewett-treaty<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
13 <\/sup>\u201cEritrea: Massawa,\u201d Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>, accessed August 29, 2024, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Massawa<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
14 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n
15 <\/sup>Roble, \u201cThe Historical Search.\u201d<\/h6>\n
16 <\/sup>Amanuel Biedemariam, The History of the USA in Eritrea: From Franklin D. Roosevelt To Barack Obama and How Donald Trump Changed The Course Of History<\/em> (USA: CPISA, 2020), 1-200.<\/h6>\n
17 <\/sup>Bereket Habte Selassie, Eritrea and the United Nations and Other Essays<\/em> (New Brunswick, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1989), 1-174; Biedemariam, 2020, 1-200.<\/h6>\n
18 <\/sup>Tekeste Negash, Eritrea and Ethiopia: The Federal Experience<\/em> (Uppsala: The Nordic Africa Institute, 1997), 78, https:\/\/www.diva-portal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:272775\/FULLTEXT01.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
19 <\/sup>Redie Bereketeab, \u201cEritrea, a Colonial Creation: A Case of Aborted Decolonisation,\u201d in Self-determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-colonial State<\/em> (London and New York: Routledge, 2015), 235-252.<\/h6>\n
20 <\/sup>Mohamed Kheir Omer, \u201cAre Ethiopia and Eritrea on the Path to War?,\u201d Foreign Policy<\/em>, November 17, 2023, https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2023\/11\/07\/ethiopia-eritrea-war-tplf\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
21 <\/sup>Tafi Mhaka, \u201cAbiy Ahmed\u2019s imperial ambitions are bad news for Africa, and the world,\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, November 14, 2023, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2023\/11\/14\/abiy-ahmeds-imperial-ambitions-are-bad-news-for-africa-and-the-world<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
22 <\/sup>Radoslav Yordanov, The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa During the Cold War: Between Ideology and Pragmatism<\/em> (Lanham, MA: Lexington Books, 2016), 1-291.<\/h6>\n
23 <\/sup>Long Ding, \u201cThe Evolving Roles of the Gulf States in the Horn of Africa,\u201d\u00a0Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies<\/em>\u00a018, no. 1 (May 4, 2024): 1-14, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/25765949.2024.2340332<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
24 <\/sup>Bekele Jemallu Jember, \u201cEvolving Ethio-Gulf Economic and Political Relations: The Challenges and Opportunities,\u201d Open Journal of Social Sciences<\/em> 9, no.10 (October 2021): 267-287, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/jss.2021.910019<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
25 <\/sup>Roy Pateman, \u201cEritrea, Ethiopia, and the Middle Eastern Powers: Image and Reality,\u201d Northeast African Studies<\/em> 8, no. 2\/3 (1986): 23-39, https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43660368<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
26 <\/sup>Mohammed Seid Mohammed, \u201cThe Red Sea Regional Security Complex: The Implications of the Red Sea Forum for Ethiopia National Security,\u201d Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies<\/em> 18, no. 1 (April 20, 2024): 15-31, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/25765949.2024.2343232<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
27 <\/sup>Abdeta Dribssa Beyena, \u201cThe Horn of Africa and the Gulf: Shifting Power Plays in the Red Sea,\u201d The Africa Report<\/em>, November 16, 2020, https:\/\/www.theafricareport.com\/50499\/the-horn-of-africa-and-the-gulf-shifting-power-plays-in-the-red-sea\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
28 <\/sup>Taimur Khan, Gulf Strategic Interests Reshaping the Horn of Africa<\/em> (Washington, DC: The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington, November 27, 2018), 4, https:\/\/agsiw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Khan_GCC-Horn-of-Africa_ONLINE.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
29 <\/sup>Sheikh and Hassan, \u201cSomalia Rejects Port Deal.\u201d<\/h6>\n
30 <\/sup>International Crisis Group, \u201cThe Stakes in the Ethiopia-Somaliland Deal.\u201d<\/h6>\n
31 <\/sup>Markus Virgil Hoehne, \u201cTrade, Conflict and Fragmentation: The Horn\u2019s Crisis of Sovereignty,\u201d African Arguments<\/em>, January 5, 2024, https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2024\/01\/trade-conflict-and-fragmentation-the-horns-crisis-of-sovereignty\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
32 <\/sup>\u201c\u2018Securing Red Sea Access Vital for Ethiopia\u2019s Survival,\u2019 Abiy Ahmed,\u201d Ethiopia Observer<\/em>, October 15, 2023, https:\/\/www.ethiopiaobserver.com\/2023\/10\/15\/securing-red-sea-access-vital-for-ethiopias-survival-abiy-ahmed\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
