{"id":470873,"date":"2024-04-04T12:10:54","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T12:10:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=470873"},"modified":"2024-07-28T09:01:56","modified_gmt":"2024-07-28T09:01:56","slug":"%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b6%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%ba%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%ae-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%af","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b6%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%ba%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%ae-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%af\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 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\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631<a href=\"#endnote9\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<a href=\"#endnote10\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a> (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 1).<a href=\"#endnote11\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a 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\u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-scatter\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-src=\"visualisation\/17405188\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-470932 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/ar-chart-sudan-03-03-1-1-1017x1024.png\" alt=\"\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645\" width=\"671\" height=\"676\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/ar-chart-sudan-03-03-1-1-1017x1024.png 1017w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/ar-chart-sudan-03-03-1-1-298x300.png 298w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/ar-chart-sudan-03-03-1-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/ar-chart-sudan-03-03-1-1-768x773.png 768w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/ar-chart-sudan-03-03-1-1-1525x1536.png 1525w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/ar-chart-sudan-03-03-1-1-2034x2048.png 2034w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/ar-chart-sudan-03-03-1-1-1568x1579.png 1568w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 671px) 100vw, 671px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 671px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 671\/676;\" \/><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645 (GAIN-ND)\u060c 2021.<a href=\"#endnote12\"><sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0634\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e. \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup>University of Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN), \u201cND-GAIN Index: Sudan,\u201d accessed November 20, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/gain-new.crc.nd.edu\/country\/sudan#vulnerability\">https:\/\/gain-new.crc.nd.edu\/country\/sudan#vulnerability<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup>International Organization for Migration, Displacement Tracking Matrix, <em>DTM Sudan &#8211; Weekly Displacement Snapshot (5)<\/em>, (Sudan: International Organization for Migration (IOM) Sudan, October 3, 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/dtm.iom.int\/reports\/dtm-sudan-weekly-displacement-snapshot-5\">https:\/\/dtm.iom.int\/reports\/dtm-sudan-weekly-displacement-snapshot-5<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup>Youseif Basher, Weam Al Sharif, and Giorgio Cafiero, \u201cSudan\u2019s armed conflict and humanitarian crisis,\u201d <em>Sada<\/em> (Blog), May 11, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/89736\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/89736<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup>United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), <em>Sudan Humanitarian Update (28 September 2023) &#8211; Sudan<\/em>, Situation Report, (New York: OCHA, September 29, 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/sudan\/sudan-humanitarian-update-28-september-2023\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/sudan\/sudan-humanitarian-update-28-september-2023<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup>IPC &#8211; Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, <em>SUDAN: Over 20 Million People Experience High Levels of Acute Food Insecurity between July and September 2023 Driven by Conflict, Mass Displacement, and Economic Decline<\/em>, Issue 84, (Kenya: IPC, August 2, 2023), 4, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcinfo.org\/ipcinfo-website\/alerts-archive\/issue-84\/en\/\">https:\/\/www.ipcinfo.org\/ipcinfo-website\/alerts-archive\/issue-84\/en\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>Akmal Dawi, \u201cWHO: Hundreds of Children Die in Sudan Health Crisis,\u201d <em>Voice of America<\/em>, September 19, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/who-hundreds-of-children-die-in-sudan-health-crisis-\/7274733.html\">https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/who-hundreds-of-children-die-in-sudan-health-crisis-\/7274733.html#<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup>&#8220;Ta\u1e25thirat min makha\u1e6diri bi\u02beiyya lil-juthathi al-mutahallila;at bisababi al-\u1e25arbi fi al-sudan [Warnings of Environmental Dangers of Decomposing Bodies Caused By The War In Sudan],\u201d <em>Sudan Tribune<\/em>, August 13, 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/sudantribune.net\/article276112\/\">https:\/\/sudantribune.net\/article276112\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup>The ND-GAIN Matrix provides a visual representation of a country&#8217;s vulnerability to climate change and its readiness to adapt and respond. It is divided into four quadrants based on a country&#8217;s vulnerability score and readiness: \u201cwell positioned with few challenges;\u201d \u201cfew present challenges, have time to get ready;\u201d \u201chave great challenges, but are adopting solutions;\u201d and \u201cgreatest challenges and urgency to act.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup>The vulnerability index captures a country&#8217;s exposure, sensitivity, and ability to adapt to the negative impact of climate change focusing on the food, water, health, ecosystem service, human habitat, and infrastructure sectors.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup>The readiness index measures a country\u2019s ability to leverage investments and transfer them to adaptation actions, focusing on economic, governance, and social readiness.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup>University of Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative, \u201cND-GAIN Index: Sudan.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>Hala Abushama, Zhe Guo, Khalid Siddig, Oliver Kirui, Kibrom Abay, Liangzhi You, \u201cMonitoring Indicators of Economic Activities in Sudan Amidst Ongoing Conflict Using Satellite Data,\u201d <em>Defence and Peace Economics<\/em>, (2023), 3, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10242694.2023.2290474\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10242694.2023.2290474<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup>Farida Mahgoub, <em>Current status of agriculture and future challenges in Sudan,<\/em> (Sweden: Nordic Africa Institute, April 21, 2015), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.diva-portal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:712485\/FULLTEXT01.pdf$x\">https:\/\/www.diva-portal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:712485\/FULLTEXT01.pdf$x<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources &amp; Physical Development and Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources, <em>National Adaptation Programme of Action<\/em>,\u00a0 (July 2007), 5, <a href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/resource\/docs\/napa\/sdn01.pdf\">https:\/\/unfccc.int\/resource\/docs\/napa\/sdn01.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>Nadir Ahmed Elagib, Islam Sabry Al Zayed, Muhammad Khalifa, Abbas E. Rahma, Marwan M. A. Ali, and Karl Schneider, \u201cDrought versus flood: What matters more to the performance of Sahel farming systems?,\u201d <em>Hydrological Processes<\/em> 37, no. 9 (2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hyp.14978\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hyp.14978<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup>\u201cNational Adaptation Plan, \u201d Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources &amp; Physical Development and Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources, (July 2016), 29, <a href=\"https:\/\/www4.unfccc.int\/sites\/NAPC\/Documents%20NAP\/National%20Reports\/Sudan%20NAP.pdf\">https:\/\/www4.unfccc.int\/sites\/NAPC\/Documents%20NAP\/National%20Reports\/Sudan%20NAP.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup>The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources in Sudan, <em>Sudan: First State of Environment and Outlook Report 2020-Executive Summary<\/em>, (UNEP: October 2020), 11, <a href=\"https:\/\/wedocs.unep.org\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.11822\/34012\/SSoEESEN.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\">https:\/\/wedocs.unep.org\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.11822\/34012\/SSoEESEN.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup>Mahgoub, \u201c<em>Current status of agriculture and future challenges in Sudan<\/em>.