{"id":470187,"date":"2024-01-11T17:36:14","date_gmt":"2024-01-11T17:36:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=470187"},"modified":"2024-08-04T09:26:29","modified_gmt":"2024-08-04T09:26:29","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%b9%d8%b3%d9%83","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%b9%d8%b3%d9%83\/","title":{"rendered":"&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0649 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href=\"#endnote3\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (SIPRI)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 8 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2023.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629: \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 (TIV) \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 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\u0648\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646.<a href=\"#endnote113\"><sup>113<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 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\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0651 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c<a href=\"#endnote114\"><sup>114<\/sup><\/a> \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>________________________________________________<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup>\u201cUn accueil solennel r\u00e9serv\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique au Palais du Kremlin,\u201d [\u201cA solemn welcome reserved for the President of the Republic at the Kremlin Palace\u201d], <em>Alg\u00e9rie Presse Service<\/em>, June 15, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/algerie\/157020-un-accueil-solennel-reserve-au-president-de-la-republique-au-palais-du-kremlin\">https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/algerie\/157020-un-accueil-solennel-reserve-au-president-de-la-republique-au-palais-du-kremlin<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup> Basma El Atti, \u201cAlgeria President Tebboune Ignores US Outcry with Russia Visit,\u201d The New Arab, June 15, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/news\/algeria-president-visits-russia-despite-international-outcry\">https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/news\/algeria-president-visits-russia-despite-international-outcry<\/a>. See also \u201cTebboune\u2019s Visit to Moscow Likely to Fuel Western Concerns about Algeria\u2019s Foreign Policy,\u201d <em>The Arab Weekly<\/em>, June 16, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/tebbounes-visit-moscow-likely-fuel-western-concerns-about-algerias-foreign-policy\">https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/tebbounes-visit-moscow-likely-fuel-western-concerns-about-algerias-foreign-policy<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup> \u201cBlinken Urges Algeria to Rethink Stands on Russia, Western Sahara,\u201d <em>Voice of America<\/em>, March 30, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/blinken-urges-algeria-to-rethink-stands-on-russia-western-sahara\/6508978.html\">https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/blinken-urges-algeria-to-rethink-stands-on-russia-western-sahara\/6508978.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup>\u201cThe President of Russia and the President of Algeria made Statements for the Press,\u201d The Kremlin, accessed November 28, 2023, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.kremlin.ru\/events\/president\/news\/71437\">http:\/\/en.kremlin.ru\/events\/president\/news\/71437<\/a>, and \u201cRussia Appreciates Algeria\u2019s Willingness to help Resolve Ukraine Crisis, Putin says,\u201d <em>TASS,<\/em> June 16, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tass.com\/world\/1634143\">https:\/\/tass.com\/world\/1634143<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup>\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. 7\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>\u201cRubio Calls for Sanctions on Algerian Purchase of Russian Weapons,\u201d US Senate Press Releases, accessed November 28, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rubio.senate.gov\/rubio-calls-for-sanctions-on-algerian-purchase-of-russian-weapons\/\">https:\/\/www.rubio.senate.gov\/rubio-calls-for-sanctions-on-algerian-purchase-of-russian-weapons\/<\/a>. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2021\u060c \u0623\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 7 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u062e\u0648\u064a 57 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u062e\u0648\u064a 34. See \u201cAlgeria to Seal $7bn Arms Deal with Russia,\u201d <em>Middle East Monitor<\/em>, July 2, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20210702-algeria-to-seal-7bn-arms-deal-with-russia\/\">https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20210702-algeria-to-seal-7bn-arms-deal-with-russia\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup>\u201cRep. Lisa McClain Leads Colleagues in Demanding Sanctions on Algeria for Purchase of Russian Weapons,\u201d McLain\u2019s website, accessed November 28, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/mcclain.house.gov\/2022\/9\/rep-lisa-mcclain-leads-%20%20%20%20colleagues-in-demanding-sanctions-on-algeria-for-purchase-of-russian-weapons\">https:\/\/mcclain.house.gov\/2022\/9\/rep-lisa-mcclain-leads- colleagues-in-demanding-sanctions-on-algeria-for-purchase-of-russian-weapons<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u063a\u0641\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup>Benjamin Fox, \u201cMEPs urge EU response over Algeria\u2019s military ties to Moscow,\u201d EURACTIV, November 17, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euractiv.com\/section\/global-europe\/news\/meps-urge-eu-response-over-algerias-military-ties-to-moscow\/\">https:\/\/www.euractiv.com\/section\/global-europe\/news\/meps-urge-eu-response-over-algerias-military-ties-to-moscow\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9<\/sup>\u0644\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">Yahia H. Zoubir and Hana El Shehaby, \u201cWhy the U.S. Congressional Effort to Pressure Algeria on Russia Could Backfire,&#8221; <em>Afkar<\/em> (blog)October 20, 2022\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/blog_posts\/why-the-u-s-congressional-effort-to-pressure-algeria-on-russia-could-backfire\/\">https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/blog_posts\/why-the-u-s-congressional-effort-to-pressure-algeria-on-russia-could-backfire\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup>Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cThe Resurgence of Algeria\u2019s Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century,\u201d in Michael Bonner, Megan Reif, &amp; Mark Tessler, Editors, <em>Islam, Democracy, and the State in Algeria<\/em> (London: Routledge, 2005), 169-183; Yahia H. Zoubir, <em>Algeria\u2019s Foreign Policy In The Post Hirak Era<\/em>, Issue Brief, (Doha, Qatar: <em>Middle East Council on Global Affairs<\/em>, September 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/algerias-foreign-policy-in-the-post-hirak-era\/\">https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/algerias-foreign-policy-in-the-post-hirak-era\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup>Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cMaking up for Lost Time: Russia and Central Maghreb,\u201d in Nikolay Kozhanov, <em>Russian Policy towards the Middle East: New Trends, Old Traditions<\/em>, (London: Hurst, 2022), 191-222.