{"id":469992,"date":"2023-12-12T09:26:49","date_gmt":"2023-12-12T09:26:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=469992"},"modified":"2025-11-12T12:08:29","modified_gmt":"2025-11-12T12:08:29","slug":"%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%ba%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%ba%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646: \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 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src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 2: \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 1950 \u06481993<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content lazyload\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Interactive or visual content\" data-src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/16083806\/embed#?secret=RjNcqWgMoZ\" data-secret=\"RjNcqWgMoZ\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" height=\"575\" width=\"700\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.<a href=\"#endnote23\"><sup>23<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u0623. \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 1979 \u06481989:<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c<a href=\"#endnote24\"><sup>24<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a (1) \u0648 (2).<a href=\"#endnote25\"><sup>25<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 14600 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1990\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 10000 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 (60 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b) \u0648620 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0627\u064b.<a href=\"#endnote26\"><sup>26<\/sup><\/a> \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647.<a href=\"#endnote27\"><sup>27<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><strong>\u0628. \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1992 \u0648<\/strong><\/em><em><strong>1996:<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1992 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1996\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1994\/1995\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 628660 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 168820 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 (\u0623\u064a 27 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629)\u060c \u064811548 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 6662 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0629 (\u0623\u064a 58 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a 282340 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 85692 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 (\u0623\u064a 30 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629). \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0645\u06465926 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0627\u064b \u06486522 \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0629 (\u0623\u064a 52 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629). \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 10700 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b (\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 3000 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 28 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629).<a href=\"#endnote28\"><sup>28<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0642 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0632\u0651 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0631\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup>1 <\/sup>\u201cLet Girls and Women in Afghanistan Learn!,\u201d United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), January 18, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/articles\/let-girls-and-women-afghanistan-learn\">https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/articles\/let-girls-and-women-afghanistan-learn<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup>2 <\/sup>Al Jazeera and News Agencies, \u201cTaliban Says Women Banned from Universities in Afghanistan,\u201d Al Jazeera, December 20, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/12\/20\/taliban-says-women-banned-from-universities-in-afghanistan\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/12\/20\/taliban-says-women-banned-from-universities-in-afghanistan<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup>3 <\/sup>Stephan Klasen and Francesca Lamanna, \u201cThe Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and Employment on Economic Growth: New Evidence for a Panel of Countries,\u201d Feminist Economics 15, no.3, (July 2009), 91\u2013132, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Stephan-Klasen\/publication\/46529173_The_Impact_of_Gender_Inequality_in_Education_and_Employment_on_Economic_Growth_New_Evidence_for_a_Panel_of_Countries\/links\/00b4951dc6b7fe371f000000\/The-Impact-of-Gender-Inequality-in-Education-and-Employment-on-Economic-Growth-New-Evidence-for-a-Panel-of-Countries.pdf\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Stephan-Klasen\/publication\/46529173_The_Impact_of_Gender_Inequality_in_Education_and_Employment_on_Economic_Growth_New_Evidence_for_a_Panel_of_Countries\/links\/00b4951dc6b7fe371f000000\/The-Impact-of-Gender-Inequality-in-Education-and-Employment-on-Economic-Growth-New-Evidence-for-a-Panel-of-Countries.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup>4 <\/sup>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a 13 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2023 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u0648\u0645.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup>Jonathan Lee, \u201c\u2019Abd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n Kh\u0101n and the \u2018Mara\u1e93 Ul-Mul\u016bk.\u2019\u201d Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1, no. 2 (July 1991): 237\u20138, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25182324\">http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25182324<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>Orzala Ashraf Nemat, Afghan Women at the Crossroads: Agents of Peace\u2014or Its Victims?, Report, (New York, NY: The Century Foundation, March 2011), 5, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peacewomen.org\/sites\/default\/files\/hr_afghanwomenatthecrossroads_march2011_0.pdf\">https:\/\/www.peacewomen.org\/sites\/default\/files\/hr_afghanwomenatthecrossroads_march2011_0.