{"id":471265,"date":"2024-05-28T12:58:33","date_gmt":"2024-05-28T12:58:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=471265"},"modified":"2026-01-14T06:10:07","modified_gmt":"2026-01-14T06:10:07","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b6%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a8%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%85%d9%84%d9%83%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b6%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a8%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%85%d9%84%d9%83%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a 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\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" lang=\"AR-SA\" xml:lang=\"AR-SA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0648<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0627\u0644<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" lang=\"AR-LB\" xml:lang=\"AR-LB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">EMDEs<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">)<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">.<\/span><\/span><a href=\"#endnote7\"><span class=\"TextRun Endnote BlobObject DragDrop ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW103661416 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"Superscript SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-fontsize=\"12\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/a> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" lang=\"AR-SA\" xml:lang=\"AR-SA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0648\u0642\u062f <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u060c<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" lang=\"AR-SA\" xml:lang=\"AR-SA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\"> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0639\u0627\u0645 2014\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0633<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0651<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0639<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0627\u064b<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\"> \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0627\u064b<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\"> \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u064b<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" lang=\"AR-SA\" xml:lang=\"AR-SA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\"> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0651<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0632<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0651<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0641<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0651<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0632\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\"> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">11 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0641\u064a<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" lang=\"AR-SA\" xml:lang=\"AR-SA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\"> \u0641\u064a <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0627\u0644<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\">\u0639\u0627\u0645 <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103661416 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW103661416 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"caption\"><a href=\"#endnote8\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a>.2011<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2014 \u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 2\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0650\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote9\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 70 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2014 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2016 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 30 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 <a href=\"#endnote10\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a>.2016 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 (\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0643)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637. \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 2: \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u064a\u0646 1983 \u06482022)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-471287 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648-\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629-06-1024x598.png\" alt=\" \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\" width=\"750\" height=\"438\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648-\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629-06-1024x598.png 1024w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648-\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629-06-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648-\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629-06-768x448.png 768w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648-\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629-06-1536x896.png 1536w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648-\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629-06-1568x915.png 1568w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648-\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629-06.png 2000w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 750px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 750\/438;\" \/><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 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\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"#endnote13\"><sup>13<\/sup><\/a>.2014<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 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\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 12 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2012 \u0625\u0644\u0649 5,8 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"#endnote19\"><sup>19<\/sup><\/a>.2013 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0642\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0629&#8221; \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote20\"><sup>20<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0640330 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a (\u0646\u062d\u0648 87 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2015 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646.