{"id":469925,"date":"2023-11-30T09:09:07","date_gmt":"2023-11-30T09:09:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=469925"},"modified":"2024-07-23T08:05:50","modified_gmt":"2024-07-23T08:05:50","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%86%d8%b4%d8%a3%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%83%d9%87","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%86%d8%b4%d8%a3%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%83%d9%87\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646: \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 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data-src=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/PP2_Arabic-Table-1-1024x590.png\" alt=\" \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\" width=\"750\" height=\"432\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/PP2_Arabic-Table-1-1024x590.png 1024w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/PP2_Arabic-Table-1-300x173.png 300w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/PP2_Arabic-Table-1-768x443.png 768w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/PP2_Arabic-Table-1-1536x885.png 1536w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/PP2_Arabic-Table-1-2048x1180.png 2048w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/PP2_Arabic-Table-1-1568x904.png 1568w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 750px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 750\/432;\" \/><\/h2>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e<a href=\"#endnote11\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629<a href=\"#endnote12\"><sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646<a href=\"#endnote13\"><sup>13<\/sup><\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 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href=\"#endnote15\"><sup>15<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u061f \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 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\u0634\u0637\u0631\u064e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u2013 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0651\u064e\u0630 &#8211; \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u064f\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a 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\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0635\u064a\u0641 1994 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1994 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a 2019 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0642\u0635\u0641 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\u0628\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062b\u0651 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6><sup>1 <\/sup>\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/strong> (\u062f.\u0645\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c 2009) \u0635 15.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup>2 <\/sup>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Development Assistance Committee (DAC), \u201cConcepts and Dilemmas of State Building in Fragile Situations: From Fragility to Resilience,\u201d <em>OECD Journal on Development<\/em> 9, no. 3 (2009): 71, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/dac\/conflict-fragility-resilience\/docs\/41100930.pdf\">https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/dac\/conflict-fragility-resilience\/docs\/41100930.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup>3 <\/sup>Simon Chesterman, \u201cFrom State Failure to State-building: Problems and Prospects for a United Nations Peacebuilding Commission,\u201d<em> Journal of International Law and International Relations<\/em> 2, no. 1 (2005): 155, <a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1003770\">https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1003770<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup>4 <\/sup>\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645\u060c <strong>\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643<\/strong> (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c 2007) \u0635 10.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup>\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u060c 2014\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mominoun.com\/articles\/%D9%85%D9%81%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85-.%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-2059\">https:\/\/www.mominoun.com\/articles\/%D9%85%D9%81%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85-.%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-2059<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c <strong>\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/strong> (\u062a\u0639\u0632: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c 2002) \u0635 13.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup>\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 )\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627)\u061b \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup>\u062a\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0636\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1800 \u06482000 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup>\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644: \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 29 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1999\u060c .<a href=\"https:\/\/www.albayan.ae\/one-world\/1999-12-29-1.1080595\">https:\/\/www.albayan.ae\/one-world\/1999-12-29-1.1080595<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup>\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621: \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c 2004) \u0635 20.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup>11 <\/sup>\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup>12 <\/sup>\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup>14 <\/sup>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u062c\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/strong> (\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 [IDRC]\u060c 2016)\u060c \u0635 157\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/yohr.org\/?ac=3&amp;no=4508&amp;d_f=160&amp;t_f=0&amp;t=5&amp;lang_in=Ar\">https:\/\/yohr.org\/?ac=3&amp;no=4508&amp;d_f=160&amp;t_f=0&amp;t=5&amp;lang_in=Ar<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup>\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/strong> \u061b \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c 2015).