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup>Assassi Lassassi, <em>Non-Alignment and Algerian Foreign Policy<\/em> (Surrey, UK: Gower Pub Co, 1988).<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>Zoubir, \u201cThe Resurgence of Algeria\u2019s Foreign Policy,\u201d169-183.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup>\u0646\u064f\u0635\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2023.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup>\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cU.S. and Soviet Policies towards France\u2019s Struggle with Anticolonial Nationalism in North Africa,\u201d <em>Canadian Journal of History\/Annales d\u2019Histoire Canadiennes<\/em>, Vol. 30, No. 3 (December 1995), 439-66.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>Nicole Grimaud, <em>La Politique ext\u00e9rieure de l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie<\/em> [Algeria\u2019s Foreign Policy] (Paris: Karthala, 1984), 147.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup>David Ottaway and Marina Ottaway, <em>Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution<\/em> (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1970), 158.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062a\u0651\u064f\u062e\u0650\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642. \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u201cU.S. Policy toward Algeria,\u201d <em>National Security Action Memorandum<\/em> no. 211, 14 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1962 (\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a). \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup>\u201cIs the U.S. Training to Fight Algeria? Major Drills Simulate Attack on North African S-400 Air Defences,\u201d <em>Military Watch Magazine<\/em>, June 18, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/militarywatchmagazine.com\/article\/us-training-fight-algeria-drills-attack-s400\">https:\/\/militarywatchmagazine.com\/article\/us-training-fight-algeria-drills-attack-s400<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup>Saphia Arezki, <em>De l\u2019ALN \u00e0 l\u2019ANP: la construction de l\u2019arm\u00e9e alg\u00e9rienne, 1954\u20131991<\/em> [\u201cFrom the ALN to the ANP: the construction of the Algerian army, 1954\u20131991\u201d] (Algiers: Barzakh, 2018), pp. 243\u2013249.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup>Elizabeth Hagedorn, \u201cAlgerian FM \u2018Satisfied\u2019 with Biden\u2019s Western Sahara Policy,\u201d Al-Monitor, August 15, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2023\/08\/algerian-fm-satisfied-bidens-western-sahara-policy\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2023\/08\/algerian-fm-satisfied-bidens-western-sahara-policy<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup>Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cMaking up for Lost Time: Russia and Central Maghreb,\u201d 197-198, 200-211, 191-222.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup>Zoubir, \u201cThe Resurgence of Algeria\u2019s Foreign Policy,\u201d169-183.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup>Mansouria Mokhefi, \u201cAlger-Moscou: \u00c9volution et limites d\u2019une relation privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e\u201d [Algiers-Moscow: Evolution and Limits of a Priviliged Relationship], <em>Politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/em> no. 3 (2015): 57.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup>Dmitry Bokarev, \u201cRussia and Algeria: Decades of Friendship and Military and Technical Cooperation,\u201d New Eastern Outlook, September 24, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/journal-neo.org\/2019\/09\/24\/russia-and-algeria-decades-of-friendship-and-military-and-technical-cooperation\">https:\/\/journal-neo.org\/2019\/09\/24\/russia-and-algeria-decades-of-friendship-and-military-and-technical-cooperation<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup>Carole Nakhle, \u201cRussia\u2019s Energy Diplomacy in the Middle East,\u201d in <em>Russia\u2019s Return to the Middle East: Building Sandcastles?<\/em> eds. Nicu Popescu and Stanislav Secrieru, Chaillot Paper no. 114 (Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2018), 29\u201335.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup>SIPRI Data, in, Saifaddin Galal, \u201cDistribution of Arms Imports into Algeria Between 2018 and 2022 by Country of Origin,\u201d <em>Statista<\/em>, June 28, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1244018\/distribution-of-arms-imports-into-algeria-by-country-of-origin\/\">https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1244018\/distribution-of-arms-imports-into-algeria-by-country-of-origin\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629. \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u2013\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c 31 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.trade.gov\/country-commercial-guides\/algeria-defense#:~:text=Industry%20analysts%20expect%20Russia%20to,third%20largest%20suppliers%20since%202014\">https:\/\/www.trade.gov\/country-commercial-guides\/algeria-defense#:~:text=Industry%20analysts%20expect%20Russia%20to,third%20largest%20suppliers%20since%202014<\/a>,<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup> Richard Connolly and Cecilie Sendstad<em>, Russia\u2019s Role as an Arms Exporter: The Strategic and Economic Importance of Arms Exports for Russia<\/em>, Research Paper, (London, United Kingdom: Chatham House, March 17, 2017), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/research\/2017-03-20-russia-arms-exporter-connolly-sendstad.pdf\">www.chathamhouse.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/research\/2017-03-20-russia-arms-exporter-connolly-sendstad.