{"id":470685,"date":"2024-03-04T11:45:31","date_gmt":"2024-03-04T11:45:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=470685"},"modified":"2026-03-02T09:13:14","modified_gmt":"2026-03-02T09:13:14","slug":"%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ab%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%91%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ab%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%91%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a 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href=\"#endnote62\"><sup>62<\/sup><\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 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\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0641\u0651\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u062d\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u064e\u0635\u0639\u064f\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u062d\u0646\u0643\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h6><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup>\u201cIraqi PM Maliki says Saudi, Qatar openly funding violence in Anbar,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, March 9, 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-iraq-saudi-qatar-idUSBREA2806S20140309\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-iraq-saudi-qatar-idUSBREA2806S20140309<\/a>; Reuters, \u201cQatari hunter among group kidnapped in Iraq is released, officials say,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, April 6, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2016\/apr\/06\/qatari-hunter-kidnapped-iraq-released-interior-ministry\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2016\/apr\/06\/qatari-hunter-kidnapped-iraq-released-interior-ministry<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup>Robert F.Worth, \u201cKidnapped royalty become pawns in Iran\u2019s deadly plot,\u201d<em> The<\/em> <em>New York Times<\/em>, March 14, \u00a02018, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/03\/14\/magazine\/how-a-ransom-for-royal-falconers-reshaped-the-middle-east.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/03\/14\/magazine\/how-a-ransom-for-royal-falconers-reshaped-the-middle-east.html<\/a>; \u201cQatar hunters abducted in Iraq desert by gunmen,\u201d <em>BBC<\/em>, December 16, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-35112774\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-35112774<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup>Ali Allawi, <em>The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace<\/em> (London: Yale University Press, 2008).<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup>&#8220;Qatari companies partner with Iraq on $9.5 billion worth of projects,&#8221; <em>Reuters<\/em>, June 18, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/qatari-companies-partner-with-iraq-95-bln-worth-projects-2023-06-18\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/qatari-companies-partner-with-iraq-95-bln-worth-projects-2023-06-18<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>\u201cIraq joins the ICSID Convention: Announces additional incentives and protections for investors,\u201d Embassy of the Republic of Iraq in Washington D.C., November 17, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iraqiembassy.us\/article\/iraq-joins-the-icsid-convention-announces-additional-incentives-and-protections-for#:~:text=Iraq%20has%20become%20the%20160th,legal%20protections%20for%20foreign%20investors\">https:\/\/www.iraqiembassy.us\/article\/iraq-joins-the-icsid-convention-announces-additional-incentives-and-protections-for#:~:text=Iraq%20has%20become%20the%20160th,legal%20protections%20for%20foreign%20investors<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup>\u201cThe basics of bilateral investment treaties,\u201d Sidley Austin LLP, Accessed January 18, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sidley.com\/en\/us\/services\/global-arbitration-trade-and-advocacy\/investment-treaty-arbitration\/sub-pages\/the-basics-of-bilateral-investment-treaties\">https:\/\/www.sidley.com\/en\/us\/services\/global-arbitration-trade-and-advocacy\/investment-treaty-arbitration\/sub-pages\/the-basics-of-bilateral-investment-treaties<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup>Kevin Newton, <em>An awkward triangle: Iraq, Iran, and Saudi Arabia<\/em>, (Washington, DC: \u00a0Middle East Institute, May 23, 2019), \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/awkward-triangle-iraq-iran-and-saudi-arabia\">https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/awkward-triangle-iraq-iran-and-saudi-arabia<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup>Benjamin Isakhan, <em>The Legacy of Iraq from the 2003 War to the &#8216;Islamic State,&#8217;<\/em> (Edinburgh University Press: September, 2016).