{"id":471838,"date":"2024-08-04T10:34:17","date_gmt":"2024-08-04T10:34:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=471838"},"modified":"2024-08-15T12:50:57","modified_gmt":"2024-08-15T12:50:57","slug":"%d9%85%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a4%d8%b3%d9%91%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d9%85%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a4%d8%b3%d9%91%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 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\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1963 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1969 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627.<a href=\"#endnote9\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0623\u0637\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 1969 \u0648<a href=\"#endnote10\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a>.1989 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1975 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634<a href=\"#endnote12\"><sup>12<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 1: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1945 \u06482022<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-471971 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Trust-In-Militarynn-05-1024x525.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"385\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Trust-In-Militarynn-05-1024x525.png 1024w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Trust-In-Militarynn-05-300x154.png 300w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Trust-In-Militarynn-05-768x394.png 768w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Trust-In-Militarynn-05-1536x787.png 1536w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Trust-In-Militarynn-05-2048x1050.png 2048w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Trust-In-Militarynn-05-1568x804.png 1568w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 750px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 750\/385;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629<\/strong>: \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 1 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1945 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2022. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h6><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:<\/em> \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629\u060c\u00a0&#8220;Coup d\u2019\u00c9tat Project&#8221;.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#endnote13\"><sup>13<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 2).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content lazyload\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Interactive or visual content\" data-src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/18906373\/embed#?secret=ipFBaLCvFg\" data-secret=\"ipFBaLCvFg\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" height=\"575\" width=\"700\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/em>: \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote22\"><sup>22<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629<\/em>: \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2011 \u06482022\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 92 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 47 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 3). \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a 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src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/em>: \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote25\"><sup>25<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content lazyload\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Interactive or visual content\" data-src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/18906847\/embed#?secret=SQZ9ixcOWk\" data-secret=\"SQZ9ixcOWk\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" height=\"575\" width=\"700\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/em>: \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629.<a 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\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631.<a href=\"#endnote40\"><sup>40<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup> Arab Barometer, \u201cArab Barometer Wave VII: October 2021 \u2013 July 2022,\u201d accessed March 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/surveys\/arab-barometer-wave-vii\/\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/surveys\/arab-barometer-wave-vii\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup>Zoltan Barany, \u201cComparing the Arab Revolts: The Role of the Military,\u201d\u00a0<em>Journal of Democracy<\/em> 22, no. 4 (October 2011): 24\u201335, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/jod.2011.0069\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/jod.2011.0069<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup>Marwan Kabalan, \u201cIn the Middle East, a New Military Crescent Is in the Making,\u201d <em>Aljazeera<\/em>, April 29, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2019\/4\/29\/in-the-middle-east-a-new-military-crescent-is-in-the-making\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2019\/4\/29\/in-the-middle-east-a-new-military-crescent-is-in-the-making<\/a>; Philip Ewing, \u201cArab Military Surge Carries Risks,\u201d <em>Politico<\/em>, July 4, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/story\/2015\/04\/us-hails-strong-arab-role-but-risks-loom-116741\">https:\/\/www.politico.com\/story\/2015\/04\/us-hails-strong-arab-role-but-risks-loom-116741<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup>Yasmina Abouzzohour and Tarik M. Yousef, \u201cWhat Drives Public Trust in the Military in Non-Democracies: Evidence from Libya (2014\u20132019),\u201d <em>The Journal of North African Studies <\/em>28, no. 6 (2023): 1373\u20131401, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13629387.2023.2203469\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13629387.2023.2203469<\/a>; Richard Goedegebuur, \u201cClandestine Power Legitimised: Explaining Trust in the Algerian Armed Forces,\u201d Master\u2019 s Thesis, Lund University, 2019, <a href=\"http:\/\/lup.lub.lu.se\/student-papers\/record\/8995073\">http:\/\/lup.lub.lu.se\/student-papers\/record\/8995073<\/a>; Nicholas J. Lotito, \u201cPublic Trust in Arab Armies,\u201d <em>Sada<\/em> (blog), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Middle East