{"id":472019,"date":"2024-08-22T15:27:37","date_gmt":"2024-08-22T15:27:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=472019"},"modified":"2024-09-01T12:03:59","modified_gmt":"2024-09-01T12:03:59","slug":"%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%82%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%ab-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%91%d9%81%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%82%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%ab-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%91%d9%81%d8%aa\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u062a\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a 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class=\"alignnone wp-image-472049 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Libya-map-AR-1024x663.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"486\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Libya-map-AR-1024x663.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Libya-map-AR-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Libya-map-AR-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Libya-map-AR-1536x994.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Libya-map-AR-2048x1326.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Libya-map-AR-1568x1015.jpg 1568w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 750px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 750\/486;\" \/><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: Liveuamap (July 2024) and Aude Thomas (2020).<a href=\"#endnote15\"><sup>15<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a \u0644\u0633\u062f\u0651\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062c\u0645\u062a 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\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0622\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0644&#8221; \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 (Arsel Construction) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646.<a href=\"#endnote18\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"#endnote19\"><sup>19<\/sup><\/a>.2010 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u062a &#8220;\u0622\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0644&#8221; \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646) \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 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href=\"#endnote22\"><sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.2011<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2021 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651 2012 \u0648<a href=\"#endnote23\"><sup>23<\/sup><\/a>.2013 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"#endnote24\"><sup>24<\/sup><\/a>.2011 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2018 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0634\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote25\"><sup>25<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u062a 335 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a 2021 \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c<a href=\"#endnote26\"><sup>26<\/sup><\/a> \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0641\u062a\u0631. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 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\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h6><\/h6>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup>Lefteris Papadimas and Nina Chestney, \u201cMediterranean&#8217;s Devastating Storm Daniel may Be Harbinger of Storms to Come,\u201d Reuters, September 12, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/reut.rs\/4a0iech\">https:\/\/reut.rs\/4a0iech<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup>United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, <em>Libya: Flood Response: Humanitarian Update,<\/em> (Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, March 20, 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unocha.org\/publications\/report\/libya\/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-20-march-2024-enar\">https:\/\/www.unocha.org\/publications\/report\/libya\/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-20-march-2024-enar<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup>Andrea Cellino, <em>Derna Floods Reconstruction: Mirror of Libya (And International) Failures<\/em>, (Milan, Italy: Italian Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI), January 26, 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/en\/publication\/derna-floods-reconstruction-mirror-of-libya-and-international-failures-161789\">https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/en\/publication\/derna-floods-reconstruction-mirror-of-libya-and-international-failures-161789<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup>The World Bank, <em>Libya Storm and Flooding 2023: Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment,<\/em> (Washington, DC: The World Bank, January 24, 2024), 21, <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/4c0KQUA\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/4c0KQUA<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup>Roger Pielke Jr, \u201cTrends in Flooding in Africa: They are not what you think,\u201d <em>The Honest Broker<\/em>, September 13, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Tk3ijq\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Tk3ijq<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>\u201cLibya\u2019s Kleptocratic Boom,\u201d <em>The Sentry<\/em>, November 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/4c0wweI\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/4c0wweI<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup>\u201cLibya Economic Outlook,\u201d African Development Bank, accessed July 1, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.afdb.org\/en\/countries\/north-africa\/libya\/libya-economic-outlook#:~:text=Libya%27s%20economy%20is%20heavily%20dependent,by%20the%20improved%20security%20situation\">https:\/\/www.afdb.org\/en\/countries\/north-africa\/libya\/libya-economic-outlook#:~:text=Libya%27s%20economy%20is%20heavily%20dependent,by%20the%20improved%20security%20situation<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup>Jason Pack,<em> It\u2019s the Economy Stupid: How Libya\u2019s Civil War Is Rooted in Its Economic Structures,<\/em> (Rome, Italy: Istituto Affari Internazionali, 2019), 1-28, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iai.it\/sites\/default\/files\/iaip1917.pdf\">https:\/\/www.iai.it\/sites\/default\/files\/iaip1917.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup>Wolfram Lacher, <em>Libya\u2019s Militias Have Become the State: Dimensions and Consequences of a Consolidation Process<\/em>, (Berlin, Germany: Stifung Wissenschaft und Politik, July 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.swp-berlin.org\/publications\/products\/comments\/2023C44_Libya_s_Militias.pdf\">https:\/\/www.swp-berlin.org\/publications\/products\/comments\/2023C44_Libya_s_Militias.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup>\u201cStrongman Haftar and sons tighten grip on eastern Libya\u201d, <em>Arab News<\/em>, June 15, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2530946\/middle-east\">https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2530946\/middle-east.<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup>Emadeddin Badi, <em>Exploring Armed Groups in Libya: Perspectives on Security Sector Reform in a Hybrid Environment<\/em>, (Geneva, Switzerland: Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance, November 23, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/ExploringArmedGroupsinLibya_0.pdf\">https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/ExploringArmedGroupsinLibya_0.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup>Tarek Megerisi, <em>Geostrategic Dimensions of Libya\u2019s Civil War,<\/em> Africa Security Brief No. 37, (Washington, DC: Africa Center for Strategic Studies, May 18, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/ye26xvhb\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/ye26xvhb<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>Anchal Vohra, \u201cIt\u2019s Syrian vs. Syrian in Libya,\u201d <em>Foreign Policy<\/em>, May 5, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2020\/05\/05\/libya-civil-conflict-syrian-mercenaries-turkey-russia-gna-haftar\/\">https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2020\/05\/05\/libya-civil-conflict-syrian-mercenaries-turkey-russia-gna-haftar\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup>Jason Pack and Wolfgang Pusztai,<em> Turning the Tide: How Turkey Won the War for Tripoli, <\/em>Policy Paper, (Washinton, DC: Middle East Institute, November 2020), 8, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-11\/Turning%20the%20Tide%20-%20How%20Turkey%20Won%20the%20War%20for%20Tripoli.pdf\">https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-11\/Turning%20the%20Tide%20-%20How%20Turkey%20Won%20the%20War%20for%20Tripoli.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup>&#8220;Libya,&#8221; Liveuamap, accessed July 31, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Flibya.liveuamap.com%2F&amp;data=05%7C02%7Cffreifer%40mecouncil.org%7Cbd6c9ef67f2545b63d3e08dcb158a619%7C93756c6305a44e359f6587684af8a24d%7C0%7C0%7C638580241508579652%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=AhCcx3cpHv8NIq%2F9v8b8Voa%2BMiLB1xwtJzD4XBrTe3I%3D&amp;reserved=0\">https:\/\/libya.liveuamap.com\/<\/a>; Aude Thomas, <em>The Turkey-UAE Race to the Bottom in Libya: A Prelude to Escalation, <\/em>(Paris, France: Foundation for Strategic Research, July 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frstrategie.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Frecherches-et-documents%2F2020%2F202008.pdf&amp;data=05%7C02%7Cffreifer%40mecouncil.org%7Cbd6c9ef67f2545b63d3e08dcb158a619%7C93756c6305a44e359f6587684af8a24d%7C0%7C0%7C638580241508587616%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=4RGrgqZA0p6oqxCd4bcHQWl1nBYEFy%2FT9CgJu%2BN6n9I%3D&amp;reserved=0\">https:\/\/www.frstrategie.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/publications\/recherches-et-documents\/2020\/202008.