<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0635\u0628\u060c <strong>\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646<\/strong> (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c2019) \u0635 50.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/strong> (\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c 2004) \u063539.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 54.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646<\/strong>: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c 2004) \u0635 197.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup>\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 54.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup>Brian Whitaker, <em>The Birth of Modern Yemen<\/em> (London: Al-Bab, 2009), <a href=\"https:\/\/al-bab.com\/birth-modern-yemen-chapter-1\">https:\/\/al-bab.com\/birth-modern-yemen-chapter-1<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup>\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0639 37\u060c (\u0635\u064a\u0641 2021) \u0635 17.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup>\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1978\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup>\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c 2015) \u0635 145.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup>\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0633\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0628 1986 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0629.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup>28 <\/sup>\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u063a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 1986 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0639.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote29\">29<\/sup>\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1986 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649: \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0639\u0646\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 1988).<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup>\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u061b \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c 2015).<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote31\">31 <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup>32 <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/h6>\n<h6>2.15.0.0<\/h6>\n<h6>2.15.0.0<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote33\">33<\/sup> Stephen W. Day, Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 65-70, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781139135443.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote34\">34<\/sup> Ibid, 66.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote35\">35<\/sup> Ibid, 66.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote36\">36<\/sup> \u0623\u0628\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 (\u0628\u064a\u0646 2001 \u06482007) \u0648\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote37\">37 <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0633<\/strong>\u060c 15 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2021\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/maeenpress.net\/newsreports\/24964\/\">https:\/\/maeenpress.net\/newsreports\/24964\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup>\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00bb: \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u062b 24<\/strong>\u060c 3 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2022\u060c .<a href=\"https:\/\/south24.net\/news\/news.php?nid=2511\">https:\/\/south24.net\/news\/news.php?nid=2511<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote39\">39 <\/sup>Marta Colburn et al., <em>Bringing Forth the Voices of Muhammasheen<\/em>, Report, (Sana\u2019a, Yemen: Sana\u2019a Center for Strategic Studies, June 28, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/sanaacenter.org\/publications\/main-publications\/14588\">https:\/\/sanaacenter.org\/publications\/main-publications\/14588<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote40\">40 <\/sup>It also stipulated the transfer of presidential powers to Field Marshal Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi and granted Saleh legal immunity from prosecution.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote41\">41<\/sup> \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a&#8230; \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/strong>\u060c 22 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019\u060c .<a href=\"https:\/\/cutt.us\/Amdnz\">https:\/\/cutt.us\/Amdnz<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote42\">42<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u060c 7 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2022\u060c.<a href=\"https:\/\/almasdaronline.com\/articles\/249469\">https:\/\/almasdaronline.com\/articles\/249469<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote43\">43<\/sup>\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a.. \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u060c .<a href=\"https:\/\/cutt.us\/OaZCk\">https:\/\/cutt.us\/OaZCk<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote44\">44<\/sup> The Houthis present themselves as the core of Zaidism\u2014some researchers believe that the Houthi movement has Hadawiyya and Jarudiyya origins\u2014which later evolved into a selective form of Shia Islam that is difficult to categorize.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote45\">45<\/sup>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642 \u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c 2018).<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote46\">46<\/sup> \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 (\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u064a\u0628\u0631\u062a\u060c 2022\u0645) \u0635 125.