{"id":469684,"date":"2023-09-20T15:57:56","date_gmt":"2023-09-20T15:57:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=469684"},"modified":"2024-02-10T10:24:59","modified_gmt":"2024-02-10T10:24:59","slug":"%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b4%d9%89-%d9%82%d8%a8%d8%b6%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b9%d9%83%d8%b3-%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%83%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b4%d9%89-%d9%82%d8%a8%d8%b6%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b9%d9%83%d8%b3-%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%83%d8%b1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u202f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u202f<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a: <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0639<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u060c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0644.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:80,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a: <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:80,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644. \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:80,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/span><\/b> <b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 <\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\"> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629:<\/span><\/b> <span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:80,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/b> <b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\"> \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064f<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0628\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u060c <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"none\">\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0637\u062a\u0647<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"none\">\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:-18,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:80,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u062f<\/span><\/b> <b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"none\">\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u0651\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:-18,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:80,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 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\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a 10 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2014&#8221;.<a href=\"#endntoe52\"><sup>52<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>1 <\/sup>Javier Blas, \u201cWhat the New \u2018Saudi First\u2019 Policy Means for Oil and Power,\u201d <em>Bloomberg News<\/em>, October 28, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/opinion\/articles\/2022-10-28\/davos-in-the-desert-what-new-saudi-first-policy-means-for-oil-and-power\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/opinion\/articles\/2022-10-28\/davos-in-the-desert-what-new-saudi-first-policy-means-for-oil-and-power<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>2 <\/sup>\u201cTurkey says U.S. support for Syrian Kurdish YPG &#8216;not befitting&#8217; of an ally,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, May 31, 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-mideast-crisis-turkey-usa-idUSKBN18R2TA\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-mideast-crisis-turkey-usa-idUSKBN18R2TA<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>3 <\/sup>Galip Dalay, <em>Turkey, Europe, and the Eastern Mediterranean: Charting a Way Out of the Current Deadlock<\/em>, Policy Brief, (Doha, Qatar: Brookings Doha Center, January 28, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/turkey-europe-and-the-eastern-mediterranean-charting-a-way-out-of-the-current-deadlock\/\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/turkey-europe-and-the-eastern-mediterranean-charting-a-way-out-of-the-current-deadlock\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>4 <\/sup>Galip Dalay, \u201cWhy Turkey Is in a Unique Position to Mediate,\u201d <em>CNN<\/em>, March 29, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2022\/03\/29\/opinions\/turkey-mediator-russia-ukraine-dalay\/index.html\">https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2022\/03\/29\/opinions\/turkey-mediator-russia-ukraine-dalay\/index.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup>Institute for Policy and Strategy, Wilson Center, and Kennan Institute, Russia in the Middle East: National Security Challenges for the United States and Israel in the Biden Era, Report (Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center, May 6, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/uploads\/documents\/Russia%20Challenge%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%20FINAL.pdf\">https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/uploads\/documents\/Russia%20Challenge%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%20FINAL.