{"id":469196,"date":"2023-06-25T08:50:57","date_gmt":"2023-06-25T08:50:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=469196"},"modified":"2024-02-10T10:35:54","modified_gmt":"2024-02-10T10:35:54","slug":"%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d9%83%d8%a3%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b1%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d9%83%d8%a3%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b1%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629 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\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c<a href=\"#endnote23\"><sup>23<\/sup><\/a> \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0648\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0651\u0629 &#8220;\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a &#8220;\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643&#8221; \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0651\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645 2022\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064e \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup>Tawfik Lamari, \u201cNo Plan to Impose Income Tax, Date Not Yet Decided, Says PM,\u201d <em>Gulf Times<\/em>, April 16, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gulf-times.com\/article\/659357\/qatar\/no-plan-to-impose-income-tax-vat-date-not-yet-decided-says-pm\">https:\/\/www.gulf-times.com\/article\/659357\/qatar\/no-plan-to-impose-income-tax-vat-date-not-yet-decided-says-pm<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup>World Bank, \u201cWGI 2022 Interactive,\u201d <em>World Governance Indicators (WGI)<\/em>, accessed on May 26, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/info.worldbank.org\/governance\/wgi\/Home\/Reports\">https:\/\/info.worldbank.org\/governance\/wgi\/Home\/Reports<\/a>; Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index, accessed on May 25, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transparency.org\/en\/cpi\/2021?gclid=Cj0KCQjw7PCjBhDwARIsANo7CglhDkMsia7kxCJa0G236P2VAG1XWZ_hdQZyBYNf1dv9x7IqmZ4O-lQaAgUlEALw_wcB\">https:\/\/www.transparency.org\/en\/cpi\/2021?gclid=Cj0KCQjw7PCjBhDwARIsANo7CglhDkMsia7kxCJa0G236P2VAG1XWZ_hdQZyBYNf1dv9x7IqmZ4O-lQaAgUlEALw_wcB<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup>3 <\/sup>United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, <em>E-Government Survey 2022: The Future of Digital Government<\/em>, Report, (New York City: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, September 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/desapublications.un.org\/publications\/un-e-government-survey-2022\">https:\/\/desapublications.un.org\/publications\/un-e-government-survey-2022<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup>World Bank, <em>Doing Business 2020:<\/em> <em>Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies, <\/em>2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/688761571934946384\/pdf\/Doing-Business-2020-Comparing-Business-Regulation-in-190-Economies.pdf\">https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/688761571934946384\/pdf\/Doing-Business-2020-Comparing-Business-Regulation-in-190-Economies.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup>Anjali Garg, Renzo Lavin, and Chivimbiso Maponga,<em> Open Budget Survey 2021 (8th Edition)<\/em>, Report, (Washington, DC: International Budget Survey, May 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/internationalbudget.org\/open-budget-survey\/\">https:\/\/internationalbudget.org\/open-budget-survey\/<\/a>. International Budget Partnership, <em>Open Budget Survey<\/em>, access on May 25, 2023, \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/internationalbudget.org\/open-budget-survey\/\">https:\/\/internationalbudget.org\/open-budget-survey\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>United Nations, \u201cLocal Online Services Index,\u201d UN E-Government Knowledgebase, access on May 24, 2023,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/publicadministration.un.org\/egovkb\/en-us\/About\/E-Government-at-Local-Level\/Local-Online-Service-Index-LOSI\">https:\/\/publicadministration.un.org\/egovkb\/en-us\/About\/E-Government-at-Local-Level\/Local-Online-Service-Index-LOSI<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup>International Monetary Fund, \u201cQatar: 2022 Article IV Consultation Press Release and Staff Report,\u201d June 21, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/CR\/Issues\/2022\/06\/16\/Qatar-2022-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-and-Staff-Report-519679\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/CR\/Issues\/2022\/06\/16\/Qatar-2022-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-and-Staff-Report-519679<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8\u00a0<\/sup>Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup>Hebshi Alshammari, \u201cSpending efficiency program saves $106bn in four years,\u201d <em>Arab News<\/em>, May 3, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1852691\/business-economy\">https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1852691\/business-economy<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup>\u201cAssessments,\u201d Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Program, accessed May 24, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pefa.org\">https:\/\/www.pefa.org<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11\u00a0<\/sup>\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 12 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u064e 33 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2001. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 (2010\u060c 2017)\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631 (2009)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 (2007\u060c 2008\u060c 2017)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 (2007\u060c 2011\u060c \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a 2017\u060c 2022)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a (2010)\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 (2011)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 (2009\u060c 2015\u060c \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a 2016)\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 (2013)\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 (2007\u060c 2013\u060c 2019)\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 (2006)\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 (2010\u060c \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a 2015\u060c \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a 2016\u060c \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a 2017\u060c 2023)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 (2008).