<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup>Gregory Gause III, <em>Beyond Sectarianism: The New Middle East Cold War<\/em>, (Doha, Qatar: Brookings Doha Center, July 11, 2014), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/english-pdf-1.pdf\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/english-pdf-1.pdf<\/a>; Associated Press, \u201cSaudi Citizens Funding Iraq Insurgents,\u201d <em>CBS News<\/em>, December 8, 2006, https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/saudi-citizens-funding-iraq-insurgents.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup>Gause III, <em>Beyond Secterianism.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup>News Agencies, \u201cMaliki: Saudi and Qatar at war against Iraq,&#8221; <em>Al Jazeera English<\/em>, March 9, 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2014\/3\/9\/maliki-saudi-and-qatar-at-war-against-iraq\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2014\/3\/9\/maliki-saudi-and-qatar-at-war-against-iraq<\/a>; \u201cIraqi PM Maliki says.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>Chelsea J. Carter and Mohammed Tawfeeq, \u201cIraq\u2019s Sunni VP on his death sentence: \u2018Unjust, political and illegitimate\u2019,\u201d CNN, September 10, 2012, <a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2012\/09\/10\/world\/meast\/iraq-politics-violence\/index.html.\">https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2012\/09\/10\/world\/meast\/iraq-politics-violence\/index.html.<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup>Ian Black, &#8220;Unholy Row,&#8221; The Guardian, September 26, 2008, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2008\/sep\/26\/middleeast\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2008\/sep\/26\/middleeast<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15\u00a0<\/sup>Tim Arango, &#8220;Iraq revokes licenses of Al Jazeera and 9 other TV channels,&#8221; New York Times, April 28, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/04\/29\/world\/middleeast\/iraq-suspends-al-jazeera-and-other-tv-channels.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/04\/29\/world\/middleeast\/iraq-suspends-al-jazeera-and-other-tv-channels.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>Reuters, \u201cQatar to open embassy in Baghdad as Iraq\u2019s ties with Gulf improve,\u201d <em>Al-Arabiya News<\/em>, May 29, 2015, https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2015\/05\/29\/Qatar-to-open-embassy-in-Baghdad-as-Iraq-s-ties-with-Gulf-improve.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>Ali Mamouri, \u201cIraq, Qatar grow closer in wake of Gulf crisis,\u201d Al-Monitor, June 9, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2017\/06\/iraq-qatar-saudi-maliki-jabouri.html#ixzz8EQjvQJpc\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2017\/06\/iraq-qatar-saudi-maliki-jabouri.html#ixzz8EQjvQJpc<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup>Huthifa Fayyad, \u201cRenewed Saudi-Iraq ties \u2018to rival Iran\u2019s influence\u2019,\u201d Al Jazeera English, October 25, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/10\/25\/renewed-saudi-iraq-ties-to-rival-irans-influence\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/10\/25\/renewed-saudi-iraq-ties-to-rival-irans-influence<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup>Ali Mamouri, \u201cExplainer: How Iraq planted the seeds for China&#8217;s Saudi-Iran deal,\u201d Al Monitor, March 18, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2023\/03\/explainer-how-iraq-planted-seeds-chinas-saudi-iran-deal#ixzz7z8VaRpIe\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2023\/03\/explainer-how-iraq-planted-seeds-chinas-saudi-iran-deal#ixzz7z8VaRpIe<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup>\u201cEven without breakthrough, Baghdad summit clear win for Kadhimi,\u201d <em>Amwaj Media,<\/em> August 30, 2021, https:\/\/amwaj.media\/media-monitor\/baghdad-hosts-conference-to-reduce-regional-tensions.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup>\u201cIraq signs deal to plug into Gulf power grid for the first time,\u201d <em>The New Arab<\/em>, September 15, 2019, https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/news\/iraq-signs-deal-plug-gulf-power-grid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup>Robert Tollast, \u201cA power grid for the Middle East: what is the GCCIA and can it benefit Iraq?\u201d The National, July 16, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/mena\/iraq\/2022\/07\/16\/a-power-grid-for-the-middle-east-what-is-the-gccia-and-can-it-benefit-iraq\">https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/mena\/iraq\/2022\/07\/16\/a-power-grid-for-the-middle-east-what-is-the-gccia-and-can-it-benefit-iraq<\/a>.; Yerevan Saeed, \u201cIraq Deepens Ties with GCC Neighbors,\u201d The <em>Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington<\/em> (blog), April 12, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/agsiw.org\/iraq-deepens-ties-with-gcc-neighbors\/\">https:\/\/agsiw.org\/iraq-deepens-ties-with-gcc-neighbors\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup>Saeed, \u201cIraq Deepens Ties with GCC Neighbors.