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>\u201cFloods in Libya: Why the Dams Built by Yugoslav Companies Broke,\u201d <em>Vijesti Online<\/em>, September 15, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.vijesti.me\/bbc\/673761\/floods-in-Libya%2C-why-did-the-dams-built-by-Yugoslav-companies-break%3F\">https:\/\/en.vijesti.me\/bbc\/673761\/floods-in-Libya%2C-why-did-the-dams-built-by-Yugoslav-companies-break%3F<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>Benoit Faucon and Jared Malsin, \u201cBehind Libya\u2019s Dam Catastrophe Lies a Long Trail of Conflict and Corruption,\u201d <em>Wall Street Journal<\/em>, September 24, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/world\/behind-libyas-dam-catastrophe-lies-a-long-trail-of-conflict-and-corruption-fa58c57\">https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/world\/behind-libyas-dam-catastrophe-lies-a-long-trail-of-conflict-and-corruption-fa58c57<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup>Ragip Soylu, \u201cLibya Floods: A Turkish Firm Said It Repaired Derna&#8217;s Dam. But Did It?,\u201d <em>Middle East Eye<\/em>, September 19, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/36meuskp\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/36meuskp<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup>\u201cDerna and Bu Mansur Dams Rehabilitation Project,\u201d Arsel Construction Company Limited, Accessed June 24, 2024,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2bednyjf\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2bednyjf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup>\u201cMadha iktashafat hukumat al-wahdat al-liybiat bi-khusus siyanat al-siddin al-munharayn fi derna?\u201d [What Did the Libyan Unity Government Discover Regarding the Maintenance of the Two Collapsed Dams in Derna?], <em>Sputnik Arabic<\/em>, September 14, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/zxjax4n7\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/zxjax4n7<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup>\u201cKaddafi&#8217;nin ate\u015fi 40 milyon dolar\u0131 yakt\u0131\u201d [Gaddafi&#8217;s fire burned $40 million], <em>Haber Turk<\/em>, February 20, 2011, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/a2fe9jen\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/a2fe9jen<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup>Libyan Audit Bureau,<em> At-taqrir as-sanawi li-diwan al-muhasabat al-liybi 2021m<\/em> [Annual Report of the Libyan Audit Bureau 2021], (Tripoli, Libya: Libyan Audit Bureau, September 20, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5n8px84d\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5n8px84d<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup>Chris Stephen, \u201cUS Expresses Fears as ISIS Takes Control of Northern Libyan Town,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, December 6, 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/ywt829jj\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/ywt829jj<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup>Ayman Al-Warfalli, \u201cHaftar&#8217;s Forces Say They Have Captured Libyan City of Derna,\u201d Reuters, June 29, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5y4wn7yr\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5y4wn7yr<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup>\u201cGovernment of National Unity Launches $335 Million Fund to Rebuild Benghazi, Derna,\u201d <em>Libyan Express<\/em>, May 8, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/293s7f3s\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/293s7f3s<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup>Jason Pack and Stefano Marcuzzi, <em>The Libyan Banking Sector: A Microcosm of Global Enduring Disorder<\/em>, (Washington, DC: Middle East Institute, March 13, 2023), 9-12, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/The%20Libyan%20Banking%20Sector%20-%20A%20Microcosm%20of%20Global%20Enduring%20Disorder_3.pdf\">https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/The%20Libyan%20Banking%20Sector%20-%20A%20Microcosm%20of%20Global%20Enduring%20Disorder_3.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup>\u201cHaftar&#8217;s Forces Threaten to Attack Turkish Interests in Libya,\u201d <em>Arab News<\/em>, June 29, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2eetsz2a\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2eetsz2a<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup>\u201cCasualties in Libya Floods Could Have Been Avoided with Warning System, Says WMO Chief,\u201d YouTube, September 14, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2z3h5m6d\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2z3h5m6d<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup>\u201cHukumat hamad ta\u2019alan at-tawari\u2019 sharq libia bisabab su&#8217; &#8216;ahwal at-taqs khilal al-&#8216;ayam al-thalatha al-qadima\u201d [The Government of Hammad Declares a State of Emergency in Eastern Libya Due to Severe Weather Conditions Expected in the Coming Three Days], <em>Alwasat, <\/em>September 8, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2b4mhpzs\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2b4mhpzs<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31 <\/sup>Abdelwanees Ashoor, \u201cEstimation of the Surface Runoff Depth of Wadi Derna Basin by Integrating the Geographic Information Systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) Model,\u201d <em>Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences<\/em>, 21(2), 90\u2013100, November 27, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51984\/jopas.v21i2.2137\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51984\/jopas.v21i2.2137<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup>Jason Pack and Verity Hubbard, \u201cHow Division and Disorder Led to Devastation in Libya,\u201d <em>Foreign Policy<\/em>, September 22, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4wj2m56y\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4wj2m56y<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33 <\/sup>\u201cHazr tajwal fi darna bisabab su&#8217; al-&#8216;ahwal al-jawwiya\u201d [Curfew Imposed in Derna Due to Bad Weather Conditions], <em>Alwasat, <\/em>September 10, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4rnujar3\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4rnujar3<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34 <\/sup>Claudia Gazzini, \u201cWhen the Dams in Libya Burst: A Natural or Preventable Disaster?