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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0650\u0651\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0630\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629. \u0633\u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup id=\"endnote1\"><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup>The two most prominent include: Human Rights Watch, <em>A Threshold Crossed: Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution<\/em>, Report, (New York: Human Rights Watch, April 27, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2021\/04\/27\/threshold-crossed\/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2021\/04\/27\/threshold-crossed\/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution<\/a>; Amnesty International, <em>Israel\u2019s Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity<\/em>, (London: Amnesty International, February 1, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2022\/02\/israels-apartheid-against-palestinians-a-cruel-system-of-domination-and-a-crime-against-humanity\/\">https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2022\/02\/israels-apartheid-against-palestinians-a-cruel-system-of-domination-and-a-crime-against-humanity\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup>\u201cAddressing Israeli-Palestinian Tensions as They Arise Cannot Replace Efforts to Resolve Core Issues, Deputy Special Coordinator Tells Security Council,\u201d Press Release, United Nations Security Council, July 26, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/press.un.org\/en\/2022\/sc14981.doc.htm\">https:\/\/press.un.org\/en\/2022\/sc14981.doc.htm<\/a>; Omar Shakir (Israel-Palestine Director at Human Rights Watch), interview by author, virtual, February 10, 2023.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup>\u201cEx-U.N. Official John Dugard: Israel\u2019s Crimes are \u2018Infinitely Worse\u2019 Than in Apartheid South Africa,\u201d <em>Democracy Now<\/em>, May 6, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.democracynow.org\/2015\/5\/6\/ex_un_official_john_dugard_israel\">https:\/\/www.democracynow.org\/2015\/5\/6\/ex_un_official_john_dugard_israel<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup>\u201cWorld Conference Against Racism \u2013 NGO Forum Declaration,\u201d International Progress Organization, September 3, 2001, <a href=\"https:\/\/i-p-o.org\/racism-ngo-decl.htm\">https:\/\/i-p-o.org\/racism-ngo-decl.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>\u201cIsrael branded \u2018racist\u2019 by rights forum,\u201d CNN, September 2, 2001, https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2001\/WORLD\/africa\/09\/02\/durban.racism\/.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7<\/sup>\u00a0\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0631\u062f (2001-2008) \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643 (2008-2014) \u0648\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0643 (2016-2022) \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0632 (2022- \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645) \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup>Stephanie Nebehay, \u201cMakarim Wibisono quits as UN rights monitor, saying Israel blocked access to Palestinian territories,\u201d <em>The Independent<\/em>, January 4, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/middle-east\/makarim-wibisono-quits-as-un-rights-monitor-saying-israel-blocked-access-to-palestinian-territories-a6796556.html\">https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/middle-east\/makarim-wibisono-quits-as-un-rights-monitor-saying-israel-blocked-access-to-palestinian-territories-a6796556.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup>\u201cEx-U.N. Official John Dugard.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup> Ronnie Kasrils, \u201cI fought South African apartheid. I see the same brutal policies in Israel,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, April 3, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2019\/apr\/03\/israel-treatment-palestinians-apartheid-south-africa\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2019\/apr\/03\/israel-treatment-palestinians-apartheid-south-africa<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup>\u201cPioneer Jewish South African Freedom Fighter Calls Israel \u2018Apartheid State\u2019,\u201d <em>Haaretz<\/em>, July 28, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/2015-07-28\/ty-article\/jewish-freedom-fighter-calls-israel-apartheid-state\/0000017f-f66a-d887-a7ff-feeebbcb0000\">https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/2015-07-28\/ty-article\/jewish-freedom-fighter-calls-israel-apartheid-state\/0000017f-f66a-d887-a7ff-feeebbcb0000<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup>Middle East Scholar Barometer, \u201cMiddle East Scholar Barometer #3 (March 14-28, 2022),\u201d University of Maryland, accessed March 7, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/criticalissues.umd.edu\/middle-east-scholar-barometer#tab-2\">https:\/\/criticalissues.umd.edu\/middle-east-scholar-barometer#tab-2<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15\u00a0<\/sup>Chris