Program, October 30, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/77610\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/77610<\/a>; Holger Albrecht, Michael Bufano, and Kevin Koehler, \u201cRole Model or Role Expansion? Popular Perceptions of the Military in Tunisia,\u201d <em>Political Research Quarterly<\/em> 75, no. 2 (2022): 321\u2013337, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10659129211001451\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10659129211001451<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup>Human Rights Watch, <em>World Report 2012: Syria<\/em>, (New York City: Human Rights Watch, 2012), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/world-report\/2012\/country-chapters\/syria\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/world-report\/2012\/country-chapters\/syria<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>Hilary Matfess, \u201cThe Rapid Support Forces and the Escalation of Violence in Sudan,\u201d The Armed Conflict Location &amp; Event Data Project (ACLED), July 2, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/acleddata.com\/2019\/07\/02\/the-rapid-support-forces-and-the-escalation-of-violence-in-sudan\/\">https:\/\/acleddata.com\/2019\/07\/02\/the-rapid-support-forces-and-the-escalation-of-violence-in-sudan\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup>Human Rights Watch, <em>Endless Torment: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq and Its Aftermath<\/em>, (New York City: Human Rights Watch, 1992), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/reports\/1992\/Iraq926.htm\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/reports\/1992\/Iraq926.htm<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup>Cline Center for Advanced Social Research<em>, <\/em>\u201cCoup d&#8217;\u00c9tat Project,\u201d December 15, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/clinecenter.illinois.edu\/project\/research-themes\/democracy-and-development\/coup-detat-project\">https:\/\/clinecenter.illinois.edu\/project\/research-themes\/democracy-and-development\/coup-detat-project<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup>\u201cOn This Day: September 7,\u201d <em>BBC<\/em>, accessed March 14, 2024, <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/september\/7\/newsid_3074000\/3074069.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/september\/7\/newsid_3074000\/3074069.stm<\/a>; Richard Kreitner and The Almanac, \u201cMarch 8, 1963: The Ba\u2019ath Party Seizes Power in Syria,\u201d <em>The Nation<\/em>, March 8, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/archive\/march-8-1963-baath-party-seizes-power-syria\/\">https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/archive\/march-8-1963-baath-party-seizes-power-syria\/<\/a>; \u201cOn This Day: September 1,\u201d <em>BBC<\/em>, accessed March 14, 2024, <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/september\/1\/newsid_3911000\/3911587.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/september\/1\/newsid_3911000\/3911587.stm<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup>Gashaw Ayferam, \u201cSudan\u2019s Conflict in the Shadow of Coups and Military Rule,\u201d <em>Sada<\/em> (blog), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Middle East Program, August 17, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/2023\/08\/sudans-conflict-in-the-shadow-of-coups-and-military-rule\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/2023\/08\/sudans-conflict-in-the-shadow-of-coups-and-military-rule<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup>Yasmina Abouzzohour, \u201cHow Do Liberalized Autocracies Repress Dissent? Evidence from Morocco,\u201d <em>The Middle East Journal <\/em>75, no. 2 (Summer 2021): 264\u2013284, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.muse.jhu.edu\/article\/800103\">https:\/\/www.muse.jhu.edu\/article\/800103<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup>Abouzzohour and Yousef, \u201cWhat Drives Public Trust.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>Cline Center for Advanced Social Research<em>, <\/em>\u201cCoup d&#8217;\u00c9tat Project.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup>Agence France-Presse (AFP), \u201cTimeline: Sudan Unrest Post 2021 Coup,\u201d Voice of America, April 15, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voaafrica.com\/a\/timeline-sudan-unrest-post-2021\/7051889.html\">https:\/\/www.voaafrica.com\/a\/timeline-sudan-unrest-post-2021\/7051889.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup>Adam Nossiter, \u201cMilitary\u2019s Preferred Candidate Named Winner in Algeria Election,\u201d <em>The New York Times, <\/em>December 13, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/12\/13\/world\/africa\/algeria-election-protest.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/12\/13\/world\/africa\/algeria-election-protest.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>\u201cA Short Examination of the Causes of the 1992 Algerian Civil War,\u201d <em>The Yale Review of International Studies, <\/em>November 12, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/yris.yira.org\/column\/a-short-examination-of-the-causes-of-the-1992-algerian-civil-war\/\">https:\/\/yris.yira.org\/column\/a-short-examination-of-the-causes-of-the-1992-algerian-civil-war\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>David D. Kirkpatrick, \u201cArmy Ousts Egypt\u2019s President; Morsi is Taken into Military Custody,\u201d <em>The New York Times, <\/em>July 3, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/07\/04\/world\/middleeast\/egypt.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/07\/04\/world\/middleeast\/egypt.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup>Oliver Cover, Tehmina Abbas, Leah Wawro, and Anne-Christine Wegener, <em>Government Defence Anti-Corruption Index 2013<\/em>, Defence and Security Programme Report, (London: Transparency International UK, 2013), <a href=\"https:\/\/transparencyschool.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GI-main-report.pdf\">https:\/\/transparencyschool.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GI-main-report.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup>Yezid Sayigh, <em>Praetorian Spearhead: The Military Role in the Evolution of Egypt\u2019s State Capitalism 3.0<\/em>, LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series 43, (London: LSE Middle East Centre, January 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/108516\/2\/PraetorianSpearhead.pdf\">https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/108516\/2\/PraetorianSpearhead.