{"id":471640,"date":"2024-07-16T10:20:00","date_gmt":"2024-07-16T10:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=471640"},"modified":"2024-07-21T12:55:45","modified_gmt":"2024-07-21T12:55:45","slug":"%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a5%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%81%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a%d9%84-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%af","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a5%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%81%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a%d9%84-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%af\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644: \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0641\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u062e\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0636\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u062d\u0651\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 &#8211; \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u2013 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0632\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0632\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup>\u201cRival Palestinian Groups Fatah and Hamas Meet in China,\u201d <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, April 30, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/4\/30\/china-says-palestinian-rivals-hamas-and-fatah-met-for-talks-in-beijing\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/4\/30\/china-says-palestinian-rivals-hamas-and-fatah-met-for-talks-in-beijing<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup>\u201cChina urges larger-scale Gaza peace conference as conflict escalates,\u201d Reuters<em>,<\/em> January 15, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china-calls-larger-scale-peace-conference-gaza-crisis-wang-yi-2024-01-15\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china-calls-larger-scale-peace-conference-gaza-crisis-wang-yi-2024-01-15\/<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup>\u201cThe Five Principles of Peaceful Co-Existence Stand Stronger,\u201d Embassy of the People\u2019s Republic of China in the Islamic Republic of Iran, June 29, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/ir.china-embassy.gov.cn\/eng\/dtxw\/201407\/t20140702_1894012.htm#:~:text=The%20Five%20Principles%20of%20Peaceful%20Co%2DExistence%20are%3A%20mutual%20respect,mutual%20benefit%2C%20and%20peaceful%20coexistence\">http:\/\/ir.china-embassy.gov.cn\/eng\/dtxw\/201407\/t20140702_1894012.htm#:~:text=The%20Five%20Principles%20of%20Peaceful%20Co%2DExistence%20are%3A%20mutual%20respect,mutual%20benefit%2C%20and%20peaceful%20coexistence<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup>Yang Sheng, \u201cChina to Cement Ties with Palestine, \u2018Play Greater Role to Mediate Palestine-Israel Conflict\u2019,\u201d <em>Global Times<\/em>, June 13, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/page\/202306\/1292517.shtml\">https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/page\/202306\/1292517.shtml<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>5 <\/sup>Alan Hart, <em>Arafat: Terrorist or Peacemaker?<\/em> (London: Sidgwick and Jackson Limited, 1984), 280, 288.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>Sercan \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan, \u201cUnderstanding China\u2019s position on the Israel-Palestine conflict,\u201d <em>The Diplomat<\/em>, December 15, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2023\/12\/understanding-chinas-position-on-the-israel-palestine-conflict\/\">https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2023\/12\/understanding-chinas-position-on-the-israel-palestine-conflict\/<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup>Associated Press, \u201cChina Inks \u2018Strategic Partnership\u2019 With Palestinian Authority as it Expands Middle East Presence,\u201d <em>Voice of America News,<\/em> June 14, 2023, \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/china-inks-strategic-partnership-with-palestinian-authority-as-it-expands-middle-east-presence\/7137163.html\">https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/china-inks-strategic-partnership-with-palestinian-authority-as-it-expands-middle-east-presence\/7137163.html<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup>Lena H. Sun, \u201cChina Sets Official Ties with Israel,\u201d <em>The Washington Post<\/em>, January 25, 1992, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/politics\/1992\/01\/25\/china-sets-official-ties-with-israel\/2c61f87d-223e-426d-98be-10ca7c358dc0\/\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/politics\/1992\/01\/25\/china-sets-official-ties-with-israel\/2c61f87d-223e-426d-98be-10ca7c358dc0\/<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup>Tomer Fadlon, <em>Israel-China Trade Slump: Turning Point or Correction?