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup>\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 1901 \u06481919\u060c \u0648\u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064f\u062c\u0651\u0647\u062a \u0636\u062f\u0651\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0629.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup>Huma Ahmed-Ghosh, \u201cA History of Women in Afghanistan: Lessons Learnt for the Future or Yesterdays and Tomorrow: Women in Afghanistan,\u201d Journal of International Women\u2019s Studies 4, no. 3 (May 2003): 4\u20135, <a href=\"https:\/\/vc.bridgew.edu\/jiws\/vol4\/iss3\/1\">https:\/\/vc.bridgew.edu\/jiws\/vol4\/iss3\/1<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup>Ahmad-Ghosh, \u201cA History of Women in Afghanistan,\u201d 4-5.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup>\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 1919 \u06481929\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0649.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup>11 <\/sup>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0632\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646. \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0650\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631. \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup>12 <\/sup>Vartan Gregorian, \u201cMahmud Tarzi and Saraj-Ol-Akhbar: Ideology of Nationalism and Modernization in Afghanistan,\u201d Middle East Journal 21, no. 3 (Summer 1967): 345\u201368, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4324163\">http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4324163<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup>14 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup>Hekmatullah Sadat, \u201cHistory of Education in Afghanistan,\u201d ReliefWeb, March 1, 2004, <a href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/afghanistan\/history-education-afghanistan\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/afghanistan\/history-education-afghanistan<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>Ahmed-Ghosh, \u201cA History of Women,\u201d 4-5.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>Mohammad Nadir Shah (1883-1933) assisted the southern tribes of Afghanistan in regaining control from Amanullah Khan in 1929. He continued to rule until his demise in 1933 when his policies angered a Taliban member.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup>Gholam Mohammad Ghobar, Afghanistan in the Course of History, vol. 2, ed. Hashmat K. Gobar, trans. Sherief A. Fayez (Herndon, VA: All Prints Inc., 2001), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/AfghanistanInTheCourseOfHistorybyGhobarVol2English\">https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/AfghanistanInTheCourseOfHistorybyGhobarVol2English<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19<\/sup> \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 19 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1933 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 1978\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u064f\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup>Sadat, \u201cHistory of Education.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup>Ahmed-Ghosh, \u201cA History of Women.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup>Saif R. Samady, Education and Afghan Society in the Twentieth Century, Programme and Meeting Document, (Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO], 2001), 19, <a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000124627\">https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000124627<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup>Niloufar Pourzand, \u201cThe Problematic of Female Education, Ethnicity and National Identity in Afghanistan (1920-1999),\u201d Social Analysis: The International Journal of Anthropology 43, no. 1 (March 1999): 78\u201380, http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23166559.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup>Samady, Education and Afghan Society, 19.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup>Samady, Education and Afghan Society, 72.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup>HTAC, \u201cHistory of Educational System in Afghanistan,\u201d ReliefWeb, May 12, 2003, https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/afghanistan\/history-educational-system-afghanistan.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup>Samady, Education and Afghan Society, 80.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup>Niloufar Pourzand, \u201cThe Problematic of Female Education, Ethnicity and National Identity in Afghanistan (1920-1999),\u201d Social Analysis: The International Journal of Anthropology 43, no. 1 (March 1999): 79, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23166559\">http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23166559<\/a>; UNESCO Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (PRORAP) and Colombo Plan Staff College for Technician Education, National Profiles in Technical and Vocational Education in Asia and the Pacific: Afghanistan, Programme and Meeting Document, (Bangkok, Thailand: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO], 1995), <a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000104919.locale=en\">https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000104919.locale=en<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup>Farhat Easar, Hadia Azizi, Khudaynazar Rahmani, Mujtaba Moradi, and Wasal Naser Faqiryar, \u201cEducation in Afghanistan Since 2001: Evolutions and Rollbacks,\u201d 2023 Research Series of Rumi Organization for Research 1, no. 1 (March 2, 2023): 6, <a href=\"https:\/\/rumi.academy\/10101010101.pdf\">https:\/\/rumi.academy\/10101010101.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31 <\/sup>Ibid, 11-16.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup>UNESCO, The Right to Education: What\u2019s at Stake in Afghanistan?, Report, (Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO], 2021), 5, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/afghanistan_v11.pdf\">https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/afghanistan_v11.