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup>\u201cInfographic: Which Countries buy the Most Russian Weapons?,\u201d <em>Al-Jazeera,<\/em> based on SIPRI data, March 9, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/3\/9\/infographic-which-countries-buy-the-most-russian-weapons\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/3\/9\/infographic-which-countries-buy-the-most-russian-weapons<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup>\u201cL\u2019Alg\u00e9rie serait le premier client export pour le Su-57 et le Su-34,\u201d [\u201cAlgeria could be the First Export Customer for the Su-57 and Su-34\u201d], <em>Menadefense<\/em>, December 27, 2019, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.menadefense.net\/algerie\/lalgerie-serait-le-premier-client-export-pour-le-su-57-et-le-su-34\">www.menadefense.net\/algerie\/lalgerie-serait-le-premier-client-export-pour-le-su-57-et-le-su-34<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31 <\/sup>\u201cAlgeria Set to Sign \u2018Huge\u2019 Arms Deal with Russia Next December,\u201d <em>The Arab Weekly, <\/em>November 6, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/algeria-set-sign-huge-arms-deal-russia-next-december\">https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/algeria-set-sign-huge-arms-deal-russia-next-december<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup>Akram Kharief (director of MENADEFENSE), interview by author, via email, June 4, 2021.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33 <\/sup>\u201cAlg\u00e9rie: TOR M2E et autres nouveaut\u00e9s lors de l\u2019exercice \u2018Fadjr 2023\u2019,\u201d [\u201cAlgeria: TOR M2E and Other New Features during the \u2018Fadjr 2023\u2019 Exercise\u201d], <em>MENADefense,<\/em> June 26, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.menadefense.net\/algerie\/algerie-tor-m2e-et-autres-nouveautes-lors-de-lexercice-fadjr-2023\/\">https:\/\/www.menadefense.net\/algerie\/algerie-tor-m2e-et-autres-nouveautes-lors-de-lexercice-fadjr-2023\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34 <\/sup>Akram Kharief, \u201cAlgeria-Russia: A Long-Standing Friendship to Be Cemented,\u201d Valdai Discussion Club, May 3, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/valdaiclub.com\/a\/highlights\/algeria-russia-a-long-standing-friendship\/\">https:\/\/valdaiclub.com\/a\/highlights\/algeria-russia-a-long-standing-friendship\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35 <\/sup>\u201cThe President of Russia and the President of Algeria made Statements for the Press,\u201d Kremlin statement, accessed November 28, 2023, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.kremlin.ru\/events\/president\/news\/71437\">http:\/\/en.kremlin.ru\/events\/president\/news\/71437<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36 <\/sup>\u201cRussian-Algerian Exercises began in North Ossetia,\u201d <em>Caucasus Watch<\/em>, October 4, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/caucasuswatch.de\/en\/news\/russian-algerian-exercises-began-in-north-ossetia.html\">https:\/\/caucasuswatch.de\/en\/news\/russian-algerian-exercises-began-in-north-ossetia.html<\/a>; \u201cMilitaires de la R\u00e9publique alg\u00e9rienne sont arriv\u00e9s en Oss\u00e9tie du Nord pour participer \u00e0 l&#8217;exercice international\u201d [\u201cSoldiers of the Algerian Republic Arrived in North Ossetia to Participate in the International Exercise\u201d], Russian Ministry of Defense, accessed November 16, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.mil.ru\/fr\/news_page\/world\/more.htm?id=12386373@egNews\">https:\/\/fr.mil.ru\/fr\/news_page\/world\/more.htm?id=12386373@egNews<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37 <\/sup>Defense expert Akram Kharief, cited in Kamal Louadj, \u201cExercices militaires alg\u00e9ro-russes en Oss\u00e9tie du Nord: quels sont les enjeux?\u201d [\u201cAlgerian-Russian Military Exercises in North Ossetia: What are the Stakes?\u201d], Sputnik, April 24, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.sputniknews.africa\/20210422\/exercices-militaires-algero-russes-en-ossetie-du-nord-quels-sont-les-enjeux-1045508836.html\">https:\/\/fr.sputniknews.africa\/20210422\/exercices-militaires-algero-russes-en-ossetie-du-nord-quels-sont-les-enjeux-1045508836.html<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup>\u201cUn d\u00e9tachement de navires de guerre de la marine russe accoste au port d&#8217;Alger,\u201d [\u201cA Detachment of Russian Navy warships Docks at the Port of Algiers\u201d], <em>Radio Alg\u00e9rienne<\/em>, November 13, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/news.radioalgerie.dz\/fr\/node\/1153\">https:\/\/news.radioalgerie.dz\/fr\/node\/1153<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39 <\/sup>Dorian Archus, \u201cUSS Porter Enters the Black Sea, USS Mount Whitney is Underway,\u201d <em>Naval Post<\/em>, November 1, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/navalpost.com\/uss-porter-enters-the-black-sea\/\">https:\/\/navalpost.com\/uss-porter-enters-the-black-sea\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40 <\/sup>Abdelkader Soufi, cited in Kamal Louadj, \u201cExercices navals alg\u00e9ro-russes: \u2018Nous entrons dans un monde tripolaire\u2019,\u201d [\u201cAlgerian-Russian Naval Exercises: \u2018We are Entering a Tripolar World\u2019\u201d], Sputnik, November 22, 2021,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.sputniknews.africa\/20211122\/exercices-navals-algero-russes-nous-entrons-dans-un-monde-tripolaire-1053545760.html\">https:\/\/fr.sputniknews.africa\/20211122\/exercices-navals-algero-russes-nous-entrons-dans-un-monde-tripolaire-1053545760.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41 <\/sup>\u201cM\u00e9diterran\u00e9e : les man\u0153uvres alg\u00e9ro-russes inqui\u00e8tent Washington,\u201d [\u201cMediterranean: Algerian-Russian Maneuvers Worry Washington\u201d], <em>TSA<\/em>, November 21, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/mediterranee-les-manoeuvres-algero-russes-inquietent-washington\/\">https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/mediterranee-les-manoeuvres-algero-russes-inquietent-washington\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42 <\/sup>Hana Saada, \u201cVostok 2022: Algerian Army ANP Takes Part in Command, General Staff Strategic Military Exercises in Russia,\u201d DZ Breaking, September 2, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dzbreaking.com\/2022\/09\/02\/vostok-2022-algerian-army-anp-takes-part-in-command-general-staff-strategic-military-exercises-in-russia\/\">https:\/\/www.dzbreaking.com\/2022\/09\/02\/vostok-2022-algerian-army-anp-takes-part-in-command-general-staff-strategic-military-exercises-in-russia\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43 <\/sup>\u201cL\u2019ANP participe \u00e0 