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>Anton Troianovski, \u201cIn Bitter Nagorno-Karabakh War, a Reordering of Regional Powers,\u201d New York Times, February 25, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/11\/10\/world\/europe\/armenia-azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/11\/10\/world\/europe\/armenia-azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup>\u201cTurkish, Israeli Made Drones Gave Azerbaijan Upper Hand, German Media Argues,\u201d <em>Daily Sabah<\/em>, November 20, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailysabah.com\/business\/defense\/turkish-israeli-made-drones-gave-azerbaijan-upper-hand-german-media-argues\">https:\/\/www.dailysabah.com\/business\/defense\/turkish-israeli-made-drones-gave-azerbaijan-upper-hand-german-media-argues<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup>Fuad Shahbazov, \u201cIran\u2019s Drone Exports to Armenia Could Undermine Peace Process in Karabakh,\u201d <em>The Jamestown Foundation: Eurasia Daily Monitor<\/em>, December 16, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/jamestown.org\/program\/irans-drone-exports-to-armenia-could-undermine-peace-process-in-karabakh\/\">https:\/\/jamestown.org\/program\/irans-drone-exports-to-armenia-could-undermine-peace-process-in-karabakh\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup>Fuad Shahbazov, \u201cWill Azerbaijan\u2013Iran Tensions Reach Point of No Return?,\u201d Amwaj.media, March 3, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/amwaj.media\/article\/will-azerbaijan-iran-tensions-reach-point-of-no-return\">https:\/\/amwaj.media\/article\/will-azerbaijan-iran-tensions-reach-point-of-no-return<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup>Galip Dalay, \u201cFrom Astana to Sochi: How De-Escalation Allowed Assad to Return to War,\u201d <em>Middle East Eye<\/em>, February 20, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/astana-sochi-how-de-escalation-allowed-assad-return-war\">https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/astana-sochi-how-de-escalation-allowed-assad-return-war<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>11 <\/sup>Galip Dalay, \u201cTurkey\u2019s New Syria Narrative,\u201d <em>Middle East Council on Global Affairs: Afk\u0101r<\/em> (blog), October 24, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/blog_posts\/turkeys-new-syria-narrative\/\">https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/blog_posts\/turkeys-new-syria-narrative\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>12 <\/sup>Diyar G\u00fcldo\u011fan, \u201cTurkish Foreign Minister Soon to Head to Moscow for Syria Talks,\u201d Anadolu Ajansi, May 9, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/europe\/turkish-foreign-minister-soon-to-head-to-moscow-for-syria-talks\/2892873\">https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/europe\/turkish-foreign-minister-soon-to-head-to-moscow-for-syria-talks\/2892873<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>See for instance, Yoni Ben Menachem, \u201cIsrael Has Stepped Up Attacks on Iranian, Hezbollah Targets in Syria,\u201d Jewish News Syndicate, April 4, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jns.org\/israel-has-stepped-up-attacks-on-iranian-hezbollah-targets-in-syria\/\">https:\/\/www.jns.org\/israel-has-stepped-up-attacks-on-iranian-hezbollah-targets-in-syria\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>14 <\/sup>Hamidreza Azizi, <em>The Impact of the Ukraine War on Iran-Russia Relations in Syria<\/em>, Expert Brief, (Istanbul: Al Sharq Strategic Research, June 17, 2022), 5\u20136, <a href=\"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/2022\/06\/17\/iran-russia-relations-in-syria\/\">https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/2022\/06\/17\/iran-russia-relations-in-syria\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup>Mona Yacoubian, \u201cUkraine\u2019s Consequences Are Finally Spreading to Syria,\u201d <em>War On The Rocks<\/em>, January 10, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/warontherocks.com\/2023\/01\/ukraines-consequences-are-finally-spreading-to-syria\/\">https:\/\/warontherocks.com\/2023\/01\/ukraines-consequences-are-finally-spreading-to-syria\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>Azizi, <em>The Impact of the Ukraine War<\/em>, 7.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>Anton Mardasov, <em>Keeping Up Appearances: The Ukraine War\u2019s Effect on Russian Deployments in Syria<\/em>, (Washington D.C.: Middle East Institute, December 16, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/keeping-appearances-ukraine-wars-effect-russian-deployments-syria\">https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/keeping-appearances-ukraine-wars-effect-russian-deployments-syria<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup>Jared Szuba, \u201cUkraine War at Year 1: Russia-Iran Alignment Threatens Delicate Middle East Balance,\u201d <em>Al-Monitor<\/em>, February 24, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2023\/02\/ukraine-war-year-1-russia-iran-alignment-threatens-delicate-middle-east-balance#ixzz7uRUCANDt\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2023\/02\/ukraine-war-year-1-russia-iran-alignment-threatens-delicate-middle-east-balance#ixzz7uRUCANDt<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup>\u201cLibya\u2019s Haftar leaves Moscow without signing ceasefire agreement,\u201d <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, January 14, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2020\/1\/14\/libyas-haftar-leaves-moscow-without-signing-ceasefire-agreement\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2020\/1\/14\/libyas-haftar-leaves-moscow-without-signing-ceasefire-agreement<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup>Mohamed Eljarh, \u201cLibya factions reassess Wagner&#8217;s