<a href=\"#endnote21\"><sup>21<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 3: \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u064a\u0646 2011 \u06482018)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-471274 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629-07-1024x598.png\" alt=\" \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629\" width=\"750\" height=\"438\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629-07-1024x598.png 1024w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629-07-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629-07-768x448.png 768w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629-07-1536x896.png 1536w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629-07-1568x915.png 1568w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629-07.png 2000w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 750px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 750\/438;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0651\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote22\"><sup>22<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0635\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0637\u0651\u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 15 \u064824 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a 46 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"#endnote23\"><sup>23<\/sup><\/a>.2017 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621.<a href=\"#endnote24\"><sup>24<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c &#8220;\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"#endnote25\"><sup>25<\/sup><\/a>.2018<\/p>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u2013 \u0645\u0646 32,3 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2014 \u0625\u0644\u0649 18,4 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2015 \u2013 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 14,7 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"#endnote26\"><sup>26<\/sup><\/a>.2014\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u06403,4 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"#endnote27\"><sup>27<\/sup><\/a>.2014\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 15,4 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<a href=\"#endnote28\"><sup>28<\/sup><\/a>.2015<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0643 + \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2016\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 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\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2017\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064060 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<a href=\"#endnote31\"><sup>31<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 9 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"#endnote32\"><sup>32<\/sup><\/a>.2017\u00a0\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 3. \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<a href=\"#endnote48\"><sup>48<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 23 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u06484,5 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a.<a href=\"#endnote49\"><sup>49<\/sup><\/a> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"#endnote50\"><sup>50<\/sup><\/a>.2023\u00a0\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u064f\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 1 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<a href=\"#endnote51\"><sup>51<\/sup><\/a>.2018<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u064f\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 8,5 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote52\"><sup>52<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 9,8 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"#endnote53\"><sup>53<\/sup><\/a>.2020<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2021 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 295 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 30,2 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"#endnote54\"><sup>54<\/sup><\/a>.2020 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 232 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 41,8 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<a href=\"#endnote55\"><sup>55<\/sup><\/a>.2020<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 8,4 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1,4 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"#endnote56\"><sup>56<\/sup><\/a>.2021\u00a0\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2022\u060c \u0633\u064f\u062c\u0651\u0650\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 3,2 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<a href=\"#endnote57\"><sup>57<\/sup><\/a>.2013<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 4: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u064a\u0646 2018 \u06482022)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-471303 