l\u2019exercice Vostok 2022 en Russie,\u201d [\u201cThe ANP Participates in the Vostok 2022 Exercise in Russia\u201d], <em>MENADEFENSE,<\/em> September 1, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.menadefense.net\/algerie\/lanp-participe-a-lexercice-vostok-2022-en-russie\/\">https:\/\/www.menadefense.net\/algerie\/lanp-participe-a-lexercice-vostok-2022-en-russie\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46 <\/sup>\u201cExercise Phoenix Express 2022 Set to Begin in Tunisia,\u201d U.S. Sixth Fleet Statement, accessed November 28, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.c6f.navy.mil\/Press-Room\/News\/Article\/3037144\/exercise-phoenix-express-2022-set-to-begin-in-tunisia\/\">https:\/\/www.c6f.navy.mil\/Press-Room\/News\/Article\/3037144\/exercise-phoenix-express-2022-set-to-begin-in-tunisia\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47 <\/sup>Dorian Archus, \u201cNATO Warship Conducts Maritime Drills with Algerian Navy,\u201d Naval Post, September 16, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/navalpost.com\/nato-warship-conducts-maritime-drills-with-algerian-navy\/\">https:\/\/navalpost.com\/nato-warship-conducts-maritime-drills-with-algerian-navy\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote48\">48 <\/sup>\u201cA Joint Russian-Algerian Anti-Terrorist Exercise of the Land Forces will Take Place in Algeria,\u201d Russian Defense Ministry, accessed November 16, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/eng.mil.ru\/en\/news_page\/country\/more.htm?id=12416070@egNews\">https:\/\/eng.mil.ru\/en\/news_page\/country\/more.htm?id=12416070@egNews<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote49\">49 <\/sup>\u201cWest \u2018Deeply Concerned\u2019 about Joint Russia-Algeria Military Exercises,\u201d <em>Middle East Online, <\/em>November 18, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/west-%E2%80%98deeply-concerned%E2%80%99-about-joint-russia-algeria-military-exercises\">https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/west-%E2%80%98deeply-concerned%E2%80%99-about-joint-russia-algeria-military-exercises<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote50\">50 <\/sup>\u201cExercices militaires alg\u00e9ro-russes : les pr\u00e9cisions du MDN,\u201d [\u201cAlgerian-Russian Military Exercises: Details From the Ministry of National Defense\u201d], <em>TSA<\/em>, November 29, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/exercices-militaires-algero-russes-les-precisions-du-mdn\/\">https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/exercices-militaires-algero-russes-les-precisions-du-mdn\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote51\">51 <\/sup>Yahia H. Zoubir and Djallil Lounnas, \u201cL\u2019Alg\u00e9rie face \u00e0 l\u2019arc des menaces en Libye et au Mali : Quelle strat\u00e9gie ?\u201d [\u201cAlgeria Faces an Arc of Threats in Libya and Mali: What is its Strategy?\u201d], <em>The Maghreb Review<\/em>, Vol. 44, No. 1, 2019, 58-90, and Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cAlgeria and the Sahelian Quandary: The Limits of Containment Security Policy,\u201d in D. Ghanem-Yazbeck (Ed.), R. Barras Tejudo, G. Faleg, Y. Zoubir, <em>The Sahel: Europe\u2019s African Borders<\/em>,\u00a0 Euromesco Joint-Policy Paper, 70-95, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euromesco.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/EuroMeSCo-Joint-Policy-Study-8_The_Sahel_Europe_African_Border.pdf\">https:\/\/www.euromesco.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/EuroMeSCo-Joint-Policy-Study-8_The_Sahel_Europe_African_Border.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote52\">52 <\/sup>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote53\">53 <\/sup>Pieter D. Wezeman, Justine Gadon and Siemon T. Wezeman, <em>SIPRI Fact Sheet: Trends in International Arms Transfers<\/em>, 2022, March 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sipri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/2303_at_fact_sheet_2022_v2.pdf\">https:\/\/www.sipri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/2303_at_fact_sheet_2022_v2.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote54\">54 <\/sup>Jim Garamone, \u201cU.S., Morocco Chart Defense Cooperation Through 2030,\u201d DOD News, US Department of Defense, accessed November 28, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defense.gov\/News\/News-Stories\/Article\/Article\/2369742\/us-morocco-chart-defense-cooperation-through-2030\/\">https:\/\/www.defense.gov\/News\/News-Stories\/Article\/Article\/2369742\/us-morocco-chart-defense-cooperation-through-2030\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote55\">55 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote56\">56 <\/sup>\u201cPresident Donald J. Trump Has Brokered Peace Between Israel and the Kingdom of Morocco,\u201d US Embassy in Israel, accessed November 28, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/il.usembassy.gov\/president-trump-brokers-historic-peace-agreement-between-israel-and-morocco\/\">https:\/\/il.usembassy.gov\/president-trump-brokers-historic-peace-agreement-between-israel-and-morocco\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote57\">57 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote58\">58 <\/sup>\u201cMorocco, Israel Sign First-ever Defense Agreement in Rabat,\u201d <em>Al-Jazeera<\/em>, November 24, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/11\/24\/morocco-israel-sign-first-ever-defence-agreement-in-rabat\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/11\/24\/morocco-israel-sign-first-ever-defence-agreement-in-rabat<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote59\">59 <\/sup>Oded Yaron, \u201cIsraeli Arms Exports to Morocco: From Pegasus to Kamikaze Drones,\u201d Haaretz, July 19, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/israel-news\/security-aviation\/2022-07-19\/ty-article-timeline\/.premium\/israel-morocco-arms-sales-pegasus-harop-kamikaze-drones-barak-missiles\/00000182-10f9-d1ad-a1b7-1ffd14150000\">https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/israel-news\/security-aviation\/2022-07-19\/ty-article-timeline\/.premium\/israel-morocco-arms-sales-pegasus-harop-kamikaze-drones-barak-missiles\/00000182-10f9-d1ad-a1b7-1ffd14150000<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote60\">60 <\/sup>\u201cLe Maroc utilise des drones isra\u00e9liens pour ses op\u00e9rations militaires,\u201d [\u201cMorocco Uses Israeli Drones for its Military Operations\u201d], <em>RFI<\/em>, September 28, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rfi.fr\/fr\/afrique\/20220928-le-maroc-utilise-des-drones-isra%C3%A9liens-pour-ses-op%C3%A9rations-militaires\">https:\/\/www.rfi.fr\/fr\/afrique\/20220928-le-maroc-utilise-des-drones-isra%C3%A9liens-pour-ses-op%C3%A9rations-militaires<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote61\">61 <\/sup>Mar\u00eda Cerd\u00e1n, \u201cIsrael Plans to Set up Two Military Equipment Factories in Morocco,\u201d Atalayar, June 16, 2023,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atalayar.com\/en\/articulo\/politics\/israel-plans-to-set-up-two-military-equipment-factories-in-morocco\/20230616115722186756.html#:~:text=After%20more%20than%20two%20years,country's%20defence%20and%20security%20capabilities\">https:\/\/www.atalayar.com\/en\/articulo\/politics\/israel-plans-to-set-up-two-military-equipment-factories-in-morocco\/20230616115722186756.html#:~:text=After%20more%20than%20two%20years,country\u2019s%20defence%20and%20security%20capabilities<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote62\">62 <\/sup>Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cWhy Algeria Cut Diplomatic Ties with Morocco: and Implications for the Future,\u201d The Conversation, September 14, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-algeria-cut-diplomatic-ties-with-morocco-and-implications-for-the-future-167313\">https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-algeria-cut-diplomatic-ties-with-morocco-and-implications-for-the-future-167313<\/a>; Abdelkader Cheref, \u201cIs Morocco\u2019s Cyber Espionage the Last Straw for Algeria,\u201d The New Arab, July 29, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/analysis\/moroccos-cyber-espionage-last-straw-algeria\">https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/analysis\/moroccos-cyber-espionage-last-straw-algeria<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote63\">63 <\/sup>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u061b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u00a02018 Francis Ghil\u00e8s, <em>Algeria\u2019s Cautious Return to the World Stage<\/em>, Notes Internacionals, (Barcelona, Spain: CIDOB, January 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/en\/publications\/publication_series\/notes_internacionals\/284\/algeria_s_cautious_return_to_the_world_stage\">https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/en\/publications\/publication_series\/notes_internacionals\/284\/algeria_s_cautious_return_to_the_world_stage<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote64\">64 <\/sup>\u201cSalaires, Espagne: l\u2019interview de Tebboune en sept points,\u201d [\u201cSalaries, Spain: The Interview with Tebboune in Seven Points\u201d], <em>TSA,<\/em> April 24, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/salaires-espagne-linterview-de-tebboune-en-sept-points\/\">https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/salaires-espagne-linterview-de-tebboune-en-sept-points\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote65\">65 <\/sup>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 35 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a 17 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u00a0 \u201cUN resolution Against Ukraine Invasion: Full Text,\u201d <em>Al-Jazeera, <\/em>March 3, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/3\/3\/unga-resolution-against-ukraine-invasion-full-text\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/3\/3\/unga-resolution-against-ukraine-invasion-full-text<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote66\">66 <\/sup>Jean-Luc Maurer, \u201cAvec le conflit Russie-Ukraine, le renouveau des non-align\u00e9s?\u201d [\u201cWith the Russia-Ukraine Conflict, the Revival of the Non-Aligned\u201d], The Conversation, June 15, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/avec-le-conflit-russie-ukraine-le-renouveau-des-non-alignes-184295\">https:\/\/theconversation.com\/avec-le-conflit-russie-ukraine-le-renouveau-des-non-alignes-184295<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote67\">67 <\/sup>\u201cRelations Politiques,\u201d [\u201cPolitical Relations\u201d], Embassy of Ukraine in Algeria, accessed November 16, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/algeria.mfa.gov.ua\/fr\/partnership\/332-politichni-vidnosini-mizh-ukrajinoju-ta-alzhirom\">https:\/\/algeria.mfa.gov.ua\/fr\/partnership\/332-politichni-vidnosini-mizh-ukrajinoju-ta-alzhirom<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0634\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c 1996.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote68\">68 <\/sup>Hana Saada, \u201cBilateral Cooperation: Ukraine, Algeria Eye to Establish Joint Intergovernmental Commission,\u201d DZ Breaking, October 14, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dzbreaking.com\/2020\/10\/14\/bilateral-cooperation-ukraine-algeria-eye-to-establish-joint-intergovernmental-commission\/\">https:\/\/www.dzbreaking.com\/2020\/10\/14\/bilateral-cooperation-ukraine-algeria-eye-to-establish-joint-intergovernmental-commission\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote69\">69 <\/sup>Lilia Benameur, \u201cUkraine-Russie : les messages de leurs ambassades en Alg\u00e9rie,\u201d [\u201cUkraine-Russia: Messages from their Embassies in Algeria\u201d], TSA, March 13, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/ukraine-russie-les-messages-de-leurs-ambassades-en-algerie\/\">https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/ukraine-russie-les-messages-de-leurs-ambassades-en-algerie\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote70\">70 <\/sup>\u00a0\u062d\u064f\u0630\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0634\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote71\">71 <\/sup>\u201cLe grave d\u00e9rapage de l\u2019ambassade ukrainienne en Alg\u00e9rie,\u201d [\u201cThe Serious Slippage of the Ukrainian Embassy in Algeria\u201d], <em>TSA<\/em>, March 4, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/le-grave-derapage-de-lambassade-ukrainienne-en-algerie\/\">https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/le-grave-derapage-de-lambassade-ukrainienne-en-algerie\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote72\">72 <\/sup>\u201cAlgeria Temporarily Closes Ukraine Embassy amid Russian war,\u201d <em>Middle East Monitor, <\/em>March 6, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20220306-algeria-temporarily-closes-ukraine-embassy-amid-russian-war\/\">https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20220306-algeria-temporarily-closes-ukraine-embassy-amid-russian-war\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote73\">73 <\/sup>Khadidja H., \u201cUkraine : l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie annonce la r\u00e9ouverture de son ambassade \u00e0 Kiev,\u201d [\u201cUkraine: Algeria Announces the Reopening of its Embassy in Kyiv\u201d], Dzair Daily, February 25, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dzairdaily.com\/ukraine-algerie-annonce-reouverture-ambassade-kiev\/\">https:\/\/www.dzairdaily.com\/ukraine-algerie-annonce-reouverture-ambassade-kiev\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote74\">74 <\/sup>\u201cChina and Algeria are About to Sign the China-Algeria Belt and Road Initiative,\u201d <em>Seetao,<\/em> March 21, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.seetao.com\/details\/145615.html\">https:\/\/www.seetao.com\/details\/145615.