\u201d <em>International Crisis Group<\/em>, October 2, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/49pv64xs\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/49pv64xs<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35 <\/sup>Abdirahim Saeed, Nader Ibrahim, and Yassmin Mahmoud, \u201cLibya Floods: the Flawed Response that Increased Derna Death Toll,\u201d <em>BBC News<\/em>, October 10, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4z8p3z64\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4z8p3z64<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36 <\/sup>United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, <em>Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update<\/em>, (Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, January 16, 2024), 1, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unocha.org\/publications\/report\/libya\/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-16-january-2024\">https:\/\/www.unocha.org\/publications\/report\/libya\/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-16-january-2024<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37 <\/sup>United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, <em>Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update<\/em>, (Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, September 28, 2023), 1, <a href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/libya\/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-28-september-2023-enar\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/libya\/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-28-september-2023-enar<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup>Ahmed Elumami and Ayman Al-Warfali, \u201cLibyans Come Together for Flood Aid Effort Despite Conflict,\u201d Reuters, September 15, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y5n8ddkd\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y5n8ddkd<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39 <\/sup>Rim Taher, \u201cFlood Strengthens Libya&#8217;s National Fabric, Volunteers Say,\u201d <em>Al-Monitor<\/em>, September 24, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2023\/09\/flood-strengthens-libyas-national-fabric-volunteers-say\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2023\/09\/flood-strengthens-libyas-national-fabric-volunteers-say<\/a>; Walid Abdallah, \u201c\u2018Faz\u2019ah li-hilna fi ash-sharq\u2019 .. hamlat ta\u1e0damaniyyah li-ighatha mutadarriri f\u012bdanat Libya\u201d [\u201cA Cry for Help from the East\u201d.. A Solidarity Campaign to Provide Relief to Victims of the Floods in Libya], <em>Anadolu Agency<\/em>, September 12, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/55552mb4\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/55552mb4<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40 <\/sup>United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, <em>Derna MRNA Factsheet,<\/em> (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, November 14, 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/repository.impact-initiatives.org\/document\/reach\/41543ca0\/REACH_LBY_MTRNA_Location-specific-FS_Derna_October-2023.pdf\">https:\/\/repository.impact-initiatives.org\/document\/reach\/41543ca0\/REACH_LBY_MTRNA_Location-specific-FS_Derna_October-2023.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41 <\/sup>Sami Zaptia, \u201cTripoli and Hafter\u2019s army working side-by-side \u2013 A roundup of the eastern rescue effort,\u201d <em>Libya Herald<\/em>, September 14, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/libyaherald.com\/2023\/09\/tripoli-and-hafters-army-working-side-by-side-a-roundup-of-the-eastern-rescue-effort\/\">https:\/\/libyaherald.com\/2023\/09\/tripoli-and-hafters-army-working-side-by-side-a-roundup-of-the-eastern-rescue-effort\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42 <\/sup>\u201cUAE Completes 30 Days of Support to Flood-Hit Libyans in Derna,\u201d <em>Gulf Today<\/em>, October 15, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bdf4jzbp\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bdf4jzbp<\/a>; \u201cMisr tursil hamilat al-mirwahiat \u2018mistiral\u2019 &#8216;ila Libya.. hadhih muhimatuha\u201d [Egypt Sends the Mistral Helicopter Carrier to Libya.. This Is Its Mission],<em> Sky News Arabic, <\/em>September 17, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/yz3wn3dt\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/yz3wn3dt<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43 <\/sup>\u201cTurkey sending aid ship to Libya to set up field hospitals, health minister says,\u201d Reuters, September 14, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/turkey-sending-aid-ship-libya-set-up-field-hospitals-health-minister-2023-09-13\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/turkey-sending-aid-ship-libya-set-up-field-hospitals-health-minister-2023-09-13\/<\/a>; \u201cItaly Sends Experts, Ship to Libya After Floods,\u201d <em>Ahram Online<\/em>, September 13, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4dsyyuk6\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4dsyyuk6<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44 <\/sup>Seth J. Frantzman, \u201cTurkey Seeks Better Egypt, UAE Ties \u2013 Analysis,\u201d <em>The Jerusalem Post<\/em>, July 4, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/3te8zzn4\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/3te8zzn4<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45 <\/sup>Muetaz Wanes, \u201cTurkish Ambassador Visits Libya&#8217;s Flood-Ravaged Derna City,\u201d <em>Anadolu Agency<\/em>, September 22, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4patn5p3\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4patn5p3<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46 <\/sup>Safa Alharathy, \u201cTurkish Companies Ready to Participate in Flood Reconstruction, Official Says,\u201d <em>The Libya Observer<\/em>, October 30, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bdvshes2\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bdvshes2<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47 <\/sup>Sami Zapita, \u201cThe First Since 2011: the Benghazi Turkish Trade Exhibition Is Opened by Turkish Ambassador Yilmaz,\u201d <em>Libya Herald<\/em>, June 12, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/3rabjtz6\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/3rabjtz6<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote48\">48 <\/sup>Mohamed Ahmed, \u201cQatar Sent 332 Tons of Aid to Flood-Stricken Cities in Libya,\u201d <em>The Libya Observer<\/em>, October 3, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2ubne263\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2ubne263<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote49\">49 <\/sup>Natasha Booty, \u201cLibya Flood: Derna Mayor&#8217;s House Burnt Down in Protests,\u201d <em>BBC News<\/em>, September 19, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4epwvhka\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4epwvhka<\/a>; \u201c\u2018Majmu\u2019at al-musa&#8217;alat awalan\u2019 tutalb bi&#8217;ijra&#8217; tahqiq duwali mustaqil fi tafaqum karithat Derna wa-sharq Libya\u201d [&#8220;The Accountability Group First&#8221; Demands Independent International Investigation into Derna and Eastern Libya Disaster], <em>Defender Center for Human Rights<\/em>, September 26, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/yehz2utr\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/yehz2utr<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote50\">50 <\/sup>\u201cLibya: Lift restrictions on media and facilitate relief efforts in wake of catastrophic floods,\u201d Amnesty International, September 21, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2023\/09\/libya-lift-restrictions-on-media-and-facilitate-relief-efforts-in-wake-of-catastrophic-floods\/\">https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2023\/09\/libya-lift-restrictions-on-media-and-facilitate-relief-efforts-in-wake-of-catastrophic-floods\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote51\">51 <\/sup>Sami Zaptia, \u201cAttorney General launches investigation into Derna dam failures, as aid continues to arrive by air and sea,\u201d <em>Libya Herald<\/em>, September 17, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/54wdjkb7\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/54wdjkb7<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote52\">52 <\/sup>\u201cMahkamat darnat tabda\u2019 &#8216;uwla jalasat muhakamat 16 mas\u2019ulan \u2018an &lt;&lt;hadithat al-fayadanat&gt;&gt;\u201d [Derna Court Starts the First Session of the Trial for the 16 Officials Responsible for the Flood Disaster], <em>Alwasat, <\/em>September 28, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4hhp5t7e\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4hhp5t7e<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote53\">53 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote54\">54 <\/sup>\u201cMajlis ad-dawlat yakhtur &lt;&lt;al-nawab&gt;&gt; bi-muafaqatih \u2018ala ta\u2019yin as-suwar fi mansib an-na\u2019ib al-\u2018am\u201d [The State Council Notifies the &lt;&lt;Representatives&gt;&gt; of Its Approval of the Appointment of Al-Sour to the Position of Attorney General], <em>Alwasat, <\/em>April 26, 2022, \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/k4p5w6yj\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/k4p5w6yj<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote55\">55 <\/sup>Walid Abdullah, \u201cMajlis ad-dawla al-liybi yutalib bi-tahqiq dawli fi &#8216;asbab karithat darna\u201d [The Libyan State Council Demands an International Probe into the Causes of the Derna Disaster], Anadolu Agency, September 20, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bde77h6j\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bde77h6j<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote56\">56 <\/sup>\u201cHammad Calls on the