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup>\u201cQatar signs deal to connect Gulf electricity to southern Iraq network,\u201d <em>Middle East Monitor<\/em>, August 2, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20220802-qatar-signs-deal-to-connect-gulf-electricity-to-southern-iraq-network\">https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20220802-qatar-signs-deal-to-connect-gulf-electricity-to-southern-iraq-network<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup>Qatar News Agency, &#8220;Estithmar subsidiaries open branches in Iraq,&#8221; <em>Gulf News,<\/em> August 14, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gulf-times.com\/article\/666470\/qatar\/estithmar-subsidiaries-open-branches-in-iraq\">https:\/\/www.gulf-times.com\/article\/666470\/qatar\/estithmar-subsidiaries-open-branches-in-iraq<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup>Fatemeh Salari, \u201cQatar\u2019s Milaha unveils shipping service to Iraq from GCC nations: reports,\u201d Doha News<em>,<\/em> April 11, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/dohanews.co\/qatars-milaha-unveils-shipping-service-to-iraq-from-gcc-nations-reports\">https:\/\/dohanews.co\/qatars-milaha-unveils-shipping-service-to-iraq-from-gcc-nations-reports<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup>&#8220;QRCS announces $2mn humanitarian aid projects to assist IDPs and host communities in Iraq,&#8221; <em>Gulf Times<\/em>, August 1, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gulf-times.com\/article\/665632\/qatar\/qrcs-announces-2mn-humanitarian-aid-projects-to-assist-idps-and-host-communities-in-iraq-31048\">https:\/\/www.gulf-times.com\/article\/665632\/qatar\/qrcs-announces-2mn-humanitarian-aid-projects-to-assist-idps-and-host-communities-in-iraq-31048<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31 <\/sup>James Arnold, \u201cStability is a crucial factor for a key US base in the Middle East,\u201d The Hill, September 1, 2020, https:\/\/thehill.com\/opinion\/national-security\/513960-stability-is-a-crucial-factor-for-a-key-us-base-in-the-middle-east.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33 <\/sup>Dania Saadi, \u201cTotalEnergies to add Qatar Energy, BOC as partners in Iraqi projects part of $27 bil deal,\u201d <em>S&amp;P Global Commodity Insights<\/em>, April 5, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spglobal.com\/commodityinsights\/en\/market-insights\/latest-news\/oil\/040523-totalenergies-to-add-qatar-energy-boc-as-partners-in-iraqi-projects-part-of-27-bil-deal\">https:\/\/www.spglobal.com\/commodityinsights\/en\/market-insights\/latest-news\/oil\/040523-totalenergies-to-add-qatar-energy-boc-as-partners-in-iraqi-projects-part-of-27-bil-deal<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35 <\/sup>\u201cKurdistan Region to become \u2018net exporter\u2019 of natural gas to Iraq, Turkey, and Europe in \u2018near future\u2019: PM Barzani,\u201d <em>Kurdistan 24<\/em>, March 28, 2023, https:\/\/www.kurdistan24.net\/en\/story\/27773-Kurdistan-Region-to-become-\u2018net-exporter\u2019-of-natural-gas-to-Iraq,-Turkey,-and-Europe-in-\u2018near-future\u2019:-PM-Barzani.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36 <\/sup>&#8220;Iraq signs oil and gas deals with UAE&#8217;s Crescent Petroleum, Chinese firms,&#8221; <em>Reuters<\/em>, February 21, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/energy\/uaes-crescent-petroleum-develop-natural-gas-fields-iraq-2023-02-21\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/energy\/uaes-crescent-petroleum-develop-natural-gas-fields-iraq-2023-02-21<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37 <\/sup>&#8220;Statement by NSC Spokesperson Adam Hodge Welcoming the Visit of Amir Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad al-Thani of Qatar to Baghdad,&#8221; White House, June 16, 2023, https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/statements-releases\/2023\/06\/16\/statement-by-nsc-spokesperson-adam-hodge-welcoming-the-visit-of-amir-sheikh-tamim-bin-hamad-al-thani-of-qatar-to-baghdad.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup>Sinan Mahmoud, &#8220;Qatar to invest $5bn in Iraq projects after Emir&#8217;s trip to Baghdad,\u201d The National, June 15, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/mena\/iraq\/2023\/06\/15\/qatars-emir-sheikh-tamim-in-iraq-for-significant-visit\">https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/mena\/iraq\/2023\/06\/15\/qatars-emir-sheikh-tamim-in-iraq-for-significant-visit<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39 <\/sup>Sinan Mahmoud, &#8220;Iraq showcases $17-billion development road project that will link Asia to Europe,&#8221; The National, May 27, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/mena\/iraq\/2023\/05\/27\/iraq-showcases-development-road-project-that-will-link-asia-to-europe\">https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/mena\/iraq\/2023\/05\/27\/iraq-showcases-development-road-project-that-will-link-asia-to-europe<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40 <\/sup>Ranj Alaaldin, <em>The Geopolitics of Iraqi Kurdistan&#8217;s Gas Reserves<\/em>, (Doha, Qatar: Middle East Council on Global Affairs, April 4, 2023), https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/the-geopolitics-of-iraqi-kurdistans-gas-reserves-challenges-and-prospects.