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote47\">47<\/sup> Marieke Brandt, <em>Tribes and Politics in Yemen: A History of the Houthi Conflict<\/em>, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 346, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780190673598.001.0001\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780190673598.001.0001<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote48\">48 <\/sup>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c 02 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2019\/04\/02\/ar-pub-78744\">https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2019\/04\/02\/ar-pub-78744<\/a> <u>; <\/u>Ahmed Nagi, \u201cYemen\u2019s Houthis Used Multiple Identities to Advance,\u201d <em>Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em>, March 19, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2019\/03\/19\/yemen-s-houthis-used-multiple-identities-to-advance-pub-78623\">https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2019\/03\/19\/yemen-s-houthis-used-multiple-identities-to-advance-pub-78623<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote49\">49 <\/sup>The Houthi group, in their unofficial alliance with Saleh, managed to gain the support of some sheikhs who were dissatisfied with the authority of other sheikhs. For instance, the neutralization of both Sheikh al-Mashreqi and Jlidan played a significant role in facilitating the Houthis\u2019 defeat of Sheikh Hussein al-Ahmar in Amran, which culminated in the bombing of the residence of Sheikh Abdullah bin Hussein al-Ahmar in his hometown.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote50\">50 <\/sup>\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0628\u0631<\/strong>\u060c 28 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2016 .<a href=\"https:\/\/khabaragency.net\/news66975.html\">https:\/\/khabaragency.net\/news66975.html<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote51\">51 <\/sup>ACAPS Yemen Analysis Hub, <em>The Houthi Supervisory System: The Interplay of Formal State Institutions and Informal Political Structures<\/em>, Thematic Report, (Geneva: ACAPS, June 17, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.acaps.org\/sites\/acaps\/files\/products\/files\/20200617_acaps_yemen_analysis_hub_the_houthi_supervisory_system_0.pdf\">https:\/\/www.acaps.org\/sites\/acaps\/files\/products\/files\/20200617_acaps_yemen_analysis_hub_the_houthi_supervisory_system_0.pdf<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote52\">52 <\/sup>\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c 31 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631\u060c 2022\u060c ;<a href=\"https:\/\/sanaacenter.org\/ar\/publications-all\/main-publications-ar\/16370\">https:\/\/sanaacenter.org\/ar\/publications-all\/main-publications-ar\/16370<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6>Rim Mugahed, <em>Tribes and the State in Yemen<\/em>, Report, (Sana\u2019a, Yemen: Sana\u2019a Center for Strategic Studies, January 21, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/sanaacenter.org\/publications\/main-publications\/16156\">https:\/\/sanaacenter.org\/publications\/main-publications\/16156<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote53\">53 <\/sup>\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0628\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 &#8220;\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0628\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 13 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022\u060c .<a href=\"https:\/\/cutt.us\/1TEKr\">https:\/\/cutt.us\/1TEKr<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote54\">54<\/sup> \u0634\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2023\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/cutt.us\/orO42\">https:\/\/cutt.us\/orO42;<\/a> Shaima Bin Othman, \u201cA Generation Without a Shared National Identity,\u201d <em>Yemen Policy Center<\/em>, March 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yemenpolicy.org\/a-generation-without-a-shared-national-identity\/\">https:\/\/www.yemenpolicy.org\/a-generation-without-a-shared-national-identity\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote55\">55<\/sup> \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0632\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632\u060c 14 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2021\u060c.<a href=\"https:\/\/adennews.net\/142551\">https:\/\/adennews.net\/142551<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote56\">56<\/sup>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u060c 8 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023\u060c.<a href=\"https:\/\/cutt.us\/EmeUc\">https:\/\/cutt.us\/EmeUc<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote57\">57<\/sup> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0646\u0631\u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a : \u0641\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a \u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c 1 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u06332023\u060c.<a href=\"https:\/\/cutt.us\/g4pmu\">https:\/\/cutt.us\/g4pmu<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote58\">58<\/sup> \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631: \u0628\u0639\u062f 9 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646.. \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644\u060c 12.04.2023\u060c .<a href=\"https:\/\/cutt.us\/exsx6\">https:\/\/cutt.us\/exsx6<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote59\">59<\/sup> \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c 24 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2022 ;<a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2022\/05\/24\/ar-pub-87142\">https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2022\/05\/24\/ar-pub-87142<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6>Ahmed Nagi, \u201cThe Barriers to Southern Yemeni Political Aspirations Are Mainly in the South,\u201d <em>Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em>, March 7, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2022\/03\/07\/barriers-to-southern-yemeni-political-aspirations-are-mainly-in-south-pub-86579\">https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2022\/03\/07\/barriers-to-southern-yemeni-political-aspirations-are-mainly-in-south-pub-86579<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote60\">60<\/sup> Ahmed Nagi, \u201cEducation in Yemen: Turning Pens into Bullets,\u201d <em>Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em>, November 15, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2021\/11\/15\/education-in-yemen-turning-pens-into-bullets-pub-85777\">https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2021\/11\/15\/education-in-yemen-turning-pens-into-bullets-pub-85777<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote61\">61 <\/sup>Louis Imbert, \u201cAu Y\u00e9men, Combat de \u00ab Squales \u00bb dans la Baie d\u2019Aden,\u201d <em>Le Monde<\/em>, May 27, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/international\/article\/2022\/05\/27\/au-yemen-combat-de-squales-dans-la-baie-d-aden_6127926_3210.html\">https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/international\/article\/2022\/05\/27\/au-yemen-combat-de-squales-dans-la-baie-d-aden_6127926_3210.html<\/a><u>; <\/u>Louis Imbert, \u201cYemen&#8217;s Battle of Business &#8216;Sharks&#8217; in the Bay of Aden,\u201d <em>Le Monde<\/em>, June 4, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/international\/article\/2022\/06\/04\/in-yemen-a-battle-of-business-sharks-in-the-bay-of-aden_5985652_4.html\">https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/international\/article\/2022\/06\/04\/in-yemen-a-battle-of-business-sharks-in-the-bay-of-aden_5985652_4.