operations in light of mutiny in Russia,\u201d<em>AL-Monitor<\/em>, July 3, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2023\/06\/libya-factions-reassess-wagners-operations-light-mutiny-russia\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2023\/06\/libya-factions-reassess-wagners-operations-light-mutiny-russia<\/a>; Andrew Osborn and Maxim Rodionov, \u201cWagner boss Yevgeny Prigozhin listed in Russian plane crash with no survivors,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, August 24, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/ten-killed-private-jet-crash-north-moscow-tass-2023-08-23\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/ten-killed-private-jet-crash-north-moscow-tass-2023-08-23\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup>Kristian Coates Ulrichsen, Mark Finley, and Jim Krane, <em>The OPEC+ Phenomenon of Saudi-Russian Cooperation and Implications for US-Saudi Relations<\/em>, Research Paper (Texas, U.S.: Baker Institute for Public Policy, October 18, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bakerinstitute.org\/research\/opec-phenomenon-saudi-russian-cooperation-and-implications-us-saudi-relations\">https:\/\/www.bakerinstitute.org\/research\/opec-phenomenon-saudi-russian-cooperation-and-implications-us-saudi-relations<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup>Brian Rohan, \u201cIn the UAE, Russians Fleeing Ukraine War Seek Success in \u2018Dubaisk,\u2019\u201d <em>Washington Post<\/em>, November 17, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2022\/11\/17\/uae-dubai-russia-ukraine-war\/\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2022\/11\/17\/uae-dubai-russia-ukraine-war\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup>Lisa Barrington, \u201cFinancial Crime Watchdog Adds UAE to \u2018grey\u2019 Money Laundering Watch List,\u201d Reuters, March 4, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/fatf-adds-uae-grey-money-laundering-watchlist-2022-03-04\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/fatf-adds-uae-grey-money-laundering-watchlist-2022-03-04\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup>James Politi, \u201cUS Launches New Crackdown on Russian Sanctions Busting,\u201d Financial Times, March 2, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/19341a0a-56a2-4e57-a807-a57c365f1eb1\">https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/19341a0a-56a2-4e57-a807-a57c365f1eb1<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup>\u201cUAE Cancels Licence for Russia\u2019s Sanctioned MTS Bank,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, March 31, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/uae-cancels-license-russias-sanctioned-mts-bank-branch-2023-03-31\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/uae-cancels-license-russias-sanctioned-mts-bank-branch-2023-03-31\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup>Jean-Pierre Filiu, \u201cUAE Is on Team Russia in War against Ukraine,\u201d Le Monde, April 2, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/russia\/article\/2023\/04\/02\/uae-is-on-team-russia-in-war-against-ukraine_6021450_140.html\">https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/russia\/article\/2023\/04\/02\/uae-is-on-team-russia-in-war-against-ukraine_6021450_140.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup>International Monetary Fund Direction of Trade Statistics, \u201cMacroeconomic and Financial Data,\u201d accessed September 11, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/data.imf.org\/regular.aspx?key=61013712\">https:\/\/data.imf.org\/regular.aspx?key=61013712<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>28 <\/sup>\u201cZelensky\u2019s Swiss parliament speech boycotted by right wingers,\u201d <em>swissinfo.ch<\/em>, June 15, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/eng\/zelensky-s-swiss-parliament-speech-boycotted-by-right-wingers\/48592932\">https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/eng\/zelensky-s-swiss-parliament-speech-boycotted-by-right-wingers\/48592932<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup>\u201cAmbassador: Moscow won\u2019t accept Swiss mediation in Ukraine war,\u201d <em>swissinfo.ch<\/em>, June 30, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/eng\/business\/ambassador--moscow-won-t-accept-swiss-mediation-in-ukraine-war\/48630954\">https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/eng\/business\/ambassador&#8211;moscow-won-t-accept-swiss-mediation-in-ukraine-war\/48630954<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup>Dan Sabbagh, \u201cSaudi Foreign Minister Defends Role in Securing Ukraine Prisoner Swaps,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, September 23, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/sep\/23\/saudi-foreign-minister-defends-role-in-ukraine-prisoner-swaps-khashoggi\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/sep\/23\/saudi-foreign-minister-defends-role-in-ukraine-prisoner-swaps-khashoggi<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31 <\/sup>Dan Sabbagh, \u201cAiden Aslin among 10 International \u2018Prisoners of War\u2019 Released by Russian Authorities,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, November 22, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/sep\/21\/aiden-aslin-among-five-uk-nationals-released-by-russian-backed-forces\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/sep\/21\/aiden-aslin-among-five-uk-nationals-released-by-russian-backed-forces<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup>\u201cSaudi