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Ar-figures-7_8-08-1024x598.png\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\" width=\"750\" height=\"438\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Ar-figures-7_8-08-1024x598.png 1024w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Ar-figures-7_8-08-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Ar-figures-7_8-08-768x448.png 768w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Ar-figures-7_8-08-1536x896.png 1536w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Ar-figures-7_8-08-1568x915.png 1568w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Ar-figures-7_8-08.png 2000w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 750px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 750\/438;\" \/><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0651\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote58\"><sup>58<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote59\"><sup>59<\/sup><\/a> \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0651\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646.<a href=\"#endnote60\"><sup>60<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote61\"><sup>61<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 3,3 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 -0,8 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2017 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2,5 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"#endnote62\"><sup>62<\/sup><\/a>.2018\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2020\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0640 5,5 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 -2,1 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019 \u0625\u0644\u0649 3,4 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<a href=\"#endnote60\">63<\/a>.2020<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<a href=\"#endnote64\"><sup>64<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 2,2 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"#endnote65\"><sup>65<\/sup><\/a>.2018 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0639\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 4,4 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u06402,6 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"#endnote66\"><sup>66<\/sup><\/a>.2018<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643.<a href=\"#endnote67\"><sup>67<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2018. \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a<a href=\"#endnote68\"><sup>68<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a (PMI) 53,7 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a 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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup>\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636. \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup>Jessie Moritz, \u201cOil and Societal Quiescence: Rethinking Causal Mechanisms in Rentier State Theory,\u201d in <em>POMEPS Studies 33:<\/em> <em>The Politics of Rentier States in the Gulf<\/em> (George Washington University, January 2019), 41\u201342, <a href=\"http:\/\/pomeps.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/POMEPS_Studies_33.pdf\">http:\/\/pomeps.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/POMEPS_Studies_33.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 2030\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Neom)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 500 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u061b \u201cWhat is Neom?\u201d Neom, accessed March 19, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about\">https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>\u201cWorldwide Tax Summaries Online,\u201d PwC, accessed May 3, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/taxsummaries.pwc.com\/\">https:\/\/taxsummaries.pwc.com\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup>World Bank, \u201cSpecial Focus 1: With the Benefit of Hindsight: The Impact of the 2014-16 Oil Price Collapse,\u201d in <em>Global Economic Prospects, January 2018: Broad-Based Upturn, but for How Long?<\/em> (World Bank, January 2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/978-1-4648-1163-0_Focus1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/978-1-4648-1163-0_Focus1<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup>\u201cReal GDP Growth (Annual Percent Change),\u201d International Monetary Fund Data Mapper, accessed March 12, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/datamapper\/NGDP_RPCH@WEO\/SAU?zoom=SAU&amp;highlight=SAU\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/datamapper\/NGDP_RPCH@WEO\/SAU?zoom=SAU&amp;highlight=SAU<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup>World Bank, \u201cSpecial Focus 1.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup>Marc Stocker, John Baffes and Dana Vorisek, \u201cWhat triggered the oil price plunge of 2014-2016 and why it failed to deliver an economic impetus in eight charts,\u201d <em>World Bank Blogs <\/em>(blog), \u00a0January 18, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/developmenttalk\/what-triggered-oil-price-plunge-2014-2016-and-why-it-failed-deliver-economic-impetus-eight-charts\">https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/developmenttalk\/what-triggered-oil-price-plunge-2014-2016-and-why-it-failed-deliver-economic-impetus-eight-charts<\/a>; International Energy Agency (IEA), <em>Medium-Term Oil Market Report 2016<\/em>, IEA Licence: CC BY 4.0, (Paris, 2016) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/medium-term-oil-market-report-2016\">https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/medium-term-oil-market-report-2016<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup>OPEC Data Download, &#8220;Selected Spot Crude Oil Prices,&#8221; OPEC, accessed March 12, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/asb.opec.org\/data\/ASB_Data.php\">https:\/\/asb.opec.org\/data\/ASB_Data.php<\/a>; \u201cWhat