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41 <\/sup>Mariam Nihal and Sinan Mahmoud, \u201cIsrael-Gaza war: Saudi Arabia and Iraq discuss need to end conflict,\u201d The National<em>, <\/em>October 10, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/gulf-news\/2023\/10\/10\/saudi-arabia-and-iraq-discuss-ways-to-boost-relations-at-baghdad-meeting\">https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/gulf-news\/2023\/10\/10\/saudi-arabia-and-iraq-discuss-ways-to-boost-relations-at-baghdad-meeting<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42 <\/sup>\u201cIraq&#8217;s population is more than 43 million: Iraqi Ministry of Planning,\u201d <em>Kurdistan 24,<\/em> July 11, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kurdistan24.net\/en\/story\/31913-Iraq%27s-population-is-more-than-43-million:-Iraqi-Ministry-of-Planning\">https:\/\/www.kurdistan24.net\/en\/story\/31913-Iraq%27s-population-is-more-than-43-million:-Iraqi-Ministry-of-Planning<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43\u00a0<\/sup>&#8220;Iraq was top target of China&#8217;s Belt &amp; Road in 2021- study,&#8221; <em>Reuters<\/em>, February 2, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/iraq-was-top-target-chinas-belt-road-2021-study-2022-02-02\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/iraq-was-top-target-chinas-belt-road-2021-study-2022-02-02<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44 <\/sup>Ranj Alaaldin, <em>Iraq&#8217;s Next War: Implications for the Region<\/em>, (Doha, Qatar: Middle East Council on Global Affairs, October 25, 2022), https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/iraqs-next-war-implications-for-the-region.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45 <\/sup>Aziz Al-Rubaye, &#8220;Mass kidnappings continue to haunt Iraqi society,&#8221; Amwaj Media<em>,<\/em> February 8, 2022, https:\/\/amwaj.media\/article\/up-to-one-million-missing-in-iraq.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46 <\/sup>Kyle Swenson, \u201cLawsuit: Big Pharma funded terrorism in Iraq with payments to corrupt health ministry,<em>\u201d <\/em>The Washington Post<em>, <\/em>October 19, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/morning-mix\/wp\/2017\/10\/19\/lawsuit-big-pharma-funded-terrorism-in-iraq-with-payments-to-corrupt-health-ministry\/\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/morning-mix\/wp\/2017\/10\/19\/lawsuit-big-pharma-funded-terrorism-in-iraq-with-payments-to-corrupt-health-ministry\/<\/a>; &#8220;Fighting Rages for Control of Oil-Hub Basra,&#8221; <em>PBS News Hour,<\/em> March 25, 2008, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/nation\/middle_east-jan-june08-basra_03-25\">https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/nation\/middle_east-jan-june08-basra_03-25<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47 <\/sup>Aref Mohammed, Rowena Edwards and Dmitry Zhdannikov, &#8220;EXCLUSIVE Iraq&#8217;s $27 bln TotalEnergies deal stuck over contract wrangling,&#8221; Reuters, February 14, 2022, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/energy\/exclusive-iraqs-27-bln-total-deal-stuck-over-contract-wrangling-2022-02-14.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote48\">48 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote49\">49 <\/sup>Ahmed Rasheed and John Davison, \u201cIraqi cleric\u2019s push to sideline Iran-backed factions risks clash,\u201d Reuters, January 14, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/iraqi-clerics-push-sideline-iran-backed-factions-risks-clash-2022-01-14\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/iraqi-clerics-push-sideline-iran-backed-factions-risks-clash-2022-01-14\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote50\">50 <\/sup>Sarah Mcfarlane and Aref Mohammed, \u201cInsight: Iraq balks at greater Chinese control of its oilfields,&#8221; Reuters, May 17, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/energy\/iraq-balks-greater-chinese-control-its-oilfields-2022-05-17\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/energy\/iraq-balks-greater-chinese-control-its-oilfields-2022-05-17<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote51\">51 <\/sup>Aref Mohammed, \u201cExxonMobil hands over operations at West Qurna 1 oilfield to PetroChina,\u201d Reuters, January 1, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/energy\/exxonmobil-hands-over-operations-west-qurna-1-oilfield-petrochina-2024-01-01\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/energy\/exxonmobil-hands-over-operations-west-qurna-1-oilfield-petrochina-2024-01-01\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote52\">52 <\/sup>&#8220;Kadhimi boosts port project as critics lash out,&#8221; <em>Amwaj Media,<\/em> April 12, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/amwaj.media\/media-monitor\/iq-mm-kadhimi-s-visit-to-the-grand-faw-port-highlight-political-competition\">https:\/\/amwaj.media\/media-monitor\/iq-mm-kadhimi-s-visit-to-the-grand-faw-port-highlight-political-competition<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote53\">53 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote54\">54 <\/sup>Crispin Smith and Michael Knights, \u201cRemaking Iraq: How Iranian-backed militias captured the country,\u201d Just Security, March 20, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/85566\/remaking-iraq-how-iranian-backed-militias-captured-the-country\">https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/85566\/remaking-iraq-how-iranian-backed-militias-captured-the-country<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote55\">55 <\/sup>\u201cQatar leverages Gulf reconciliation, Iran ties in a race for influence in Iraq,\u201d <em>The Arab Weekly,<\/em> March 25, 2021, https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/qatar-leverages-gulf-reconciliation-iran-ties-race-influence-iraq.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote56\">56 <\/sup>See, for example, the assassination of Qassem Soleimani: &#8220;U.S. Strike in Iraq Kills Qassim Suleimani, Commander of Iranian Forces,&#8221; <em>New York Times,<\/em> January 2, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/01\/02\/world\/middleeast\/qassem-soleimani-iraq-iran-attack.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/01\/02\/world\/middleeast\/qassem-soleimani-iraq-iran-attack.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote57\">57 <\/sup>Daphne Psaledakis and Arshad Mohammed, \u201cU.S. imposes Fresh Iran-related sanctions despite coronavirus,\u201d Reuters, March 26, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-iran-sanctions\/u-s-imposes-fresh-iran-related-sanctions-despite-coronavirus-idUSKBN21D2B8\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-iran-sanctions\/u-s-imposes-fresh-iran-related-sanctions-despite-coronavirus-idUSKBN21D2B8\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote58\">58 <\/sup>Mustafa Saadoun, \u201cUnderstanding Iraq\u2019s Coordination Framework,\u201d Al-Monitor, August 13, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2022\/08\/understanding-iraqs-coordination-framework#:~:text=The%20Coordination%20Framework%20controls%20130,replacement%20of%20the%20Sadrists%27%20seats\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2022\/08\/understanding-iraqs-coordination-framework#:~:text=The%20Coordination%20Framework%20controls%20130,replacement%20of%20the%20Sadrists%27%20seats<\/a>; Hudhaifa Ebrahim, \u201cCorruption, money laundering drive red-hot Baghdad property market,\u201d Jerusalem Post, August 20, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpost.com\/middle-east\/article-715155\">https:\/\/www.jpost.com\/middle-east\/article-715155<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote59\">59 <\/sup>Michael Knights and Amir al-Kaabi, <em>Coordination Framework Militias Exposed for Stealing Baghdad Real Estate, <\/em>Policy Analysis, (Washington, DC: Washington Institute, August 31, 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/coordination-framework-militias-exposed-stealing-baghdad-real-estate\">https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/coordination-framework-militias-exposed-stealing-baghdad-real-estate<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote60\">60 <\/sup>\u201cThe Basics of Bilateral Investment Treaties,\u201d Sidley Austin LLP, Accessed January 18, 2024, https:\/\/www.sidley.com\/en\/us\/services\/global-arbitration-trade-and-advocacy\/investment-treaty-arbitration\/sub-pages\/the-basics-of-bilateral-investment-treaties.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote61\">61 <\/sup>\u201cSaudi Arabia\u2019s PIF announces $3bn investment unit for Iraq,\u201d <em>Arab News, <\/em>May 26, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2310276\/business-economy\">https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2310276\/business-economy<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote62\">62 <\/sup>Ranj Alaaldin, <em>Iraq&#8217;s Next War: Implications For The Region<\/em>, (Doha, Qatar: Middle East Council on Global Affairs, October 25, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86\/\">https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/iraqs-next-war-implications-for-the-region<\/a>.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0623\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 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