McGreal, \u201cWorlds Apart,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, February 6, 2006,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2006\/feb\/06\/southafrica.israel\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2006\/feb\/06\/southafrica.israel<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>Richard P. Stevens, \u201cZionism, South Africa and Apartheid: The Paradoxical Triangle,\u201d Phylon no. 2, Vol. 32 (2nd Qtr., 1971): 134, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/273998\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/273998<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>Yitzhak Oron, ed., Middle East Record, Volume Two 1961 (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University-The Reuven Shiloah Research Center, 1961): 188.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup>\u201cArab Slanders Israel at UN Debate on South Africa\u2019s Apartheid Policy,\u201d <em>The Detroit Jewish News<\/em>, November 10, 1961, <a href=\"https:\/\/digital.bentley.umich.edu\/djnews\/djn.1961.11.10.001\/31\">https:\/\/digital.bentley.umich.edu\/djnews\/djn.1961.11.10.001\/31<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup>Fayez A. Sayegh<em>, Zionist Colonialism in Palestine<\/em> (Beirut, Lebanon: Research Center, Palestine Liberation Organization, September 1965), 27, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.freedomarchives.org\/Documents\/Finder\/DOC12_scans\/12.zionist.colonialism.palestine.1965.pdf\">https:\/\/www.freedomarchives.org\/Documents\/Finder\/DOC12_scans\/12.zionist.colonialism.palestine.1965.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup>Richard P. Stevens and Abdelwahab Elmmessiri, eds., <em>Israel and South Africa: The progression of a relationship<\/em> (New York: New World Press, 1976); Jane Hunter, \u201cIsrael and the Bantustans,\u201d <em>Journal of Palestine Studies<\/em> 15, No. 3 (April 1986): 53-89, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2536750\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2536750<\/a>; Alfred Moleah, \u201cIsrael\/South Africa: The Special Relationship,\u201d <em>Africa Report<\/em> 25, Issue 6, (New York: Africa-America Institute, November 1, 1980): 12, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/openview\/b51e9f2032572b4ff5847b586e9db54c\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=1820943\">https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/openview\/b51e9f2032572b4ff5847b586e9db54c\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=1820943<\/a>; Ali Mazrui, \u201cZionism and Apartheid: Strange Bedfellows or Natural Allies?\u201d, <em>Alternatives<\/em> 9, no. 1 (1983): 73-97, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030437548300900104\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030437548300900104<\/a>; James Adams, <em>Israel and South Africa: The Unnatural Alliance<\/em> (London: Quartet Books, 1984).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup>Elia T. Zureik, <em>The Palestinians in Israel: A study in Internal Colonialism<\/em> (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup><span style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">Alfred T. Moleah, <\/span><em style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">Israel and South Africa: Ideology and Practice<\/em><span style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">, (Geneva and Washington D.C.: The International Organization for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1979), <\/span><a style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\" href=\"https:\/\/eaford.org\/site\/assets\/files\/1023\/israel_and_south_africa_ideology_and_practice.pdf\">https:\/\/eaford.org\/site\/assets\/files\/1023\/israel_and_south_africa_ideology_and_practice.pdf<\/a><span style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">; Alfred T. Moleah, \u201cViolations of Palestinian Human Rights: South African Parallels<\/span><em style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">,<\/em><span style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">\u201d <\/span><em style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">Journal of Palestine Studies<\/em><span style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\"> 10, no. 2 (Winter 1981): 14-36, <\/span><a style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2536175\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2536175<\/a><span style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup>Brice Harris, Jr., \u201cThe South Africanization of Israel,\u201d <em>Arab Studies Quarterly<\/em> 6, no. 3 (Summer 1984): 169-189, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/41857718\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/41857718<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup>John Quigley, \u201cApartheid Outside Africa: The Case of Israel,\u201d <em>Indiana International &amp; Comparative Law Review<\/em> 2, no. 1 (1991): 221-251, <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.iupui.edu\/index.php\/iiclr\/article\/view\/17379\/17509\">https:\/\/journals.iupui.edu\/index.php\/iiclr\/article\/view\/17379\/17509<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup><span style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">Uri Davis, <\/span><em style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">Israel: An Apartheid State<\/em><span style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">, (London: Zed Books, 1987).