drives crude oil prices: Spot Prices,\u201d U.S. Energy Information Administration, accessed May 8, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/finance\/markets\/crudeoil\/spot_prices.php\">https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/finance\/markets\/crudeoil\/spot_prices.php<\/a>; Jenna Ross, \u201cVisualizing Historical Oil Prices (1968-2022),\u201d Visual Capitalist, accessed March 4 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/advisor.visualcapitalist.com\/historical-oil-prices\/\">https:\/\/advisor.visualcapitalist.com\/historical-oil-prices\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup>World Bank, \u201cSpecial Focus 1,\u201d 52; International Monetary Fund, <em>Saudi Arabia: Staff Report for the 2014 Article IV Consultation,<\/em> Country Report No. 2014\/292 (IMF, September 23, 2014), 8, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/CR\/Issues\/2016\/12\/31\/Saudi-Arabia-Staff-Report-for-the-2014-Article-IV-Consultation-42355\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/CR\/Issues\/2016\/12\/31\/Saudi-Arabia-Staff-Report-for-the-2014-Article-IV-Consultation-42355<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>World Bank, \u201cSpecial Focus 1.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup>Ibid, 7-8.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup>Alberto Behar and Robert A. Ritz, An analysis of OPEC\u2019s strategic actions, US shale growth and the 2014 oil price crash, Working Paper WP\/16\/131, (International Monetary Fund, July 2016), 4, https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/wp\/2016\/wp16131.pdf.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>International Monetary Fund (IMF), <em>Saudi Arabia: 2015 Article IV Consultation &#8211; Press Release; Staff Report; and Informational Annex, <\/em>Country Report No. 15\/251, (IMF, September, 2015), 10, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/scr\/2015\/cr15251.pdf\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/scr\/2015\/cr15251.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>Alberto Behar and Robert A. Ritz, <em>An analysis of OPEC\u2019s strategic actions, US shale growth and the 2014 oil price crash,<\/em> Working Paper WP\/16\/131, (International Monetary Fund<em>,<\/em> July 2016), 19, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/wp\/2016\/wp16131.pdf\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/wp\/2016\/wp16131.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup>\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2014.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup>International Monetary Fund Data Mapper, \u201cGovernment Primary Balance, Percent of GDP,\u201d accessed March 12, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/datamapper\/pb@FPP\/SAU?zoom=SAU&amp;highlight=SAU\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/datamapper\/pb@FPP\/SAU?zoom=SAU&amp;highlight=SAU<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup>IMF, <em>Saudi Arabia: Staff Report for the 2014 Article IV Consultation<\/em>, 11; \u201cKing Abdullah lays foundation for massive Makkah projects,\u201d GOV.SA Unified National Platform, accessed February 26, 2024,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/shorturl.at\/gstuz\">https:\/\/shorturl.at\/gstuz<\/a>; Sylvia Smith, \u201cSaudi Arabia&#8217;s New Desert Megacity,\u201d <em>BBC<\/em> <em>News<\/em>, March 20, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-31867727\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-31867727<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup>Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, \u201cSIPRI Military Expenditure Database,\u201d accessed February 26, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sipri.org\/databases\/milex\">https:\/\/www.sipri.org\/databases\/milex<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup>\u201cTotal Expenditure (Million SAR),\u201d Saudi Central Portal for Open Data, accessed March 12, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sama.gov.sa\/en-US\/EconomicReports\/Pages\/report.aspx?cid=124\">https:\/\/www.sama.gov.sa\/en-US\/EconomicReports\/Pages\/report.aspx?cid=124<\/a>; \u201cSurplus\/Deficit (Million SAR),\u201d Saudi Central Portal for Open Data, accessed March 12, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sama.gov.sa\/en-US\/EconomicReports\/Pages\/report.aspx?cid=124\">https:\/\/www.sama.gov.sa\/en-US\/EconomicReports\/Pages\/report.aspx?cid=124<\/a>; \u201cTotal Public Debt (Million SAR),\u201d Saudi Central Portal for Open Data, accessed March 12, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sama.gov.sa\/en-US\/EconomicReports\/Pages\/report.aspx?cid=124\">https:\/\/www.sama.gov.sa\/en-US\/EconomicReports\/Pages\/report.aspx?cid=124<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup>\u201cUnemployment rate by gender, nationality and age groups\u201d, Saudi Arabia General Authority for Statistics, accessed May 4, 2024,<br \/>\nhttps:\/\/database.stats.gov.sa\/home\/indicator\/999121.