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup>Belkacem Elguettaa, \u201cThe Military\u2019s Political Role in the New Algeria,\u201d in <em>Politics of Military Authoritarianism in North Africa<\/em>, eds. Yezid Sayigh and with Nathan Toronto (Beirut, Lebanon: Carnegie Middle East Center, March 17, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2021\/03\/politics-of-military-authoritarianism-in-north-africa?lang=en\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2021\/03\/politics-of-military-authoritarianism-in-north-africa?lang=en<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup>Tim Eaton, <em>Libya\u2019s War Economy: Predation, Profiteering and State Weakness<\/em>, Research Paper, (London: Chatham House, The Royal Institute for International Affairs, April 2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/research\/2018-04-12-libyas-war-economy-eaton-final.pdf\">https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/research\/2018-04-12-libyas-war-economy-eaton-final.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup>Arab Barometer Surveys, \u201cAB Waves II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII,\u201d accessed March 5, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/survey-data\/#surveys-grid\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/survey-data\/#surveys-grid<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup> \u00a0Abouzzohour and Yousef, \u201cWhat Drives Public Trust.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup>\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 4 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019\u061b \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0651\u0636\u062d \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup>Arab Barometer Surveys, \u201cAB Waves II, III, IV, V, and VII.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup>Arab Barometer, \u201cArab Barometer Wave V: 2018\u20132019,\u201d accessed March 5, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/surveys\/arab-barometer-wave-v\/\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/surveys\/arab-barometer-wave-v\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup>\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u0645\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0633. \u0628\u0648\u0628\u0633\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 (Mamdouha S. Bobst Center for Peace and Justice) \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2024 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (American Political Science Association) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (International Political Science Association) \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Middle East Studies Association) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2023: \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0632\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0645. \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c &#8220;\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u061f \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627&#8221;. \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0640119 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 31 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 3 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2023.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup>Marjan Male\u0161i\u010d and Maja Garb, \u201cPublic Trust in the Military from Global, Regional and National Perspectives,\u201d in <em>Handbook of the Sociology of the Military<\/em>, eds. Giuseppe Caforio and Marina Nuciari (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018), 145\u2013159, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-71602-2_8\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-71602-2_8<\/a>; Zeki Sarigil, \u201cDeconstructing the Turkish Military\u2019s Popularity,\u201d <em>Armed Forces &amp; Society <\/em>35, no. 4 (July 2009): 709\u2013727, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/48608935\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/48608935<\/a>; Zeki Sarigil, \u201cPublic Opinion and Attitude Toward the Military and Democratic Consolidation in Turkey,\u201d <em>Armed Forces &amp; Society <\/em>41, no. 2 (November2015): 282\u2013306, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0095327X13504573\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0095327X13504573<\/a>; Carlos Solar, \u201cTrust in the Military in Post-Authoritarian Societies,\u201d <em>Current Sociology <\/em>70, no. 3 (May 2022): 317\u2013337, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011392120969769\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011392120969769<\/a>; Philippe Droz-Vincent, <em>Military Politics of the Contemporary Arab World<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781108769839\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781108769839<\/a>; Albrecht, Bufano, and Koehler, \u201cRole Model or Role Expansion?\u201d; Marc J. Hetherington, \u201cThe Political Relevance of Political Trust,\u201d <em>American Political Science Review <\/em>92, no. 4 (December 1998): 791\u2013808, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2586304\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2586304<\/a>; Samuel P. Huntington, <em>The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil\u2013Military Relations<\/em> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957).<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup>Goedegebuur, \u201cClandestine Power Legitimised\u201d; Ted Goertzel, \u201cPublic Opinion Concerning Military Spending in the United States: 1937\u20131985,\u201d <em>Journal of Political &amp; Military Sociology<\/em> 15, no. 1 (Spring 1987): 61\u201372, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/45371757\">www.jstor.org\/stable\/45371757<\/a>; Hetherington, \u201cThe Political Relevance of Political Trust\u201d; John Hudson, \u201cInstitutional Trust and Subjective Well-Being across the EU,\u201d <em>Kyklos<\/em> 59, no. 1 (February 2006): 43\u201362, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6435.2006.00319.