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote75\">75 <\/sup>\u201cUN: Algeria votes against suspension of Russia from Human Rights Council,\u201d<em> Alg\u00e9rie Presse Service,<\/em> April 8, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/en\/algeria\/43330-un-algeria-votes-against-suspension-of-russia-from-human-rights-council\">https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/en\/algeria\/43330-un-algeria-votes-against-suspension-of-russia-from-human-rights-council<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote76\">76 <\/sup>\u201cEleventh Emergency Special Session- With 143 Votes in Favor, 5 Against, General Assembly Adopts Resolution Condemning Russian Federation\u2019s Annexation of Four Eastern Ukraine Regions,\u201d <em>United Nations Press,<\/em> October 12, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/press.un.org\/en\/2022\/ga12458.doc.htm\">https:\/\/press.un.org\/en\/2022\/ga12458.doc.htm<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote77\">77 <\/sup>\u201cLamamra fait le parall\u00e8le entre l\u2019Ukraine, le Sahara occidental et la Palestine,\u201d [\u201cLamamra draws parallels between Ukraine, Western Sahara and Palestine\u201d], <em>TSA,<\/em> September 26, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/lamamra-fait-le-parallele-entre-lukraine-le-sahara-occidental-et-la-palestine\/\">https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/lamamra-fait-le-parallele-entre-lukraine-le-sahara-occidental-et-la-palestine\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote78\">78 <\/sup>Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201c\u2018The Giant Afraid of Its Shadow.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote79\">79 <\/sup>\u201cConflit en Ukraine: Lamamra en visite lundi \u00e0 Moscou,\u201d [\u201cConflict in Ukraine: Lamamra visits Moscow on Monday\u201d], <em>Alg\u00e9rie Presse Service<\/em>, \u00a0April 3, 2022,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/algerie\/138152-conflit-en-ukraine-lamamra-en-visite-lundi-a-moscou-en-compagnie-des-ministres-des-ae-du-groupe-de-contact-arabe\">https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/algerie\/138152-conflit-en-ukraine-lamamra-en-visite-lundi-a-moscou-en-compagnie-des-ministres-des-ae-du-groupe-de-contact-arabe<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote80\">80 <\/sup>Mussa Acher, \u201cL\u2019Alg\u00e9rie est-elle officiellement amie ou ennemie de la Russie?\u201d [\u201cIs Algeria officially a friend or enemy of Russia?\u201d], Slate, April 13, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.slate.fr\/story\/226272\/algerie-russie-diplomatie-guerre-ukraine-position-politique-wagner-gaz\">https:\/\/www.slate.fr\/story\/226272\/algerie-russie-diplomatie-guerre-ukraine-position-politique-wagner-gaz<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote81\">81 <\/sup>AFP, \u201cL&#8217;Alg\u00e9rie pr\u00eate \u00e0 fournir plus de gaz \u00e0 l&#8217;UE \u2018en cas de difficult\u00e9s,\u201d [\u201cAlgeria ready to supply more gas to the EU in case of difficulties\u201d], <em>Le Figaro, <\/em>February 27, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/conjoncture\/l-algerie-prete-a-fournir-plus-de-gaz-a-l-ue-en-cas-de-difficultes-20220227\">https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/conjoncture\/l-algerie-prete-a-fournir-plus-de-gaz-a-l-ue-en-cas-de-difficultes-20220227<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote82\">82 <\/sup>Hocine Neffah, \u201c1\u00e8re conf\u00e9rence de pressse de Valerian Shuvaev, Ambassadeur de Russie \u00e0 Alger :\u2019 Nous comprenons la position de l&#8217;Alg\u00e9rie,\u2019\u201d [\u201cFirst press conference by Valerian Shuvaev, Russian Ambassador to Algiers: \u2018We understand Algeria&#8217;s position,\u2019\u201d], L\u2019Expression, September 10, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/lexpressiondz.com\/nationale\/nous-comprenons-la-position-de-l-algerie-360554\">https:\/\/lexpressiondz.com\/nationale\/nous-comprenons-la-position-de-l-algerie-360554<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote83\">83 <\/sup>\u201cAlgerian Gas Flows to Europe Shrink, but Italy Gains as Trade Ties Strengthen,\u201d S&amp;P Global Commodity Insights, \u00a0January 13, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spglobal.com\/commodityinsights\/en\/market-insights\/latest-news\/natural-gas\/013123-algerian-gas-flows-to-europe-shrink-but-italy-gains-as-trade-ties-strengthen\">https:\/\/www.spglobal.com\/commodityinsights\/en\/market-insights\/latest-news\/natural-gas\/013123-algerian-gas-flows-to-europe-shrink-but-italy-gains-as-trade-ties-strengthen<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote84\">84 <\/sup>Zine Labidine Ghebouli, <em>Power Couple: How Europe and Algeria Can Move Beyond Energy <\/em><em>Cooperation<\/em>, Policy Brief, (European Council on Foreign Relations, July, 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Power-couple-How-Europe-and-Algeria-can-move-beyond-energy-cooperation.pdf\">https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Power-couple-How-Europe-and-Algeria-can-move-beyond-energy-cooperation.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>85 <\/sup>Martin Amstrong, \u201cWhere Does the EU&#8217;s Gas Come From?\u201d Statista, October 11, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/chart\/31017\/eu-lng-and-pipeline-natural-gas-imports-by-country\/#:~:text=In%20the%20first%20quarter%20of,percent)%2C%20according%20to%20Eurostat\">https:\/\/www.statista.com\/chart\/31017\/eu-lng-and-pipeline-natural-gas-imports-by-country\/#:~:text=In%20the%20first%20quarter%20of,percent)%2C%20according%20to%20Eurostat<\/a>.<sup id=\"endnote85\"><\/sup><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>86 <\/sup>Lisa Watanabe, \u201cRussia\u2019s Renaissance in the Arab World,\u201d <em>Strategic Trends 2019<\/em>, Center for Security Studies, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 2019, p. 72, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.research-collection.ethz.ch\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.11850\/350708\/ST2019-LW.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\">https:\/\/www.research-collection.ethz.ch\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.11850\/350708\/ST2019-LW.