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup>Mubarak F. Alhajri, \u201cHousing challenges and programs to enhance access to affordable housing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia\u201d, <em>Ain Shams Engineering Journal<\/em>, 13(6), (2022): 101798 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asej.2022.101798\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asej.2022.101798\u00a0 <\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup>Marwa Rashad, \u201cSaudi Arabia launches new housing scheme to ease shortage,\u201d <em>Reuters,<\/em> March 13, 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/idUSL6N0MA17I\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/idUSL6N0MA17I\/<\/a>; \u201cSakani,\u201d Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Vision 2030, accessed March 13, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/en\/explore-more\/sakani\">https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/en\/explore-more\/sakani<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup>\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2016 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u061b \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 16\/368\u060c (\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c 13 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2016)\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2016\/07\/28\/15\/54\/PR16368-Saudi-Arabia-IMF-Executive-Board-%20%20Concludes-2016-Article-IV-Consultation\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2016\/07\/28\/15\/54\/PR16368-Saudi-Arabia-IMF-Executive-Board- Concludes-2016-Article-IV-Consultation<\/a>; \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2015\u060c 6.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup>IMF Data Mapper, \u201cGovernment Primary Balance, Percent of GDP.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup>IMF, <em>Saudi Arabia: 2016 Article IV Consultation<\/em>; IMF Data Mapper, \u201cGovernment Primary Balance, Percent of GDP.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup>Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, \u201cAgreement,\u201d Press Release, January 1, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.opec.org\/opec_web\/static_files_project\/media\/downloads\/press_room\/OPEC%20agreement.pdf\">https:\/\/www.opec.org\/opec_web\/static_files_project\/media\/downloads\/press_room\/OPEC%20agreement.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>31 <\/sup>Rabah Arezki and Akito Matsumoto, \u201cOPEC&#8217;s Rebalancing Act,\u201d <em>IMF<\/em> (blog), March 15, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Blogs\/Articles\/2017\/03\/15\/opecs-rebalancing-act\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Blogs\/Articles\/2017\/03\/15\/opecs-rebalancing-act<\/a>; US Energy Information Administration, \u201cCrude oil prices increased in 2017, and Brent-WTI spread widened,\u201d January 3, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=34372\">https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=34372<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup>AIMF Data Mapper, \u201cGovernment Primary Balance, Percent of GDP.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33 <\/sup>IMF Data Mapper, \u201cReal GDP Growth (Annual Percent Change).\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34 <\/sup>\u201cSaudi Arabia &#8211; Worldwide Tax Summaries Online,\u201d PwC, accessed April 4, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/taxsummaries.pwc.com\/saudi-arabia\">https:\/\/taxsummaries.pwc.com\/saudi-arabia<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35 <\/sup>\u201cSaudi Arabia Introduces New Tax for Expatriates,\u201d <em>Alarabiya News,<\/em> July 3, 2017,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2017\/07\/03\/Saudi-Arabia-introduces-new-tax-for-expatriates\">https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2017\/07\/03\/Saudi-Arabia-introduces-new-tax-for-expatriates<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36 <\/sup>\u201cExcise Tax Implementing Regulations,\u201d General Authority of Zakat and Tax, 2018, 8, <a href=\"https:\/\/zatca.gov.sa\/en\/RulesRegulations\/Documents\/Excise%20Tax%20Implementing%20Regulations.pdf\">https:\/\/zatca.gov.sa\/en\/RulesRegulations\/Documents\/Excise%20Tax%20Implementing%20Regulations.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37 <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c &#8220;\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629&#8221;.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a: (\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2021)\u060c 11 \u2013 12\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/zatca.gov.sa\/en\/HelpCenter\/guidelines\/Documents\/VAT%20Grouping%20Guideline.pdf\">https:\/\/zatca.gov.sa\/en\/HelpCenter\/guidelines\/Documents\/VAT%20Grouping%20Guideline.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39 <\/sup>\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40 <\/sup>Saudi Arabia Ministry of Finance, <em>Budget Statement Fiscal Year 2019<\/em>, (Saudi Arabia: Ministry of Finance, 2019), 28, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mof.gov.sa\/en\/docslibrary\/Budget\/Documents\/2019.pdf\">https:\/\/www.mof.gov.sa\/en\/docslibrary\/Budget\/Documents\/2019.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41 <\/sup>\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 5 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2024\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/zatca.gov.sa\/ar\/MediaCenter\/Publications\/Documents\/VAT_Publication.pdf\">https:\/\/zatca.gov.sa\/ar\/MediaCenter\/Publications\/Documents\/VAT_Publication.pdf<\/a>; &#8220;\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629: \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 4 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2024 https:\/\/www.moh.gov.sa\/en\/Ministry\/MediaCenter\/News\/Pages\/news-2018-01-07-007.aspx.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42 <\/sup>\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 5 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2024\u061b <a href=\"https:\/\/vat.housing.gov.sa\/\">https:\/\/vat.housing.gov.sa\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43 <\/sup>\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<em>\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 2018 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 2018)\u060c 13 <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mof.gov.sa\/en\/budget\/Documents\/Budget%20Statement%202018.pdf\">https:\/\/www.mof.gov.sa\/en\/budget\/Documents\/Budget%20Statement%202018.