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup>\u201c19 Mln Hectares of Sudan\u2019s Agricultural Land Threatened by Drought &#8211; Sudan,\u201d <em>Radio Dabanga<\/em>, October 13, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/sudan\/19-mln-hectares-sudan-s-agricultural-land-threatened-drought\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/sudan\/19-mln-hectares-sudan-s-agricultural-land-threatened-drought<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup>Ahmed El-Affendi, \u201cImpact of Grand Renaissance Dam (GERD) on Agriculture in the Sudanese Blue Nile Basin,\u201d <em>InfoNile<\/em>, December 16, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/infonile.org\/en\/2022\/12\/impact-of-grand-renaissance-dam-gerd-on-agriculture-in-the-sudanese-blue-nile-basin\/\">https:\/\/infonile.org\/en\/2022\/12\/impact-of-grand-renaissance-dam-gerd-on-agriculture-in-the-sudanese-blue-nile-basin\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup>John Mukum Mbaku, \u201cThe Controversy over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam,\u201d Commentary, Brookings Institute, August 5, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/the-controversy-over-the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam\/\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/the-controversy-over-the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup>Ahmed H. Soliman, Alaa El Zawahry, and Hesham M. Bekhit, \u201cGERD Failure Analysis and the Impacts on Downstream Countries,\u201d in Abdelazim Negm, Mohamed Elsahabi, and Mohamed Salman Tayie,<em> Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam versus Aswan High Dam, A View from Egypt<\/em>, 149\u2013171 (Springer International Publishing, 2019).<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup>Mbaku, \u201cThe Controversy.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup>OCHA, <em>Sudan: 2022 Flood Response Update 03 (As of 30 November 2022)<\/em>,\u00a0 (New York: OCHA, November 30, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/sudan\/sudan-2022-flood-response-update-03-30-november-2022\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/sudan\/sudan-2022-flood-response-update-03-30-november-2022<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup>Pastoralism is a livelihood system characterized by a reliance on three pillars: natural resources (specifically water and pasture in drylands), people (represented by family structures and institutions), and assets (primarily livestock). This system involves the flexible and adaptive management of livestock production, to which mobility is critical.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup>\u201cPastoralism in Sudan,\u201d UNEP, accessed January 29, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/explore-topics\/disasters-conflicts\/where-we-work\/sudan\/pastoralism-sudan\">https:\/\/www.unep.org\/explore-topics\/disasters-conflicts\/where-we-work\/sudan\/pastoralism-sudan<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup>Dina Najjar, Ishtiag Abdalla, and Eileen Alma, <em>Gender Roles in the Wheat Production of Sudan: Strengthening the Participation of Women<\/em>, (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), December 2016), 5, <a href=\"https:\/\/mel.cgiar.org\/reporting\/download\/hash\/gEkjtjrH\">https:\/\/mel.cgiar.org\/reporting\/download\/hash\/gEkjtjrH<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31 <\/sup>Sumaya Ahmed Zakieldeen, <em>Adaptation to Climate Change: A vulnerability Assessment for Sudan<\/em>, Gatekeeper Series 142, (London: International Institute for Environment and Development, November 2009), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iied.org\/14586iied\">https:\/\/www.iied.org\/14586iied<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33 <\/sup>Lina Yassin, \u201cClimate Change and Political Instability: Will Sudan Ever Find a Way Out?,\u201d The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy, September 7, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/timep.org\/2022\/09\/07\/climate-change-and-political-instability-will-sudan-ever-find-a-way-out\/\">https:\/\/timep.org\/2022\/09\/07\/climate-change-and-political-instability-will-sudan-ever-find-a-way-out\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34 <\/sup>UNEP and European Union, <em>Addressing Climate-related Security Risks: Conflict Sensitivity for Climate Change Adaptation and Sustainable Livelihoods<\/em>, Guidance Note, (UNEP and European Union, July 2007), <a href=\"https:\/\/wedocs.unep.org\/20.500.11822\/40330\">https:\/\/wedocs.unep.org\/20.500.11822\/40330<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35 <\/sup>UNEP and UK Aid, <em>Adapt for Environment and Climate Resilience in Sudan (ADAPT!): Integrated Water Resources Management: Good Practices in Sudan<\/em>, (UNEP and UKaid, 2020), 2, \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/wedocs.unep.org\/20.500.11822\/31981\">https:\/\/wedocs.unep.org\/20.500.11822\/31981<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36 <\/sup>Christopher Zambakari, \u201cThe conflict in Sudan is a complex situation crying out for solutions,\u201d <em>Africa at LSE<\/em> (Blog), May 31, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/africaatlse\/2023\/05\/31\/the-conflict-in-sudan-is-a-complex-situation-crying-out-for-solutions\/\">https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/africaatlse\/2023\/05\/31\/the-conflict-in-sudan-is-a-complex-situation-crying-out-for-solutions\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37 <\/sup>Mazo Jeffrey, \u201cDarfur: The first modern climate-change conflict,\u201d <em>The Adelphi Papers<\/em> 49, no. 409 (2009): 73-86, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19445571003755538\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19445571003755538<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup>Dawi, \u201cWHO: Hundreds of Children Die in Sudan Health Crisis.