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup>Israel Shahak, \u201cIsraeli Apartheid and the Intifada,\u201d <em>Race and Class<\/em> 30, no. 1 (July 1988): 1-12, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030639688803000101\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030639688803000101<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup>Lana Tatour, \u201cWhy calling Israel an apartheid state is not enough,\u201d <em>Middle East Eye<\/em>, January 18, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/why-calling-israel-apartheid-state-not-enough\">https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/why-calling-israel-apartheid-state-not-enough<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup>Labeeb Ahmed Bsoul, \u201cThe Status of Palestinians in Israel: 1948-Oslo,\u201d <em>Arab Studies Quarterly<\/em> 28, no. 2 (Spring 2006): 38, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/41858525\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/41858525<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup>Tamir Sorek, <em>The Optimist: A Social Biography of Tawfiq Zayyad<\/em>, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2020), 173, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sup.org\/books\/title\/?id=26216\">https:\/\/www.sup.org\/books\/title\/?id=26216<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup>\u201cResolution Adopted by the General Assembly,\u201d UN Resolutio, A\/RES\/3379, November 10, 1975, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20121206052903\/http:\/unispal.un.org\/UNISPAL.NSF\/0\/761C1063530766A7052566A2005B74D1\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20121206052903\/http:\/\/unispal.un.org\/UNISPAL.NSF\/0\/761C1063530766A7052566A2005B74D1<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31 <\/sup>Raja Shehadeh, \u201cNegotiating Self-Government Arrangements,\u201d <em>Journal of Palestine Studies<\/em> 21, no. 4 (Summer 1992): 28, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2537661\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2537661<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup>Samira Shah<em>, <\/em>\u201cOn the Road to Apartheid: The Bypass Road Network in the West Bank,\u201d <em>Columbia Human Rights Law Review<\/em> 29, no. 221, (New York: Sheridan, 1997-1998): 247-257, <a href=\"https:\/\/heinonline.org\/HOL\/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals\/colhr29&amp;div=11&amp;id=&amp;page=\">https:\/\/heinonline.org\/HOL\/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals\/colhr29&amp;div=11&amp;id=&amp;page=<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"sconnect-is-installed\" style=\"display: none; text-align: justify;\">2.15.0.0<\/div>\n<div id=\"sconnect-is-installed\" style=\"display: none; text-align: justify;\">2.15.0.0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33<\/sup> Noam Chomsky, \u201cNeocolonial Invitation to a Tribal War,\u201d <em>The Los Angeles Times<\/em>, August 13, 2001, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2001-aug-13-me-33573-story.html\">https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2001-aug-13-me-33573-story.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34<\/sup> Edward Said, \u201cHow Do You Spell Apartheid? O-s-l-o,\u201d <em>Haaretz<\/em>, October 11, 1998, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.edwardsaid.org\/articles\/how-do-you-spell-apartheid-o-s-l-o\/\">https:\/\/www.edwardsaid.org\/articles\/how-do-you-spell-apartheid-o-s-l-o\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35<\/sup> Mouin Rabbani, \u201cRocks and Rockets: Oslo\u2019s Inevitable Conclusion,\u201d <em>Journal of Palestine Studies<\/em> 30, no. 3 (Spring 2001): 76, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.1525\/jps.2001.30.3.68\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.1525\/jps.2001.30.3.68<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36 <\/sup>\u201cThe Wall,\u201d Stop the Wall, accessed May 8, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/stopthewall.org\/the-wall\/\">https:\/\/stopthewall.org\/the-wall\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37<\/sup> Tareq Baconi, \u201cWhat Apartheid Means for Israel,\u201d <em>The New York Review of Books<\/em>, November 5, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nybooks.com\/online\/2021\/11\/05\/what-apartheid-means-for-israel\/\">https:\/\/www.nybooks.com\/online\/2021\/11\/05\/what-apartheid-means-for-israel\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38 <\/sup>National Lawyers Guild Delegation to the Occupied Palestinian Territories and Israel, <em>The Al-Aqsa Intifada and Israel\u2019s Apartheid: The U.S. Military and Economic Role in the Violation of Palestinian Human Rights<\/em>, Report, (New York: National Lawyers Guild, January 2001), 1-74, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlginternational.org\/report\/2001_Palestine_del_report.pdf\">https:\/\/www.nlginternational.org\/report\/2001_Palestine_del_report.