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44 <\/sup>&#8220;\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 3 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2024 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrsd.gov.sa\/en\/ministry-services\/services\/1154073\">https:\/\/www.hrsd.gov.sa\/en\/ministry-services\/services\/1154073<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45 <\/sup>\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c <em>\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 2019\u060c 27-28<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46 <\/sup>IMF Data Mapper, \u201cGovernment Primary Balance, Percent of GDP.\u201d.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47 <\/sup>\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<em>\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 2020 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 2020)\u060c 17 <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mof.gov.sa\/en\/docslibrary\/Budget\/Documents\/2020.pdf\">https:\/\/www.mof.gov.sa\/en\/docslibrary\/Budget\/Documents\/2020.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote48\">48 <\/sup>IMF Data Mapper, \u201cGovernment Primary Balance, Percent of GDP;\u201d International Monetary Fund<em>, Saudi Arabia: 2019 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; and Staff Report,<\/em> Country Report No. 2019\/290, (IMF, September 9, 2019), 1, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/CR\/Issues\/2019\/09\/09\/Saudi-Arabia-2019-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-and-Staff-Report-48659\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/CR\/Issues\/2019\/09\/09\/Saudi-Arabia-2019-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-and-Staff-Report-48659<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote49\">49 <\/sup>\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019\u060c 7\u061b \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 2019\u060c 22<em>. <\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote50\">50 <\/sup>&#8220;\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 2030\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a 25 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2024\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/en\/vision-2030\/vrp\/fiscal-sustainability-program\/\">https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/en\/vision-2030\/vrp\/fiscal-sustainability-program\/<\/a> \u061b \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c 8.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote51\">51 <\/sup>\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 2019\u060c 28\u061b \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019\u060c 7<em>.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote52\">52 <\/sup><em>\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019 <\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote53\">53 <\/sup>IMF Data Mapper, \u201cGovernment Primary Balance, Percent of GDP.\u201d.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote54\">54 <\/sup>\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c <em>\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 2022<\/em>\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c 2022)\u060c 28\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mof.gov.sa\/en\/budget\/2022\/Documents\/Budget2022_EN.pdf\">https:\/\/www.mof.gov.sa\/en\/budget\/2022\/Documents\/Budget2022_EN.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote55\">55 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote56\">56 <\/sup>IMF Data Mapper, &#8220;\u201cGovernment Primary Balance, Percent of GDP.\u201d.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote57\">57 <\/sup>IMF Data Mapper, \u201cGovernment Primary Balance, Percent of GDP.\u201d.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote58\">58 <\/sup>\u201cNon-oil Revenues (Billion SAR),\u201d Saudi Central Bank Portal for Open Data, accessed March 12, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sama.gov.sa\/en-US\/EconomicReports\/Pages\/report.aspx?cid=124\">https:\/\/www.sama.gov.sa\/en-US\/EconomicReports\/Pages\/report.aspx?cid=124<\/a>; Saudi Arabia Ministry of Finance, <em>Budget Statement Fiscal Year 2019; <\/em>Saudi Arabia Ministry of Finance, <em>Budget Statement Fiscal Year 2020; <\/em>Saudi Arabia Ministry of Finance, <em>Budget Statement Fiscal Year 2021, <\/em>(Saudi Arabia: Ministry of Finance, 2021), 29, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mof.gov.sa\/en\/docslibrary\/Budget\/Documents\/2021.pdf\">https:\/\/www.mof.gov.sa\/en\/docslibrary\/Budget\/Documents\/2021.pdf<\/a>; Saudi Arabia Ministry of Finance, <em>Budget Statement Fiscal Year 2022, <\/em>28<em>;<\/em> Saudi Arabia Ministry of Finance, <em>Budget Statement Fiscal Year 2023<\/em>, (Saudi Arabia: Ministry of Finance, 2023), 33, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mof.gov.sa\/en\/budget\/2023\/Documents\/Bud-En%202023MoF.pdf\">https:\/\/www.mof.gov.sa\/en\/budget\/2023\/Documents\/Bud-En%202023MoF.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote59\">59 <\/sup>Alan A. Tait, <em>Value Added Tax: International Practice and Problems,<\/em> (International Monetary Fund, 1988), 191-229, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5089\/9781557750129.071\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5089\/9781557750129.071<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote60\">60\u00a0<\/sup>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 8 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u06485,2 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 4,9 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u06481,5 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1968 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 1,15 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 1 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 2,3 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629.