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39 <\/sup>University of Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative, \u201cSudan | ND-GAIN Index.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40 <\/sup>According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), armed clashes across Sudan have displaced an estimated 6,326,416 internally displaced persons (IDPs) as of February 21, 2024. A further 1.88 million have fled across borders into neighboring countries.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41 <\/sup>IOM Displacement Tracking Matrix, <em>Sudan Monthly Displacement Overview (06)<\/em>, (IOM, February 2024), 1, <a href=\"https:\/\/dtm.iom.int\/reports\/dtm-sudan-monthly-displacement-overview-06\">https:\/\/dtm.iom.int\/reports\/dtm-sudan-monthly-displacement-overview-06<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42 <\/sup>UNEP \u00a0\u201cIn Sudan, Conflict and Environmental Decline Go Hand in Hand,\u201d Story of Disasters and Conflicts, November 4, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/news-and-stories\/story\/sudan-conflict-and-environmental-decline-go-hand-hand\">https:\/\/www.unep.org\/news-and-stories\/story\/sudan-conflict-and-environmental-decline-go-hand-hand<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44 <\/sup>International Monetary Fund (IMF), Middle East and Central Asia Dept, <em>Sudan: Selected Issues<\/em>, IMF Country Report no. 20\/73, (Washington D.C.: IMF, March 10, 2020), 32, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/CR\/Issues\/2020\/03\/10\/Sudan-Selected-Issues-49255\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/CR\/Issues\/2020\/03\/10\/Sudan-Selected-Issues-49255<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45 <\/sup>Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), <em>Sudan Climate, Peace and Security Fact Shee<\/em>t, (Sweden: SIPRI, May 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/sipri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/NUPI%20SIPRI%20Fact%20Sheet%20Sudan%20May%202022.pdf\">https:\/\/sipri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/NUPI%20SIPRI%20Fact%20Sheet%20Sudan%20May%202022.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46 <\/sup>Rashid Hassan, Hassan Abdelnur, Ismail Elgizouli, and Yasir Khairy, \u00a0\u201cAddressing Sustainability and Equity Challenges in Managing the Environment and Natural Wealth in Sudan,\u201d <em>Economic Research Forum<\/em> <em>Working Paper<\/em> no. 1550 (May 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/erf.org.eg\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1653593853_412_660595_1550.pdf\">https:\/\/erf.org.eg\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1653593853_412_660595_1550.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47 <\/sup>Simon Marks, \u201cGold Riches Fuel Sudan Militia\u2019s War to Rule Nation, UN Says,\u201d <em>Bloomberg News<\/em>, January 21, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2024-01-21\/sudan-war-militia-uses-gold-mining-wealth-to-fund-war-un-says\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2024-01-21\/sudan-war-militia-uses-gold-mining-wealth-to-fund-war-un-says<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote48\">48 <\/sup>Hala \u00a0Abushama, Danielle Resnick, Khalid \u00a0Siddig, and Oliver K Kirui, <em>Political and economic drivers of Sudan\u2019s armed conflict: Implications for the agri-food system<\/em>, Sudan SSP Working Paper 15 (Washington D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), October, 2023),15, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2499\/p15738coll2.136946\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2499\/p15738coll2.136946<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote49\">49\u00a0<\/sup>IPC, <em>Sudan<\/em> <em>Conflict, Massive Displacement and Economic Decline Drive Over 20 Million People Into High Levels of Acute Food Insecurity in the Lean Season (July &#8211; September 2023)<\/em>, IPC Acute Food Insecurity Analysis, (Kenya: IPC, August 2, 2023), 1, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcinfo.org\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/ipcinfo\/docs\/IPC_Sudan_Acute_Food_Insecurity_Jun2023_Feb2024_report.pdf\">https:\/\/www.ipcinfo.org\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/ipcinfo\/docs\/IPC_Sudan_Acute_Food_Insecurity_Jun2023_Feb2024_report.