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39<\/sup> Virginia Tilley, ed., <em>Occupation, Colonialism, Apartheid?: A reassessment of Israel\u2019s practices in the occupied Palestinian territories under international law<\/em>, Report, (Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa, August 25, 2015), <a href=\"https:\/\/repository.hsrc.ac.za\/handle\/20.500.11910\/4619\">https:\/\/repository.hsrc.ac.za\/handle\/20.500.11910\/4619<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40<\/sup> \u201cHome: Russell Tribunal on Palestine,\u201d Russell Tribunal on Palestine, accessed March 7, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.russelltribunalonpalestine.com\/en\/\">https:\/\/www.russelltribunalonpalestine.com\/en\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41<\/sup> Rory McCarthy, \u201cBarak: make peace with Palestinians or face apartheid,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, February 3, 2010, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2010\/feb\/03\/barak-apartheid-palestine-peace\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2010\/feb\/03\/barak-apartheid-palestine-peace<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42<\/sup> Barak Ravid et al., \u201cOlmert to Haaretz: Two-state Solution, or Israel is Done For,\u201d <em>Haaretz<\/em>, November 29, 2007, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/2007-11-29\/ty-article\/olmert-to-haaretz-two-state-solution-or-israel-is-done-for\/0000017f-e62a-dc7e-adff-f6af3bbe0000\">https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/2007-11-29\/ty-article\/olmert-to-haaretz-two-state-solution-or-israel-is-done-for\/0000017f-e62a-dc7e-adff-f6af3bbe0000<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43<\/sup> Emily Tamkin, \u201cIsrael\u2019s Naftali Bennett: With Trump, \u2018The Era of the Palestinian State Is Over\u2019,\u201d <em>Foreign Policy<\/em>, November 14, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2016\/11\/14\/israels-naftali-bennett-with-trump-the-era-of-the-palestinian-state-is-over\/\">https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2016\/11\/14\/israels-naftali-bennett-with-trump-the-era-of-the-palestinian-state-is-over\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44 <\/sup>Jeremy Sharon, \u201cBennett rejects Trump plan for Palestinian state, demands annexation now,\u201d <em>The Jerusalem Post<\/em>, January 29, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpost.com\/israel-news\/bennett-israelis-history-is-knocking-at-the-door-615717\">https:\/\/www.jpost.com\/israel-news\/bennett-israelis-history-is-knocking-at-the-door-615717<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46<\/sup> Jennifer Schuessler and Marc Tracy, \u201cHarvard Reverses Course on Human Rights Advocate Who Criticized Israel,\u201d <em>The New York Times<\/em>, January 19, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/01\/19\/arts\/harvard-israel-antisemitism-roth.html?smid=wa-share\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/01\/19\/arts\/harvard-israel-antisemitism-roth.html?smid=wa-share<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47 <\/sup>See Human Rights Watch, <em>A Threshold Crossed<\/em>; Amnesty, <em>Israel\u2019s Apartheid<\/em>; Harvard Law School International Human Rights Clinic, <em>Apartheid in the Occupied West Bank: A Legal Analysis of Israel\u2019s Actions<\/em>, (Cambridge: IHRC, February 28, 2022): 1-22,\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/hrp.law.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/IHRC-Addameer-Submission-to-HRC-COI-Apartheid-in-WB.pdf\">http:\/\/hrp.law.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/IHRC-Addameer-Submission-to-HRC-COI-Apartheid-in-WB.pdf<\/a>; among others. Legal scholar reports include: John Dugard and John Reynolds, \u201cApartheid, International Law, and the Occupied Palestinian Territory,\u201d <em>European Journal of International Law<\/em> 3, vol. 24 (August 2013): 867\u2013913, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejil\/cht045\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejil\/cht045<\/a>; among others.