International Community to Participate in the Derna Reconstruction Conference,\u201d <em>Libyan News Agency<\/em>, September 22, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/3ps88mek\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/3ps88mek<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote57\">57 <\/sup>Patric Wintour, \u201cEast Libya Postpones Derna Reconstruction Conference amid Calls for Unity,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, October 1, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y984dn74\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y984dn74<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote58\">58 <\/sup>\u201cHukumat al-dabiba tatlub da\u2019m al-bank al-duwali fi 3 majalat li&#8217;e\u2019mar al-manatiq al-mankuba\u201d [The Dbeiba Government Requests Support from the World Bank for the Reconstruction of 3 Devastated Areas], <em>Alwasat,<\/em> September 22, 2023, \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5xa5bwsu\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5xa5bwsu<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote59\">59 <\/sup>\u201cStatement by The United Nations Support Mission in Libya on a Unified Libyan Response to The Flood-Affected Areas,\u201d United Nation Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL), October 2, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5du4vyn2\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5du4vyn2<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote60\">60 <\/sup>\u201cAbdul Hamid Dbeibah: Who is Libya\u2019s New Prime Minister?\u201d <em>Aljazeera<\/em>, February 6, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bd76j3hv\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bd76j3hv<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote61\">61 <\/sup>Ben Lowings, Libya: Corruption, Legitimacy and the Responsibility of the International Community, Policy Brief, (Brussels, Belgium: Brussels International Center, May 2022), 4-5, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bic-rhr.com\/sites\/default\/files\/inline-files\/BIC%20May%202022%20Policy%20Brief%20-%20Libya%2C%20Ben%20Lowings.pdf\">https:\/\/www.bic-rhr.com\/sites\/default\/files\/inline-files\/BIC%20May%202022%20Policy%20Brief%20-%20Libya%2C%20Ben%20Lowings.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote62\">62 <\/sup>Cellino, <em>Derna Floods Reconstruction<\/em>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote63\">63 <\/sup>\u201cProminent Libyan General Takes Lead in Derna Flood Relief Efforts,\u201d <em>Libya Update<\/em>, September 20, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/38jst4uu\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/38jst4uu<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote64\">64 <\/sup>\u201cBilqasim haftar yu\u2019adi al-qisam &#8216;amam \u2018aqilat mudiran \u2018aman li-sunduq at-tanmiya w-al-&#8216;imar\u201d [Belqasim Haftar Takes Oath as Director General of the Development and Reconstruction Fund], <em>Alwasat, <\/em>February, 19, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/alwasat.ly\/news\/libya\/430138\">https:\/\/alwasat.ly\/news\/libya\/430138<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote65\">65 <\/sup>\u201cSunduq &#8216;i\u2019mar darna yuwqi\u2019 \u2018uqud mashari\u2019 binyat tahtia ma\u2019 sharika &#8216;imaratiyya\u201d [Derna Reconstruction Fund Signs with UAE Firm for Infrastructure Projects], <em>Alwasat, <\/em>January 20, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/uvfwp647\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/uvfwp647<\/a>; \u201cAl-muqawilun al-\u2018arab tunafidh jisrayn fi madinat darna bi-libiya\u201d [Arab Contractors Builds Two New Bridges in the City of Derna, Libya], The Arab Contractors, January 3, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/58hnk8dw\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/58hnk8dw<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote66\">66 <\/sup>\u201cLibya Central Bank Governor Al-Kabir Discusses Participation of Turkish Companies in the Reconstruction of Derna\u201d <em>Alwasat<\/em>, January 18, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/yc3w38r8\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/yc3w38r8<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote67\">67 <\/sup>\u201cCost of conflict in Libya exceeds $576 billion, ESCWA study finds,\u201d United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), November 17, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/nhc6fpyh\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/nhc6fpyh<\/a>, accessed July 2, 2024.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote68\">68 <\/sup>World Bank Group, <em>Turn Down the Heat: Confronting the New Climate Normal<\/em>, (Washington DC: World Bank Group, November 11, 2023), 125 and 148, <a href=\"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10986\/20595\">https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10986\/20595<\/a>.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 10 \u064811 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2023 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0647\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 &#8220;\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644&#8221; 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