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote87\">87\u00a0<\/sup>Hakim Darbouche, <em>Russian-Algerian Cooperation and the \u2018Gas OPEC\u2019: What\u2019s in the Pipeline, <\/em>Policy Brief, (Brussels, Belgium: Centre for European Policy Studies, March, 2007), 3, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/32622\/pb123.pdf\">www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/32622\/pb123.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote88\">88 <\/sup>\u201cTwo Hydrocarbon Fields to be Developed in Partnership with Russian Gazprom in 2028,\u201d <em>Algeria Press Service<\/em>, June 17, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/en\/economy\/47929-algeria-russia-two-hydrocarbon-deposits-to-be-developed-in-partnership-with-gazprom-in-2028\">https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/en\/economy\/47929-algeria-russia-two-hydrocarbon-deposits-to-be-developed-in-partnership-with-gazprom-in-2028<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote89\">89 <\/sup>\u201cAlgeria, Russia Sign New Document Serving as Basis for Bilateral Relations,\u201d Embassy of Algeria in Sofia, accessed November 28, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/ambalg-sofia.org\/algeria-russia-sign-new-document-serving-as-basis-for-bilateral-relations\/\">https:\/\/ambalg-sofia.org\/algeria-russia-sign-new-document-serving-as-basis-for-bilateral-relations\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote90\">90 <\/sup>Anton Mardasov, \u201cAlgeria forces Russia to make concessions,\u201d Al Monitor, November 15, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2022\/11\/algeria-forces-russia-make-concessions?utm_medium\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2022\/11\/algeria-forces-russia-make-concessions?utm_medium<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote91\">91 <\/sup>Hana Saada, \u201c\u2018Algeria is Russia\u2019s second largest trading partner in Africa,\u2019 Russian President Putin says,\u201d DZ Breaking, September 22, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dzbreaking.com\/2022\/09\/22\/algeria-is-russias-second-largest-trading-partner-in-africa-russian-president-putin-says\/\">https:\/\/www.dzbreaking.com\/2022\/09\/22\/algeria-is-russias-second-largest-trading-partner-in-africa-russian-president-putin-says\/<\/a>. The COVID-19 pandemic forced the two sides to postpone the trip.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote92\">92 <\/sup>\u201cThe President of Russia and the President of Algeria made Statements for the Press,\u201d Kremlin statement, accessed November 28, 2023, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.kremlin.ru\/events\/president\/news\/71437\">http:\/\/en.kremlin.ru\/events\/president\/news\/71437<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote93\">93 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote94\">94 <\/sup>Tarek Hafid, \u201cCrise libyenne : l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie face \u00e0 la realpolitik russe,\u201d [\u201cLibyan crisis: Algeria facing Russian realpolitik\u201d], Sputnik, July 24, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.sputniknews.africa\/20200724\/crise-libyenne-lalgerie-face-a-la-realpolitik-russe-1044158164.html\">https:\/\/fr.sputniknews.africa\/20200724\/crise-libyenne-lalgerie-face-a-la-realpolitik-russe-1044158164.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote95\">95 <\/sup>Zoubir and Lounnas, \u201cL\u2019Alg\u00e9rie face \u00e0 l\u2019arc.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote96\">96 <\/sup>Yves Thr\u00e9ard, \u201cAbdelmadjid Tebboune: \u2018il est urgent d\u2019ouvrir une nouvelle \u00e8re des relations franco-alg\u00e9riennes,\u201d [\u201cAbdelmadjid Tebboune: \u2018it is urgent to open a new era of Franco-Algerian relations\u2019\u201d], Le Figaro, December 29, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/international\/abdelmadjid-tebboune-il-est-urgent-d-ouvrir-une-nouvelle-ere-des-relations-franco-algeriennes-20221229\">https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/international\/abdelmadjid-tebboune-il-est-urgent-d-ouvrir-une-nouvelle-ere-des-relations-franco-algeriennes-20221229<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote97\">97 <\/sup>Basma El Atti, \u201cAlgeria President Tebboune Ignores US Outcry with Russia visit,\u201d The New Arab, June 15, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/news\/algeria-president-visits-russia-despite-international-outcry\">https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/news\/algeria-president-visits-russia-despite-international-outcry<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote98\">98 <\/sup>Daniel Workman, \u201cWheat Imports by Country,\u201d <em>World\u2019s Top Exports<\/em>, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldstopexports.com\/wheat-imports-by-country\/\">https:\/\/www.worldstopexports.com\/wheat-imports-by-country\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote99\">99 <\/sup>\u201cAlgeria nearly quadruples Russian wheat imports to 1.3 mln t in 2022-Agroexport,\u201d <em>Interfax, <\/em>February 2, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/interfax.com\/newsroom\/top-stories\/87540\/#:~:text=While%20before%20Algeria%20was%20a,has%20become%20an%20important%20supplier\">https:\/\/interfax.com\/newsroom\/top-stories\/87540\/#:~:text=While%20before%20Algeria%20was%20a,has%20become%20an%20important%20supplier<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote100\">100 <\/sup>\u201cBient\u00f4t, les produits laitiers et de la viande bovine russes dans les assiettes des Alg\u00e9riens\u201d [\u201cSoon, dairy products and Russian beef in the plates of Algerians\u201d], <em>Sputnik,<\/em> June 5, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.sputniknews.com\/afrique\/201906051041349432-produits-laitiers-viande-bovine-russes-assiettes-algeriens\">https:\/\/fr.sputniknews.com\/afrique\/201906051041349432-produits-laitiers-viande-bovine-russes-assiettes-algeriens<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote101\">101 <\/sup>Yahia H. Zoubir, <em>Algeria\u2019s Foreign Policy<\/em>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote102\">102 <\/sup>Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cChina\u2019s Relations with Algeria: From Revolutionary Friendship to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership,\u201d in Adel Abdel-Ghafar, ed., <em>China and North Africa: Between Economics, Politics and Security<\/em> (London: I.B. Tauris, 2021).