Arabia kicks off Ukraine talks that exclude Russia,\u201d <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, August 5, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/8\/5\/saudi-arabia-kicks-off-ukraine-talks-that-exclude-russia\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/8\/5\/saudi-arabia-kicks-off-ukraine-talks-that-exclude-russia<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 id=\"sconnect-is-installed\" style=\"display: none; text-align: left;\">2.15.0.0<\/h6>\n<h6 id=\"sconnect-is-installed\" style=\"display: none; text-align: left;\">2.15.0.0<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33<\/sup> Andrew Gray and Tom Balmforth, &#8220;China to attend talks on Ukraine in Saudi Arabia that exclude Russia,&#8221; <em>Reuters<\/em>, August 4, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/ukraine-seeks-global-support-peace-blueprint-saudi-talks-2023-08-03\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/ukraine-seeks-global-support-peace-blueprint-saudi-talks-2023-08-03\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34<\/sup> Richard Luscombe and Andrew Roth, \u201cBrittney Griner Freed from Russian Prison in Exchange for Viktor Bout,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, December 9, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/dec\/08\/brittney-griner-russia-us-prisoner-swap-viktor-bout\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/dec\/08\/brittney-griner-russia-us-prisoner-swap-viktor-bout<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35<\/sup> Associated Press, \u201cEx-Marine Trevor Reed Freed from Jail in Dramatic US-Russia Prisoner Swap,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, April 27, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/apr\/27\/us-russia-prisoner-exchange-trevor-reed-moscow-yaroshenko\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/apr\/27\/us-russia-prisoner-exchange-trevor-reed-moscow-yaroshenko<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36 <\/sup>\u201cUS, Russia thank Turkiye for its role in prisoner swap deal,\u201d <em>Middle East Monitor<\/em>, April 28, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20220428-us-russia-thank-turkiye-for-its-role-in-prisoner-swap-deal\/\">https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20220428-us-russia-thank-turkiye-for-its-role-in-prisoner-swap-deal\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37<\/sup> Seda Sevencan, \u201cUS, Russian Spy Chiefs Met in Turkish Capital, Say Intelligence Sources,\u201d <em>Anadolu Ajansi<\/em>, November 14, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/politics\/us-russian-spy-chiefs-met-in-turkish-capital-say-intelligence-sources\/2737844\">https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/politics\/us-russian-spy-chiefs-met-in-turkish-capital-say-intelligence-sources\/2737844<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup>The United Nations, \u201cUN chief regrets Russia\u2019s decision to withdraw from grain deal,\u201d UN News, July 17, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2023\/07\/1138752\">https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2023\/07\/1138752<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39<\/sup> Muhammed Enes \u00c7all\u0131, \u201cTurkish foreign minister says new UN proposals could revive Black Sea grain deal,\u201d <em>Anadolu Agency<\/em>, August 31, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/russia-ukraine-war\/turkish-foreign-minister-says-new-un-proposals-could-revive-black-sea-grain-deal\/2980448\">https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/russia-ukraine-war\/turkish-foreign-minister-says-new-un-proposals-could-revive-black-sea-grain-deal\/2980448<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40<\/sup> Katya Golubkova, &#8220;Russia to return to grain deal once all Moscow&#8217;s conditions met, Lavrov says<em>,&#8221; Reuters,<\/em> September 10, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/russia-return-grain-deal-once-all-moscows-conditions-met-lavrov-says-2023-09-10\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/russia-return-grain-deal-once-all-moscows-conditions-met-lavrov-says-2023-09-10\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41<\/sup> &#8220;Russia sticks to demands on Black Sea grain deal, rejects UN bank proposal,&#8221; <em>Reuter, <\/em>September 9, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/kremlin-says-it-sticks-conditions-return-black-sea-grain-deal-2023-09-09\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/kremlin-says-it-sticks-conditions-return-black-sea-grain-deal-2023-09-09\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42 <\/sup>Arab Reform Initiative, \u201cThe impact of the Ukraine war on the Arab region: Food insecurity in an already vulnerable context,\u201d March 11, 2022, 2, <a href=\"https:\/\/s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com\/storage.arab-reform.net\/ari\/2022\/03\/22134047\/Wheat_En_FInal-1.pdf\">https:\/\/s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com\/storage.arab-reform.net\/ari\/2022\/03\/22134047\/Wheat_En_FInal-1.