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6435.2006.00319.x<\/a>; Huntington, <em>The Soldier and the State<\/em>; Male\u0161i\u010d and Garb, \u201cPublic Trust in the Military\u201d; David L. Leal, \u201cAmerican Public Opinion toward the Military: Differences by Race, Gender, and Class?,\u201d <em>Armed Forces &amp; Society<\/em> 32, no. 1 (2005): 123\u2013138, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0095327X05278168\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0095327X05278168<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup>\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c &#8220;\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u061f&#8221;<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31 <\/sup>\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup>\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629:\u00a0Tanel Demirel, \u201cSoldiers and Civilians: The Dilemma of Turkish Democracy\u201d\u060c <em>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/em> 40\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645. 1 (\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2004): 127-150\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4289890\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4289890<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33 <\/sup>For more on public perception of the military as an employer, see Marzena Piotrowska-Trybull, Stanis\u0142aw Sirko, and Ludmila Aleksejeva, \u201cPublic Employer in the Labor Market \u2013 the Armed Forces in Public Perception,\u201d <em>Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues<\/em> 13, no. 1 (January 2024): 345\u2013361, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47459\/jssi.2023.13.36\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47459\/jssi.2023.13.36<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34 <\/sup>Kirkpatrick, \u201cArmy Ousts Egypt\u2019s President\u201d; \u201cAlgeria: Democracy Betrayed,\u201d <em>The New York Times, <\/em>January 14, 1992, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1992\/01\/14\/opinion\/algeria-democracy-betrayed.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1992\/01\/14\/opinion\/algeria-democracy-betrayed.html<\/a>; Dara Conduit, \u201cThe Syrian Muslim Brotherhood and the Spectacle of Hama,\u201d <em>Middle East Journal<\/em> 70, no. 2 (Spring 2016): 211\u2013226, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26427399\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26427399<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35 <\/sup>Michael Robbins, <em>Democracy in the Middle East and North<\/em> <em>Africa<\/em>, Governance Report, (Princeton, NJ: Arab Barometer, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/ABVII_Governance_Report-EN-1.pdf\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/ABVII_Governance_Report-EN-1.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36 <\/sup>Statista Research Department, \u201cTrust in Members of the Armed Forces Worldwide as of 2022, by Country,\u201d November 22, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1274274\/trust-in-members-of-the-armed-forces-worldwide-by-country\/#statisticContainer\">https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1274274\/trust-in-members-of-the-armed-forces-worldwide-by-country\/#statisticContainer<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37 <\/sup>Bate Felix, \u201cNiger Coup: List of Recent Military Takeovers in West and Central Africa,\u201d <em>Reuters, <\/em>July 27, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/recent-coups-west-central-africa-2023-07-26\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/recent-coups-west-central-africa-2023-07-26\/<\/a>; \u201cSudan Situation Report,\u201d United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), February 23, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/reports.unocha.org\/en\/country\/sudan\/card\/4ZEQj3CyQ8\/\">https:\/\/reports.unocha.org\/en\/country\/sudan\/card\/4ZEQj3CyQ8\/<\/a>; AFP, \u201cFighting Resumes in Mali Between Army and Rebel Groups in Key Northern Area,\u201d <em>France 24, <\/em>November 12, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20231112-fighting-resumes-in-mali-between-army-and-rebel-groups-in-key-northern-area\">https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20231112-fighting-resumes-in-mali-between-army-and-rebel-groups-in-key-northern-area<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup>Cline Center, \u201cCoup d&#8217;\u00c9tat Project,\u201d AfroBarometer, \u201cMerged Round 8 data (34 countries) (2022)<em>,<\/em>\u201d March 9, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.afrobarometer.org\/survey-resource\/merged-round-8-data-34-countries-2022\/\">https:\/\/www.afrobarometer.org\/survey-resource\/merged-round-8-data-34-countries-2022\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39 <\/sup>Noam Lupu, Mariana Rodr\u00edguez, Carole J. Wilson, and Elizabeth J. Zechmeister, <em>Pulse of Democracy<\/em> (Nashville, United States: Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP), 2023), 44-45, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vanderbilt.edu\/lapop\/ab2023\/AB2023-Pulse-of-Democracy-final-20231127.pdf\">https:\/\/www.vanderbilt.edu\/lapop\/ab2023\/AB2023-Pulse-of-Democracy-final-20231127.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40 <\/sup>Sam Mednick, \u201cNiger\u2019s Junta Gains the Upper Hand Over the Regional Bloc Threatening Military Force, Analysts Say,\u201d <em>Associated Press<\/em>, August 13, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/niger-coup-west-africa-military-jihadis-57900b121d1fa1499354ed21aca994d1\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/niger-coup-west-africa-military-jihadis-57900b121d1fa1499354ed21aca994d1<\/a>.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u2013 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 2021 \u06482022 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u062d\u0648 70 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u064e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":471874,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[113],"programs":[],"publication_type":[90],"class_list":["post-471838","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","geographic_area-113","publication_type-90","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/471838","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/471874"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=471838"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=471838"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=471838"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=471838"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=471838"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=471838"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}