<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote103\">103 <\/sup>Abdelkader Abderrahmane, \u201cIf Well Managed, Italy and Algeria could Build a Strong and Viable Geo-Economic Bridge Between Both Shores of the Med,\u201d <em>MENASource<\/em> (blog), February 10, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/menasource\/if-well-managed-italy-and-algeria-could-build-a-strong-and-viable-geo-economic-bridge-between-both-shores-of-the-med\/\">https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/menasource\/if-well-managed-italy-and-algeria-could-build-a-strong-and-viable-geo-economic-bridge-between-both-shores-of-the-med\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote104\">104 <\/sup>R.E., \u201cMaxim Reshetnikov: \u2018L\u2019Alg\u00e9rie est l\u2019un de nos alli\u00e9s les plus importants en Afrique\u2019,\u201d [\u201cAlgeria is one of our most important allies in Africa\u201d], Alg\u00e9rie Patriotique, June 14, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.algeriepatriotique.com\/2023\/06\/14\/maxim-reshetnikov-lalgerie-est-lun-de-nos-allies-les-plus-importants-en-afrique\/\">https:\/\/www.algeriepatriotique.com\/2023\/06\/14\/maxim-reshetnikov-lalgerie-est-lun-de-nos-allies-les-plus-importants-en-afrique\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote105\">105 <\/sup>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2023\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 23 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u0651\u062d\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote106\">106 <\/sup>\u201cLe pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique appelle les investisseurs de Russie et du monde entier \u00e0 investir en Alg\u00e9rie,\u201d [\u201cThe President of the Republic calls on investors from Russia and round the world to invest in Algeria\u201d], <em>Alg\u00e9rie Presse Service ,<\/em> June 16, 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/algerie\/157081-le-president-de-la-republique-appelle-les-investisseurs-de-russie-et-du-monde-entier-a-investir-en-algerie\">https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/algerie\/157081-le-president-de-la-republique-appelle-les-investisseurs-de-russie-et-du-monde-entier-a-investir-en-algerie<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote107\">107 <\/sup>\u201cAlg\u00e9rie \u2013 Russie : les mots forts de Tebboune devant Poutine,\u201d [\u201cAlgeria \u2013 Russia: Tebboune\u2019s strong words to Putin\u201d], <em>TSA<\/em>, June 15, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.dz\/algerie-russie-les-mots-forts-de-tebboune-devant-poutine\/\">https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.dz\/algerie-russie-les-mots-forts-de-tebboune-devant-poutine\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote108\">108 <\/sup>\u201cPr\u00e9sident Tebboune : \u2018le dossier des Brics est d\u00e9finitivement clos\u2019,\u201d [\u201cPresident Tebboune: \u2018the Brics file is definitively closed\u2019\u201d], <em>Algerie-Eco<\/em>, October 5, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.algerie-eco.com\/2023\/10\/05\/president-tebboune-le-dossier-des-brics-est-definitivement-clos\/\">https:\/\/www.algerie-eco.com\/2023\/10\/05\/president-tebboune-le-dossier-des-brics-est-definitivement-clos\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote109\">109 <\/sup>President Putin at the Valdai Discussion Club, Sochi, October 5, 2023.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote110\">110 <\/sup>Hanna Notte, \u201cWhere Does Russia Stand on the Israel-Hamas War?\u201d Foreign Policy, October 19, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2023\/10\/19\/israel-palestine-hamas-gaza-war-russia-iran-putin\/\">https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2023\/10\/19\/israel-palestine-hamas-gaza-war-russia-iran-putin\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote111\">111 <\/sup>United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, \u201cSecurity Council Fails to Adopt Either of Two Draft Resolutions Addressing Conflict and Humanitarian Crisis in Gaza,\u201d October 25, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/press.un.org\/en\/2023\/sc15464.doc.htm\">https:\/\/press.un.org\/en\/2023\/sc15464.doc.htm<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote112\">112 <\/sup>\u201cForeign Minister Sergey Lavrov\u2019s opening remarks during a meeting with intra-Palestinian dialogue members, Moscow,\u201d Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, accessed November 28, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.mid.ru\/ru\/foreign_policy\/news\/-\/asset_publisher\/cKNonkJE02Bw\/content\/id\/3513968?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_cKNonkJE02Bw&amp;_101_INSTANCE_cKNonkJE02Bw_languageId=en_GB\">https:\/\/archive.mid.ru\/ru\/foreign_policy\/news\/-\/asset_publisher\/cKNonkJE02Bw\/content\/id\/3513968?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_cKNonkJE02Bw&amp;_101_INSTANCE_cKNonkJE02Bw_languageId=en_GB<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote113\">113 <\/sup>Lilia Ait Akli, \u201cTebboune a r\u00e9uni Abbas et Haniyeh: un pas vers la r\u00e9conciliation palestinienne? [\u201cTebboune brought together Abbas and Haniyeh: a step towards Palestinian reconciliation\u201d],\u201dLe Jeune Ind\u00e9pendant, July 6, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jeune-independant.net\/tebboune-reunit-a-alger-mahmoud-abbas-et-ismail-haniyeh-un-premier-pas-vers-une-reconciliation-palestinienne\/\">https:\/\/www.jeune-independant.net\/tebboune-reunit-a-alger-mahmoud-abbas-et-ismail-haniyeh-un-premier-pas-vers-une-reconciliation-palestinienne\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote114\">114 <\/sup>United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, \u201cSecurity Council Fails to Adopt Either of Two Draft Resolutions Addressing Conflict and Humanitarian Crisis in Gaza,\u201d October 25, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/press.un.org\/en\/2023\/sc15464.doc.htm\">https:\/\/press.un.org\/en\/2023\/sc15464.doc.htm<\/a>.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":470183,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[94],"programs":[],"publication_type":[90],"class_list":["post-470187","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","geographic_area-94","publication_type-90","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/470187","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/470183"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=470187"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=470187"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=470187"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=470187"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=470187"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=470187"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}