\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629: &#8220;Alan A. Tait, \u201cValue Added Tax: International Practice and Problems,\u201d International Monetary Fund, (1988): 191-229. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5089\/9781557750129.071\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5089\/9781557750129.071<\/a>&#8220;<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote61\">61 <\/sup>IMF<em>, Saudi Arabia: 2018 Article IV Consultation<\/em>, 7<em>.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote62\">62 <\/sup>International Monetary Fund Data Mapper, \u201cInflation rate, average consumer prices, \u201d accessed March 12, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/datamapper\/PCPIPCH@WEO\/SAU?zoom=SAU&amp;highlight=SAU\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/datamapper\/PCPIPCH@WEO\/SAU?zoom=SAU&amp;highlight=SAU<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote63\">63 <\/sup>\u201cInflation rate, average consumer prices,\u201d IMF Data Mapper.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote64\">64 <\/sup>Tait, <em>Value Added Tax: International Practice and Problems.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote65\">65 <\/sup>Saudi Arabia Ministry of Finance, <em>Budget Statement Fiscal Year 2019<\/em>, 22.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote66\">66 <\/sup>Saudi Arabia Ministry of Finance, <em>Budget Statement Fiscal Year 2020<\/em>, 11.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote67\">67 <\/sup>Tait, <em>Value Added Tax: International Practice and Problems; <\/em>Bj\u00f6rn Matth\u00edasson, \u201cThe Value-Added Tax.\u00a0Finance and Development,\u201d\u00a0<em>Finance and Development<\/em> 7, no.1, (1970): 40, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elibrary.imf.org\/view\/journals\/022\/0007\/001\/article-A007-en.xml\">https:\/\/www.elibrary.imf.org\/view\/journals\/022\/0007\/001\/article-A007-en.xml<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote68\">68 <\/sup>\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062d \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 400 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u064e\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 50 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote69\">69 <\/sup>\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c <em>\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 2019\u060c<\/em> 23.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote70\">70 <\/sup>\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c <em>\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 2020\u060c<\/em> 9.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote71\">71 <\/sup>\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c <em>\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 2021.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote72\">72 <\/sup>\u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 1955 \u06481975. \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1988.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote73\">73 <\/sup>\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062e\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2002&#8243;\u060c 25 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2002\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2015\/09\/28\/04\/53\/pn02121\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2015\/09\/28\/04\/53\/pn02121<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote74\">74 <\/sup>\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c &#8221; Empirically Investigating the Perception of Value-Added Tax in Saudi Arabia&#8221;\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (<\/em><em>Saudi Journal of Economics and Finance) 7<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f. 4 (2023): 232-238\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Khalid-Al-Adeem\/publication\/370129205_Empirically_Investigating_the_Perception_of_Value-Added_Tax_in_Saudi_Arabia\/links\/6440e3ba1b8d044c6337d351\/Empirically-Investigating-the-Perception-of-Value-Added-Tax-in-Saudi-Arabia.pdf\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Khalid-Al-Adeem\/publication\/370129205_Empirically_Investigating_the_Perception_of_Value-Added_Tax_in_Saudi_Arabia\/links\/6440e3ba1b8d044c6337d351\/Empirically-Investigating-the-Perception-of-Value-Added-Tax-in-Saudi-Arabia.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote75\">75 <\/sup>Siti Norwahida Shukeri and Faisal D Alfordy, \u201cValued Added Tax (VAT) Impact on Economic and Societal Well-Beings (Pre-and Post COVID19): A Perception Study from Saudi Arabia,\u201d International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 1 (2021): 92-100, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciedu.ca\/journal\/index.php\/ijfr\/article\/view\/18383\">https:\/\/www.sciedu.ca\/journal\/index.php\/ijfr\/article\/view\/18383<\/a>.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>  \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":471268,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[80],"programs":[],"publication_type":[90],"class_list":["post-471265","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","geographic_area-80","publication_type-90","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/471265","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/471268"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=471265"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=471265"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=471265"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=471265"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=471265"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=471265"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}