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43<\/sup> Samuel Ramani, \u201cOne Year on: The GCC\u2019s Balancing Act in the Ukraine War,\u201d <em>The New Arab<\/em>, March 2, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/analysis\/one-year-gccs-balancing-act-ukraine-war\">https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/analysis\/one-year-gccs-balancing-act-ukraine-war<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup>44 <\/sup>\u201cUS sanctions NATO ally Turkey over Russian S-400 defence missiles,\u201d <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, December 14, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2020\/12\/14\/us-sanctions-nato-ally-turkey-over-russian-missile-defence\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2020\/12\/14\/us-sanctions-nato-ally-turkey-over-russian-missile-defence<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45<\/sup> Andrius Sytas, \u201cSanctions hamper Russia&#8217;s ability to make advanced weapons, NATO says,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, September 17, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/sanctions-hamper-russias-ability-make-advanced-weapons-nato-says-2022-09-16\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/sanctions-hamper-russias-ability-make-advanced-weapons-nato-says-2022-09-16\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46<\/sup> SIPRI Arms Transfers Database, \u201cTIV of Arms Exports from Russia, 2013-2022,\u201d Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, accessed August 16, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/armstrade.sipri.org\/armstrade\/html\/export_values.php\">https:\/\/armstrade.sipri.org\/armstrade\/html\/export_values.php<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47 <\/sup>Max Bergmann et al., <em>Out of Stock? Assessing the Impact of Sanctions on Russia\u2019s Defense Industry<\/em>, Analysis Report, (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies [CSIS], April 14, 2023), 5, <a href=\"https:\/\/csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com\/s3fs-public\/2023-04\/230414_Bergmann_Out_Stock.pdf?VersionId=6jfHCP0c13bbmh9bw4Yy2wbpjNnfeJi8\">https:\/\/csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com\/s3fs-public\/2023-04\/230414_Bergmann_Out_Stock.pdf?VersionId=6jfHCP0c13bbmh9bw4Yy2wbpjNnfeJi8<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote48\">48 <\/sup>Rakesh Sharma, \u201cRussian Oil to India in June the Cheapest Since War in Ukraine,\u201d <em>Bloomberg News<\/em>, August 7, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2023-08-07\/russian-oil-to-india-in-june-the-cheapest-since-war-in-ukraine\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2023-08-07\/russian-oil-to-india-in-june-the-cheapest-since-war-in-ukraine<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote49\">49 <\/sup>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0641\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote50\">50 <\/sup>See, Foreign Affairs Committee, \u201cGuns for Gold: The Wagner Network Exposed,\u201d Seventh Report of Session 2022\u20132023, (London: House of Commons,\u00a0 July 26, 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/publications.parliament.uk\/pa\/cm5803\/cmselect\/cmfaff\/167\/report.html\">https:\/\/publications.parliament.uk\/pa\/cm5803\/cmselect\/cmfaff\/167\/report.html<\/a>; On the Wagner Mutiny see Niko Vorobyov, \u201cCan Putin Recover from the Wagner Mutiny?,\u201d <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, July 11, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2023\/7\/11\/can-putin-recover-from-the-wagner-mutiny\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2023\/7\/11\/can-putin-recover-from-the-wagner-mutiny<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote51\">51 <\/sup>Mercedes Sapuppo, \u201cAfter Wagner: Could the Russian army now turn against Putin?,\u201d <em>Ukraine Alert <\/em>(blog), Atlantic Council, July 13, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/ukrainealert\/after-wagner-could-the-russian-army-now-turn-against-putin\/\">https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/ukrainealert\/after-wagner-could-the-russian-army-now-turn-against-putin\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup id=\"endnote52\">52 <\/sup>Foreign Affairs Committee, \u201cGuns for Gold,\u201d 3.<\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 &nbsp; \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u202f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u202f\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a: \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0644.\u00a0 &nbsp; \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a: \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b4%d9%89-%d9%82%d8%a8%d8%b6%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b9%d9%83%d8%b3-%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%83%d8%b1\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u061f<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":469687,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[94,113,80],"programs":[],"publication_type":[90],"class_list":["post-469684","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","geographic_area-94","geographic_area-113","geographic_area-80","publication_type-90","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/469684","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/469687"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=469684"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=469684"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=469684"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=469684"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=469684"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=469684"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}