<\/em> (Tel Aviv: Institute for National Security Studies, April 7, 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inss.org.il\/publication\/china-israel-goods\/\">https:\/\/www.inss.org.il\/publication\/china-israel-goods\/<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup>Laura Zhou, \u201cFor China-Israel ties, the \u2018honeymoon is certainly over\u2019, policy expert says,\u201d <em>South China Morning Post<\/em>, June 6, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/diplomacy\/article\/3265517\/china-israel-ties-honeymoon-certainly-over-says-policy-expert\">https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/diplomacy\/article\/3265517\/china-israel-ties-honeymoon-certainly-over-says-policy-expert<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup>Interviews conducted by authors in Shanghai, China, April 2024.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup>Gao Han and Liu Shengxiang, <em>China\u2019s Middle East Major Country Diplomacy Against the Background of Upheaval in the Middle East<\/em> (Washington, DC: CSIS Interpret China, May 1, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/interpret.csis.org\/translations\/chinas-middle-east-major-country-diplomacy-against-the-background-of-upheaval-in-the-middle-east\/\">https:\/\/interpret.csis.org\/translations\/chinas-middle-east-major-country-diplomacy-against-the-background-of-upheaval-in-the-middle-east\/<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>Sharone Tobias, \u201cWhy did China release an Israeli-Palestinian peace plan?,\u201d <em>Asia Unbound <\/em>(blog), May 14, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/blog\/sharone-tobias-why-did-china-release-israeli-palestinian-peace-plan\">https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/blog\/sharone-tobias-why-did-china-release-israeli-palestinian-peace-plan<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>14 <\/sup>Michael Weissenstein, \u201cChina presents UN with vague Mideast peace plan as US promotes its own role in easing Gaza war,\u201d Associated Press, November 29, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/israel-palestinians-gaza-middle-east-united-nations-b66f15460296169e32e38c90286db1df\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/israel-palestinians-gaza-middle-east-united-nations-b66f15460296169e32e38c90286db1df<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup>Cary Huang, \u201cXi proposes four-point plan to resolve Palestinian issue,\u201d <em>South China Morning Post<\/em>, May 6, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/article\/1231358\/xi-proposes-four-point-plan-resolve-palestinian-issue?campaign=1231358&amp;module=perpetual_scroll_0&amp;pgtype=article\">https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/article\/1231358\/xi-proposes-four-point-plan-resolve-palestinian-issue?campaign=1231358&amp;module=perpetual_scroll_0&amp;pgtype=article<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>\u201cChina\u2019s Arab Policy Paper,\u201d State Council of the People\u2019s Republic of China, January 2016,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/english.www.gov.cn\/archive\/publications\/2016\/01\/13\/content_281475271412746.htm\">https:\/\/english.www.gov.cn\/archive\/publications\/2016\/01\/13\/content_281475271412746.htm<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>\u201cThe Global Security Initiative Concept Paper,\u201d Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People\u2019s Republic of China, February 21, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/mfa_eng\/wjbxw\/202302\/t20230221_11028348.html\">https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/mfa_eng\/wjbxw\/202302\/t20230221_11028348.html<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup>Ibid.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup>Congressional Research Service, <em>China and the Middle East and North Africa,<\/em> In Focus Report, (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, August 4, 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/IF\/IF12469\">https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/IF\/IF12469<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup>Howard J. Shatz, \u201cMiddle East-China Trade Prospects Remain Robust Despite Red Sea Crisis,\u201d <em>The RAND Blog<\/em> (blog) [originally published on <em>Al-Monitor<\/em>], February 8, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/commentary\/2024\/02\/middle-east-china-trade-prospects-remain-robust-despite.html\">https:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/commentary\/2024\/02\/middle-east-china-trade-prospects-remain-robust-despite.html<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup>\u201cChina, Bahrain establish comprehensive strategic partnership,\u201d State Council of the People\u2019s Republic of China, \u00a0May 31, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/english.www.gov.cn\/news\/202405\/31\/content_WS6659c5e5c6d0868f4e8e7b42.html#:~:text=China%2C%20Bahrain%20establish%20comprehensive%20strategic%20partnership&amp;text=BEIJING%2C%20May%2031%20%2D%2D%20Chinese,new%20milestone%20in%20bilateral%20relations\">https:\/\/english.www.gov.cn\/news\/202405\/31\/content_WS6659c5e5c6d0868f4e8e7b42.html#:~:text=China%2C%20Bahrain%20establish%20comprehensive%20strategic%20partnership&amp;text=BEIJING%2C%20May%2031%20%2D%2D%20Chinese,new%20milestone%20in%20bilateral%20relations<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup>Ahmed Aboudou, \u201cWill China Project Hard Military Power in the Middle East,\u201d <em>Kalam<\/em> (Chatham House blog), August 22, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/kalam.chathamhouse.org\/articles\/will-china-project-hard-military-power-in-the-middle-east\/\">https:\/\/kalam.chathamhouse.org\/articles\/will-china-project-hard-military-power-in-the-middle-east\/<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup>Alvite Ningthoujam, \u201cThe Middle East: An Emerging Market for Chinese Arms Exports,\u201d <em>The Diplomat<\/em>, June 25, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2021\/06\/the-middle-east-an-emerging-market-for-chinese-arms-exports\/\">https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2021\/06\/the-middle-east-an-emerging-market-for-chinese-arms-exports\/<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup>Alex Vines, Henry Tugendhat, and Armida van Rij, <em>Is China Eyeing a Second Military Base in Africa?,<\/em> (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, January 30, 2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usip.org\/publications\/2024\/01\/china-eyeing-second-military-base-africa\">https:\/\/www.usip.org\/publications\/2024\/01\/china-eyeing-second-military-base-africa<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup>Jesse Marks, <em>China\u2019s Evolving Conflict Mediation in the Middle East<\/em>, (Washington DC: Middle East Institute, March 25, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/chinas-evolving-conflict-mediation-middle-east\">https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/chinas-evolving-conflict-mediation-middle-east<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>26 <\/sup>Ibid.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup>\u201cThe U.S. Imposes Sanctions on Chinese Companies for Transporting Iranian Oil,\u201d U.S. Department of State, September 25, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/2017-2021.state.gov\/the-united-states-imposes-sanctions-on-chinese-companies-for-transporting-iranian-oil\/\">https:\/\/2017-2021.state.gov\/the-united-states-imposes-sanctions-on-chinese-companies-for-transporting-iranian-oil\/<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>28 <\/sup>\u201cRed Sea Attacks Pose Billions Worth Of Risks For China, India,\u201d <em>Asia Financial<\/em>, January 16, 2024,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.asiafinancial.com\/red-sea-attacks-pose-billions-worth-of-risks-for-china-india\">https:\/\/www.asiafinancial.com\/red-sea-attacks-pose-billions-worth-of-risks-for-china-india<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup>Lee Ying Shan, \u201cChina\u2019s largest shipper reportedly suspends trips to Israel as Red Sea tensions mount,\u201d <em>CNBC<\/em>, January 8, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2024\/01\/08\/chinese-shipper-cosco-reportedly-stops-trips-to-israel-amid-red-sea-tensions.html#:~:text=China's%20largest%20shipper%20reportedly%20suspends%20trips%20to%20Israel%20as%20Red%20Sea%20tensions%20mount,-Published%20Mon%2C%20Jan&amp;text=Chinese%20state%2Downed%20shipping%20giant,mount%2C%20Israeli%20state%20media%20reported\">https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2024\/01\/08\/chinese-shipper-cosco-reportedly-stops-trips-to-israel-amid-red-sea-tensions.html#:~:text=China\u2019s%20largest%20shipper%20reportedly%20suspends%20trips%20to%20Israel%20as%20Red%20Sea%20tensions%20mount,-Published%20Mon%2C%20Jan&amp;text=Chinese%20state%2Downed%20shipping%20giant,mount%2C%20Israeli%20state%20media%20reported<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup>\u201cChina sends warships to Middle East as Houthi Red Sea attacks increase,\u201d <em>The National<\/em>, February 24, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/world\/2024\/02\/24\/china-sends-warships-to-middle-east-as-houthi-red-sea-attacks-increase\/\">https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/world\/2024\/02\/24\/china-sends-warships-to-middle-east-as-houthi-red-sea-attacks-increase\/<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31 <\/sup>\u201cThe Middle East in the Wake of October 7: Interview with Tarik M. Yousef Marking 100 Afk\u0101r Posts,\u201d <em>Afk\u0101r<\/em> (blog), May 30, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/blog_posts\/the-middle-east-in-the-wake-of-october-7-a-special-interview-with-tarik-m-yousef-marking-100-afkar-post\/\">https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/blog_posts\/the-middle-east-in-the-wake-of-october-7-a-special-interview-with-tarik-m-yousef-marking-100-afkar-post\/<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup>Nancy A. Youssef, Gordon Lubold, and Michael R. Gordon, \u201cU.S. Shuffles Military Assets in Middle East After Gulf Pushback,\u201d <em>Wall Street Journal<\/em>, May 3, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/politics\/national-security\/u-s-shuffles-military-assets-in-middle-east-after-gulf-pushback-e728e357\">https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/politics\/national-security\/u-s-shuffles-military-assets-in-middle-east-after-gulf-pushback-e728e357<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>33 <\/sup>Michael Robbins, Amaney Jamal, and Mark Tessler, \u201cAmerica Is Losing the Arab World and China Is Reaping the Benefits,\u201d <em>Foreign Affairs<\/em>, June 11, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/united-states\/america-losing-arab-world\">https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/united-states\/america-losing-arab-world<\/a>. <em>\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>34 <\/sup>\u201cSpecial Envoy Zhai Jun of the Chinese Government on the Middle East Issue Has a Group Meeting with Diplomatic Envoys of Arab States to China and Head of the Representative Office of the League of Arab States in China,\u201d Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People\u2019s Republic of China, April 30, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mfa.gov.cn\/eng\/wjbxw\/202404\/t20240430_11291829.html#:~:text=Home%20%3E%20MFA%20News-,Special%20Envoy%20Zhai%20Jun%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Government%20on%20the,of%20Arab%20States%20in%20China\">https:\/\/www.mfa.gov.cn\/eng\/wjbxw\/202404\/t20240430_11291829.html#:~:text=Home%20%3E%20MFA%20News-,Special%20Envoy%20Zhai%20Jun%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Government%20on%20the,of%20Arab%20States%20in%20China<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35 <\/sup>Judy Dempsey, \u201cJudy Asks: Have the Europeans Any Influence in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict?\u201d <em>Judy Dempsey\u2019s Strategic Europe<\/em> (blog), February 2, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/europe\/strategic-europe\/2023\/02\/judy-asks-have-the-europeans-any-influence-in-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict?lang=en&amp;center=europe\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/europe\/strategic-europe\/2023\/02\/judy-asks-have-the-europeans-any-influence-in-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict?lang=en&amp;center=europe<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36 <\/sup>Stephanie van den Berg and Anthony Deutsch, \u201cWorld Court Orders Israel to Halt Assault on Gaza\u2019s Rafah,\u201d Reuters, May 25, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/world-court-rule-request-halt-israels-rafah-offensive-2024-05-24\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/world-court-rule-request-halt-israels-rafah-offensive-2024-05-24\/<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37 <\/sup>\u201cOrder of 26 January 2024,\u201d International Court of Justice, January 26, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/node\/203447#:~:text=It%20refers%20to%20the%20rights,and%20conspiracy%20to%20commit%20genocide\">https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/node\/203447#:~:text=It%20refers%20to%20the%20rights,and%20conspiracy%20to%20commit%20genocide<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup>\u201cChina tells ICJ justice \u2018must not be denied\u2019 to Palestinians,\u201d <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, February 22, 2024,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/2\/22\/china-tells-icj-justice-must-not-be-denied-to-palestinians\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/2\/22\/china-tells-icj-justice-must-not-be-denied-to-palestinians<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39 <\/sup>\u201cUS House Seeks to Sanction ICC After Warrant Seeking for Israel\u2019s Netanyahu,\u201d <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, June 5, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/6\/5\/us-house-seeks-to-sanction-icc-for-accusing-israel-of-gaza-war-crimes\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/6\/5\/us-house-seeks-to-sanction-icc-for-accusing-israel-of-gaza-war-crimes<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b 7 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u063a\u0632\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646.  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