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33 <\/sup>Ashley Jackson, The Ban on Older Girls\u2019 Education: Taleban Conservatives Ascendant and a Leadership in Disarray, Analysis Paper, (Kabul: Afghanistan Analysts Network, March 29, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.afghanistan-analysts.org\/en\/reports\/rights-freedom\/the-ban-on-older-girls-education-taleban-conservatives-ascendant-and-a-leadership-in-disarray\/\">https:\/\/www.afghanistan-analysts.org\/en\/reports\/rights-freedom\/the-ban-on-older-girls-education-taleban-conservatives-ascendant-and-a-leadership-in-disarray\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 id=\"sconnect-is-installed\" style=\"display: none; text-align: right;\">2.15.0.0<\/h6>\n<h6 id=\"sconnect-is-installed\" style=\"display: none; text-align: right;\">2.15.0.0<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34<\/sup> Ruhi Khan, \u201cAfghanistan and the Colonial Project of Feminism: Dismantling the Binary Lens,\u201d Media@LSE (blog), September 2, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/medialse\/2021\/09\/02\/afghanistan-and-the-colonial-project-of-feminism-dismantling-the-binary-lens\/\">https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/medialse\/2021\/09\/02\/afghanistan-and-the-colonial-project-of-feminism-dismantling-the-binary-lens\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35<\/sup> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a 1 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36<\/sup> Sima Samar, \u201cFeminism, Peace, and Afghanistan,\u201d Journal of International Affairs 72, no. 2 (Spring\/Summer 2019): 145\u2013158, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26760839\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26760839<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37 <\/sup>Ahmed-Ghosh, \u201cA History of Women.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup>\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c &#8220;\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646&#8221;&#8221;. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f: <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/23ajvcyw\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/23ajvcyw<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39 <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u063a\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639&#8221; \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u063a\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<br \/>\n\u0628\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 22 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2022 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40 <\/sup>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u0648\u0645.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41\u00a0<\/sup>\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646&#8221;. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f: <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/23ajvcyw\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/23ajvcyw <\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42<\/sup>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43<\/sup> &#8220;\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627.. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a. (2023, March 5Al Jazeera. <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4bv3a5se\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4bv3a5se<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44 <\/sup>Vanda Felbab-Brown, Afghanistan in 2023: Taliban Internal Power Struggles and Militancy, Commentary, (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, February 3, 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/afghanistan-in-2023-taliban-internal-power-struggles-and-militancy\/\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/afghanistan-in-2023-taliban-internal-power-struggles-and-militancy\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45\u00a0 <\/sup>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a 6 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u0648\u0645.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46<\/sup> Hashmatullah Tareen and Attaullah Muhammadi, \u201cFactors Limiting Afghan and Pakistani Girls\u2019 Access and Participation in Education,\u201d Open Access Library Journal 8, e7488 (2021): 3, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/oalib.1107488\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/oalib.1107488<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47 <\/sup>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 26 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2026.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote48\">48 <\/sup>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0641\u064a 16 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2023.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote49\">49 <\/sup>Hamidullah Bamik, \u201cAfghanistan\u2019s Cultural Norms and Girls\u2019 Education: Access and Challenges,\u201d International Journal for Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field 4, no. 11 (November 2018): 90, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Hamidullah-Bamik\/publication\/329377137_Afghanistan's_Cultural_Norms_and_Girls'_Education_Access_and_Challenges\/links\/5c059d2b92851c6ca1fc261f\/Afghanistans-Cultural-Norms-and-Girls-Education-Access-and-Challenges.pdf\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Hamidullah-Bamik\/publication\/329377137_Afghanistan&#8217;s_Cultural_Norms_and_Girls&#8217;_Education_Access_and_Challenges\/links\/5c059d2b92851c6ca1fc261f\/Afghanistans-Cultural-Norms-and-Girls-Education-Access-and-Challenges.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote50\">50 <\/sup>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a 6 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023 \u0639\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u0648\u0645.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote51\">51 <\/sup>Melissa Fung, \u201cWhere\u2019s the Aid Money Gone? Afghan Girls\u2019 Struggle for Education,\u201d Otras Voces en Educaci\u00f3n, January 21, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/otrasvoceseneducacion.org\/archivos\/298834\">https:\/\/otrasvoceseneducacion.org\/archivos\/298834<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote52\">52 <\/sup>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u0648\u0645.