33 <\/sup>\u201cEthiopia, Eritrea Sign Peace Deal at Saudi Arabia Summit,\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, September 17, 2018, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2018\/9\/17\/ethiopia-eritrea-sign-peace-deal-at-saudi-arabia-summit<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
34 <\/sup>Tigray Media Network, \u201cWhat Do Ethiopians Know about Eritrea,\u201d YouTube, June 28, 2024, 10:37pm, https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Nn1E—6-uo<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
35 <\/sup>Federico Donelli, \u201cEritrea and Sudan in Ethiopia\u2019s Tigray Conflict and Implications for the Horn of Africa,\u201d Trends Research & Advisory, <\/em>October 30, 2022, https:\/\/trendsresearch.org\/insight\/eritrea-and-sudan-in-ethiopias-tigray-conflict-and-implications-for-the-horn-of-africa\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
36 <\/sup>Stephanie Nebehay & Dawit Endeshaw, \u201cJoint UN, Ethiopia Rights Team: All Sides Committed Abuses in Tigray,\u201d Reuters, November 3, 2021, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/cop\/un-ethiopia-rights-commission-release-report-abuses-tigray-2021-11-03\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
37 <\/sup>Giulia Paravicini, \u201cNearly Half the People in Ethiopia’s Tigray in ‘Severe’ Need of Food Aid, World Food Programme Says,\u201d Reuters, August 20, 2022, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/nearly-half-people-ethiopias-tigray-need-food-aid-wfp-2022-08-19\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
38 <\/sup>Center for Preventative Action, \u201cGlobal Conflict Tracker: Conflict in Ethiopia,\u201d Council on Foreign Relations, December 19, 2023, https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/global-conflict-tracker\/conflict\/conflict-ethiopia<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
39 <\/sup>Alex de Waal, \u201cAhmed Eyes Red Sea Port, Inflaming Tensions,\u201d BBC<\/em>, November 8, 2023, https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-67332811<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
40 <\/sup>Center for Preventative Action, \u201cGlobal Conflict Tracker.\u201d<\/h6>\n
41 <\/sup>Tigray Media Network, \u201cWhat Do Ethiopians Know about Eritrea.\u201d<\/h6>\n
42 <\/sup>Hoehne, \u201cTrade, Conflict and Fragmentation.\u201d<\/h6>\n
43 <\/sup>\u201cUS Removes Ethiopia, Mali and Guinea from AGOA Trade Programme,\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, January 2, 2022, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/1\/2\/us-removes-ethiopia-mali-and-guinea-from-agoa-trade-programme<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
44 <\/sup>\u201cAfrica\u2019s Tiger Economy Is Shot,\u201d The Economist<\/em>, February 29, 2024, https:\/\/www.economist.com\/middle-east-and-africa\/2024\/02\/29\/africas-tiger-economy-is-shot<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
45 <\/sup>de Waal, \u201cAhmed Eyes Red Sea Port.\u201d<\/h6>\n
46 <\/sup>The Economist, \u201cAfrica\u2019s Tiger Economy Is Shot.\u201d<\/h6>\n
47 <\/sup>Giulia Paravicini, \u201cSomalia Refuses to Accept Ethiopian Naval Base in Breakaway Region,\u201d Reuters, April 12, 2024, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/somalia-says-it-will-never-accept-ethiopian-naval-base-somaliland-2024-04-12\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
48 <\/sup>Namhla Matshanda, \u201cLandlocked Ethiopia Wants Better Sea Access: A Port Deal with Neighbours Could Benefit the Region,\u201d The Conversation<\/em>, August 29, 2023, https:\/\/theconversation.com\/landlocked-ethiopia-wants-better-sea-access-a-port-deal-with-neighbours-could-benefit-the-region-211759<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
49 <\/sup>Gerald Andae, \u201cDjibouti Hit as Ethiopia Shifts Transit Cargo to Port of Lamu,\u201d Business Day Africa<\/em>, May 14, 2024, https:\/\/businessdayafrica.org\/2129-2\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
50 <\/sup>International Crisis Group, \u201cThe Stakes in the Ethiopia-Somaliland Deal.\u201d<\/h6>\n
51 <\/sup>Carol Pineau, Eritrea-Ethiopia Peace: Seismic Shifts Throughout a Strategic Zone<\/em>, (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, July 25, 2018), https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/eritrea-ethiopia-peace-seismic-shifts-throughout-strategic-zone<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
52 <\/sup>Aaron Maasho, \u201cShip Docks, Road Upgrade Planned as Eritrea, Ethiopia Ties Strengthen,\u201d Reuters, September 5, 2018, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/world\/ship-docks-road-upgrade-planned-as-eritrea-ethiopia-ties-strengthen-idUSKCN1LL2GR\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n
53 <\/sup>Ero, \u201cAnalysing Opportunities and Obstacles,\u201d 223.<\/h6>\n
54 <\/sup>\u201cJoint Declaration of Peace and Friendship between Eritrea and Ethiopia,\u201d International Legal Materials 58, no. 1 (February 2019), 237-239, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ilm.2019.4<\/a>.<\/h6>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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