<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup>\u201cHomepage,\u201d Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA), accessed May 23, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pefa.org\/\">https:\/\/www.pefa.org\/<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>World Bank Education Statistics Database, \u201cEducation Statistics &#8211; All Indicators,\u201d accessed June 3, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/education-statistics-%5E-all-indicators\">https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/education-statistics-%5E-all-indicators<\/a>; World Bank Health, Nutrition, and Population Statistics Database, \u201cHealth Nutrition and Population Statistics,\u201d accessed June 3, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/health-nutrition-and-population-statistics\">https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/health-nutrition-and-population-statistics<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup>14 <\/sup>World Bank, \u201cLogistics Performance Index (LPI) \u2013 2023,\u201d accessed June 13, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/lpi.worldbank.org\/international\/global\">https:\/\/lpi.worldbank.org\/international\/global<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup>Legatum Institute, <em>The 2023 Legatum Prosperity Index<\/em>, Report, (London: Legatum Institute, 2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.prosperity.com\/download_file\/view_inline\/4789\">https:\/\/www.prosperity.com\/download_file\/view_inline\/4789<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>\u201cThe Transformation Index,\u201d Bertelsmann Stiftung, accessed June 13, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/bti-project.org\/en\/?&amp;cb=00000\">https:\/\/bti-project.org\/en\/?&amp;cb=00000<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">17 <\/sup>\u201cThe State of Qatar Debuts Unified Citizen Experience Management Platform for Government Services,\u201d Civil Service and Government Development Bureau, February 15, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/cgb.gov.qa\/en\/MediaCenter\/News\/Pages\/news-details.aspx?itemID=27\">https:\/\/cgb.gov.qa\/en\/MediaCenter\/News\/Pages\/news-details.aspx?itemID=27<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">18 <\/sup>Authors\u2019 calculations based on the 2020 Qatar Labor Force Survey Sample. Planning and Statistics Authority, <em>Annual Bulletin Labor Force Sample Survey 2020<\/em>, (Doha: Planning and Statistics Authority, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psa.gov.qa\/en\/statistics1\/pages\/topicslisting.aspx?parent=Social&amp;child=LaborForce\">https:\/\/www.psa.gov.qa\/en\/statistics1\/pages\/topicslisting.aspx?parent=Social&amp;child=LaborForce<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">19 <\/sup>Authors\u2019 calculations based on official labor force statistics published quarterly by the General Authority for Statistics of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. \u201cLabor Force,\u201d General Authority for Statistics, accessed May 23, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.stats.gov.sa\/en\/814\">https:\/\/www.stats.gov.sa\/en\/814. <\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup>Authors\u2019 calculations based on the 2020 Qatar Labor Force Survey Sample. Planning and Statistics Authority, <em>Annual Bulletin 2020<\/em>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup>Author calculations based on official labor force statistics drawn from statistics agencies for each of the included GCC countries. D Analysis by Paul Dyer, Middle East Council on Global Affairs, based upon labor market data from Haver Analytics.\u00a0 Due to gaps in the data, some years are estimated for Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia. For original sources, see Kingdom of Bahrain Labour Market Regulatory Authority, Bahrain Labour Market Statistics, <a href=\"https:\/\/blmi.lmra.gov.bh\/2022\/12\/mi_data.xml\">https:\/\/blmi.lmra.gov.bh\/2022\/12\/mi_data.xml<\/a>; State of Kuwait Central Statistics Bureau, Population Statistics, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csb.gov.kw\/\">https:\/\/www.csb.gov.kw\/<\/a>; Sultanate of Oman National Centre for Statistics and Information, Labour market, <a href=\"https:\/\/data.gov.om\/byvmwhe\/labour-market\">https:\/\/data.gov.om\/byvmwhe\/labour-market<\/a>; State of Qatar Planning and Statistics Authority, \u201cLabor Force Survey,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psa.gov.qa\/en\/statistics1\/pages\/topicslisting.aspx?parent=Social&amp;child=LaborForce\">https:\/\/www.psa.gov.qa\/en\/statistics1\/pages\/topicslisting.aspx?parent=Social&amp;child=LaborForce<\/a>; and, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia General Authority for Statistics of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, \u201cLabor Force,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.stats.gov.sa\/en\/814\">https:\/\/www.stats.gov.sa\/en\/814<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup>Based on author calculations from data on public spending on education and school-age population from World Bank, Educational Statistics (EdStats), accessed on May 26, 2023:. https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/reports.aspx?source=Education%20Statistics.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup>Farid Belhaj, Roberta Gatti, Daniel Lederman, Ernest John Sergenti, Hoda Assem, Rana Lotfi, and Mennatallah Emam Mousa, World Bank, See <em>A New State of Mind: Greater Transparency and Accountability in the Middle East and North Africa<\/em>, MENA Economic Update, (Washington, DC:\u00a0 GroupOctober 2022), <a href=\"http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10986\/38065\">http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10986\/38065<\/a>., <a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/887ca619-e90d-53f5-b85c-77c0ad5f66ed\/content\">https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/887ca619-e90d-53f5-b85c-77c0ad5f66ed\/content<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0623\u0651\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2023\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.  \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":469199,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[],"programs":[],"publication_type":[91],"class_list":["post-469196","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","publication_type-91","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/469196","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/469199"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=469196"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=469196"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=469196"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=469196"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=469196"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=469196"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}