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote53\">53<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote54\">54 <\/sup>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u063a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d. (1997). \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u0644\u0628: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote55\">550 <\/sup>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u0648\u0645.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote56\">56 <\/sup>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u0648\u0645.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote57\">57 <\/sup>Khan, \u201cAfghanistan and the Colonial Project of Feminism.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote58\">58 <\/sup>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote59\">59 <\/sup>Kaja Borchgrevink and Kristian Berg Harpviken, Teaching Religion, Taming Rebellion: Religious Education Reform in Afghanistan, Policy Brief 7, (Oslo: Peace Research Institute Oslo [PRIO], 2010), 2, <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.cloud.prio.org\/files\/ab8072cb-3296-47cb-ada1-4bffee7d1435\/PRIO%20Policy%20Brief_Teaching%20Religion%20Taming%20Rebellion_%20Afghan%20madrasa%20reform.pdf?inline=true\">https:\/\/cdn.cloud.prio.org\/files\/ab8072cb-3296-47cb-ada1-4bffee7d1435\/PRIO%20Policy%20Brief_Teaching%20Religion%20Taming%20Rebellion_%20Afghan%20madrasa%20reform.pdf?inline=true<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote60\">60 <\/sup>Kaja Borchgrevink, Beyond Borders: Diversity and Transnational Links in Afghan Religious Education, Paper, (Oslo: Peace Research Institute Oslo [PRIO], September 2010), 19, <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.cloud.prio.org\/files\/63c1bd78-ce83-4c8d-89d9-571f3a566f1c\/PRIO%20Paper_%20Borchgrevink_%20Beyond%20Borders%20Diversity%20and%\">https:\/\/cdn.cloud.prio.org\/files\/63c1bd78-ce83-4c8d-89d9-571f3a566f1c\/PRIO%20Paper_%20Borchgrevink_%20Beyond%20Borders%20Diversity%20and%<\/a>20Transnational%20Links%20in%20Afghan%20Religious%20Education_September%202010.pdf?inline=true.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote61\">61 <\/sup>Gender in Humanity Action (GiHA) Working Group in Afghanistan et al., Afghanistan: Inter-Agency Rapid Gender Analysis, Report, (New York, NY: ReliefWeb, November 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/afghanistan\/afghanistan-inter-agency-rapid-gender-analysis-november-2022\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/afghanistan\/afghanistan-inter-agency-rapid-gender-analysis-november-2022<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote62\">62<\/sup> Global Education Monitoring Report Team, Inclusion and Education: All Means All (Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO], 2020), 79, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54676\/JJNK6989\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54676\/JJNK6989<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote63\">63 <\/sup>Rebecca Winthrop and Corinne Graff, Beyond Madrasas: Assessing the Links between Education and Militancy in Pakistan, Center for Universal Education Working Paper 2, (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, June 2010), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/beyond-madrasas-assessing-the-links-between-education-and-militancy-in-pakistan\/\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/beyond-madrasas-assessing-the-links-between-education-and-militancy-in-pakistan\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote64\">64 <\/sup>Borchgrevink, Beyond Borders, 6.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote65\">65 <\/sup>\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0641\u0638 &#8220;\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote66\">66 <\/sup>Global Partnership for Education, Summative Evaluation of GPE\u2019s Country-Level Support to Education, Final Report \u2013 Mauritania, (Quebec, Canada: Universalia, December 2018), 54, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalpartnership.org\/node\/document\/download?file=document\/file\/2020-04-summative-evaluation-of-gpe-support-to-mauritania.pdf\">https:\/\/www.globalpartnership.org\/node\/document\/download?file=document\/file\/2020-04-summative-evaluation-of-gpe-support-to-mauritania.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote67\">67 <\/sup>Leire Gartzia et al., \u201cTesting the Motivational Effects of Attainable Role Models: Field and Experimental Evidence,\u201d Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology 5, no. 4 (2021): 591\u2013602, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts5.121\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts5.121<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote68\">68 <\/sup>Sarah Kamal, \u201cDevelopment On-Air: Women\u2019s Radio Production in Afghanistan,\u201d Gender and Development 15, no. 3 (November 2007): 399\u2013411,<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20461225\"> http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20461225<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote69\">69 <\/sup>Diane Stone et al., \u201cTransnational Policy Transfer: The Circulation of Ideas, Power and Development Models,\u201d Policy and Society 39, no. 1 (March 2020): 1\u201318, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14494035.2019.1619325\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14494035.2019.1619325<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote70\">70 <\/sup>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a 18 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2023 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u0648\u0645.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u062c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0651\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":469987,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[94],"programs":[],"publication_type":[92],"class_list":["post-469992","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","geographic_area-94","publication_type-92","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/469992","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/469987"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=469992"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=469992"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=469992"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=469992"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=469992"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=469992"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}