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote62\">62<\/sup> \u0641\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c 13 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2023\u060c ;<a href=\"https:\/\/cutt.us\/UdIdg\">https:\/\/cutt.us\/UdIdg<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6>Tanner Manley and Faozi Al-Goidi, \u201cSaudi-Iran Rapprochement Unlikely to Bring Lasting Peace to Yemen,\u201d <em>Afk<\/em><em>\u0101r<\/em> (blog), April 23, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/blog_posts\/saudi-iran-rapprochement-unlikely-to-bring-lasting-peace-to-yemen\/\">https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/blog_posts\/saudi-iran-rapprochement-unlikely-to-bring-lasting-peace-to-yemen\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote63\">63<\/sup> Alem Habtu, \u201cEthnic Federalism in Ethiopia: Background, Present Conditions and Future Prospects,\u201d (paper, International Conference on Development Studies in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, July 11-12, 2003), <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarworks.wmich.edu\/africancenter_icad_archive\/57\/?utm_source=scholarworks.wmich.edu%2Fafricancenter_icad_archive%2F57&amp;utm_medium=PDF&amp;utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages\">https:\/\/scholarworks.wmich.edu\/africancenter_icad_archive\/57\/?utm_source=scholarworks.wmich.edu%2Fafricancenter_icad_archive%2F57&amp;utm_medium=PDF&amp;utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote64\">64 <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c 2014\u060c \u063531-50\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/osesgy.unmissions.org\/sites\/default\/files\/7-national_dialogue_conference.pdf\">https:\/\/osesgy.unmissions.org\/sites\/default\/files\/7-national_dialogue_conference.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote65\">65<\/sup> Pranab Bardhan, \u201cDecentralization of Governance and Development,\u201d <em>Journal of Economic Perspectives<\/em> 16, no. 4 (Fall 2002): 185\u2013205, <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/089533002320951037\">https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/089533002320951037<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote66\">66<\/sup> Mona Harb and Sami Atallah, eds., <em>Local Governments and Public Goods: Assessing Decentralization in the Arab World<\/em>, (Beirut, Lebanon: The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies, 2015), 2, <a href=\"https:\/\/api.lcps-lebanon.org\/content\/uploads\/files\/decentralisation.pdf\">https:\/\/api.lcps-lebanon.org\/content\/uploads\/files\/\/decentralisation.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote67\">67<\/sup> Ibid, 4.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote68\">68<\/sup> \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1994 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote69\">69 <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u2013 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621\u060c .<a href=\"https:\/\/yemen-nic.info\/contents\/Politics\/entkh2001.php\">https:\/\/yemen-nic.info\/contents\/Politics\/entkh2001.php<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote70\">70<\/sup>\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u062d\u062c\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 &#8211; \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c 29 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018\u060c <u>;<\/u><a href=\"https:\/\/sanaacenter.org\/ar\/publications-all\/main-publications-ar\/6320\">https:\/\/sanaacenter.org\/ar\/publications-all\/main-publications-ar\/6320<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote71\">71<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647; Al-Awlaqi and al-Madhaji, <em>Challenges for Yemen\u2019s Local Governance<\/em>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote72\">72 <\/sup>\u0641\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c 1 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633\u060c 2023\u060c;<a href=\"https:\/\/cutt.us\/g4pmu\">https:\/\/cutt.us\/g4pmu<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6>Faozi Al-Goidi, \u201cWill Yemen\u2019s New Hadramout Council Lead to Federalism or More Fragmentation?,\u201d <em>Afk<\/em><em>\u0101r<\/em> (blog), August 1, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/blog_posts\/will-yemens-new-hadramout-council-lead-to-federalism-or-more-fragmentation\/\">https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/blog_posts\/will-yemens-new-hadramout-council-lead-to-federalism-or-more-fragmentation\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote73\">73<\/sup>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015\u060c <u>.<\/u><a href=\"https:\/\/yemen-nic.info\/ministations\/mini3\/issue\/nslg.pdf\">https:\/\/yemen-nic.info\/ministations\/mini3\/issue\/nslg.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":469926,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[94,113],"programs":[],"publication_type":[92],"class_list":["post-469925","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","geographic_area-94","geographic_area-113","publication_type-92","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/469925","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/469926"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=469925"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=469925"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=469925"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=469925"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=469925"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=469925"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}