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote50\">50 <\/sup>Nafisa Eltahir and Khalid Abdelaziz, \u201cInsight: Fighting in Sudan Leaves Farmers Struggling to Get Crops,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, July 17, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/fighting-sudan-leaves-farmers-struggling-get-crops-planted-2023-07-17\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/fighting-sudan-leaves-farmers-struggling-get-crops-planted-2023-07-17\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote51\">51 <\/sup>Human Rights Watch, <em>Human Rights and Humanitarian Organizations Urge United Nations to Mobilize to Address Crisis in Sudan<\/em>, (New York, Human Rights Watch, September 18, 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/09\/13\/human-rights-and-humanitarian-organizations-urge-united-nations-mobilize-address\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/09\/13\/human-rights-and-humanitarian-organizations-urge-united-nations-mobilize-address<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote52\">52 <\/sup>Susanne Jaspars and Lutz Oette, \u201cSudan\u2019s Catastrophe: A Long History of Failed Responses to Structural and Direct Violence,\u201d <em>Study <\/em>(blog), SOAS University of London, May 4, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.soas.ac.uk\/study\/blog\/sudans-catastrophe-long-history-failed-responses-structural-and-direct-violence\">https:\/\/www.soas.ac.uk\/study\/blog\/sudans-catastrophe-long-history-failed-responses-structural-and-direct-violence<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote53\">53 <\/sup>Todd G. Smith, \u201cFeeding unrest: Disentangling the causal relationship between food price shocks and sociopolitical conflict in urban Africa,\u201d <em>Journal of Peace Research<\/em>, Vol. 51, No. 6 (November 2014), 679-695, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24557493\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24557493<\/a>; Stormy A. Mildner, Stiftung, Gitta Lauster Stiftung, and Wiebke Wodni, \u201cScarcity and abundance revisited: A literature review on natural resources and conflict,\u201d <em>International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV)<\/em> 5, no. 1 (2011), 155-172, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4119\/ijcv-2852\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4119\/ijcv-2852<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote54\">54 <\/sup>Niklas Sax, Gamal Mohamed Hassan, Abdimajid Nunow Abdi, Ignacio Madurga-Lopez, Bia Carneiro, Theresa Liebig, Peter La\u0308derach and Grazia Pacillo, <em>How does climate exacerbate root causes of conflict in Sudan? Climate Security Pathway Analysis<\/em>, Factsheet 2023\/2, (Rome, Italy: Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres (CGIAR), 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/shorturl.at\/cuLQ5\">https:\/\/shorturl.at\/cuLQ5<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote55\">55\u00a0<\/sup>Yassin, \u201cClimate Change and Political Instability.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote56\">56 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote57\">57 <\/sup>UNEP, \u201cWater Catchment Project Is Expanded to Aid Peace and Economic Recovery in North Darfur,\u201d Story of Disasters and Conflicts, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/news-and-stories\/story\/water-catchment-project-expanded-aid-peace-and-economic-recovery-north\">https:\/\/www.unep.org\/news-and-stories\/story\/water-catchment-project-expanded-aid-peace-and-economic-recovery-north<\/a>.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629: \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0651\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a: \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b6%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%ba%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%ae-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%af\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u0651\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":470870,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[],"programs":[],"publication_type":[90],"class_list":["post-470873","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","publication_type-90","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/470873","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/470870"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=470873"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=470873"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=470873"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=470873"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=470873"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=470873"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}