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote48\">48<\/sup> Rania Muhareb et al., <em>Israeli Apartheid: Tool of Zionist Settler Colonialism<\/em>, (Ramallah: Al-Haq, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alhaq.org\/publications\/20940.html\">https:\/\/www.alhaq.org\/publications\/20940.html<\/a>; Tareq Baconi, \u201cCritique as movement building: The apartheid reports on Palestine,\u201d <em>Mada Masr<\/em>, March 29, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madamasr.com\/en\/2022\/03\/29\/opinion\/u\/critique-as-movement-building-the-apartheid-reports-on-palestine\/\">https:\/\/www.madamasr.com\/en\/2022\/03\/29\/opinion\/u\/critique-as-movement-building-the-apartheid-reports-on-palestine\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote49\">49<\/sup> See also: Richard Falk, \u201cReport of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967,\u201d UN Document A\/65\/331, August 30, 2010, <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/691979?ln=en\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/691979?ln=en<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote50\">50<\/sup> Harvard Law School IHRC, <em>Apartheid in the Occupied West Bank, <\/em>1-2.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote51\">51<\/sup> Quigley, \u201cApartheid Outside Africa.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote52\">52 <\/sup>Raef Zreik, \u201cPalestine, Apartheid, and the Rights Discourse,\u201d <em>Journal of Palestine Studies<\/em> 34, no. 1 (Autumn 2004): 77, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/jps.2004.34.1.68\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/jps.2004.34.1.68<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote53\">53<\/sup> Michael Lynk, \u201cReport of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967,\u201d UN Document A\/HRC\/49\/87, March 21, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/documents\/country-reports\/ahrc4987-report-special-rapporteur-situation-human-rights-palestinian\">https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/documents\/country-reports\/ahrc4987-report-special-rapporteur-situation-human-rights-palestinian<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote54\">54<\/sup> Amnesty, <em>Israel\u2019s Apartheid<\/em>, 13.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote55\">55<\/sup> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote56\">56<\/sup> Amnesty, <em>Israel\u2019s Apartheid<\/em>, 14.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote57\">57<\/sup> See Noura Erakat, \u201cBeyond Discrimination: Apartheid is a Colonial Project and Zionism is a form of Racism,\u201d <em>EJIL:Talk!<\/em>, July 5, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ejiltalk.org\/beyond-discrimination-apartheid-is-a-colonial-project-and-zionism-is-a-form-of-racism\/\">https:\/\/www.ejiltalk.org\/beyond-discrimination-apartheid-is-a-colonial-project-and-zionism-is-a-form-of-racism\/<\/a>; Soheir Asaad and Rania Muhareb, \u201cDismantle What? Amnesty\u2019s Conflicted Messaging on Apartheid,\u201d <em>Institute for Palestine Studies Blog<\/em>, February 15, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/1652565\">https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/1652565<\/a>; Rania Muhareb, \u201cA Palestinian Critique of Amnesty\u2019s Apartheid Report,\u201d Interview, <em>5 Questions <\/em>(podcast), (Washington D.C.: Arab Center, March 18, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/arabcenterdc.org\/resource\/a-palestinian-critique-of-amnestys-apartheid-report\/\">https:\/\/arabcenterdc.org\/resource\/a-palestinian-critique-of-amnestys-apartheid-report\/<\/a>; Lana Tatour, \u201cLimitations and Possibilities of the Apartheid Framework,\u201d Interview, <em>Rethinking Palestine <\/em>(podcast), (New York: Al-Shabaka: The Palestinian Policy Network, January 31, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/al-shabaka.org\/podcasts\/limitations-and-possibilities-of-the-apartheid-framework-with-lana-tatour\/\">https:\/\/al-shabaka.org\/podcasts\/limitations-and-possibilities-of-the-apartheid-framework-with-lana-tatour\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote58\">58<\/sup> Jamil Dakwar (director of the Human Rights Program at the American Civil Liberties Union), interview by author, New York City, New York, February 14, 2023.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote59\">59<\/sup> Erakat, \u201cBeyond Discrimination.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote60\">60 <\/sup>Baconi, \u201cWhat Apartheid Means for Israel\u201d; Abe Silberstein, \u201cA Logic of Elimination &#8211; Interview with Lorenzo Veracini,\u201d <em>Jewish Currents<\/em>, January 11, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishcurrents.org\/a-logic-of-elimination\">https:\/\/jewishcurrents.org\/a-logic-of-elimination<\/a>; for concept of \u201celimination,\u201d see: Lorenzo Veracini, \u201cThe Other Shift: Settler Colonialism, Israel, and the Occupation,\u201d <em>Journal of Palestine Studies <\/em>42, no. 2, (Winter 2013): 26-42, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.1525\/jps.2013.42.2.26\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.1525\/jps.2013.42.2.26<\/a>; Marcelo Svirsky and Ronnen Ben-Arie, \u201cSettler Colonialism and the Logic of Double Elimination,\u201d <em>Interventions \u2013 International Journal of Postcolonial Studies<\/em> 21, no. 4 (2019), 464-485, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369801X.2018.1558101\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369801X.2018.1558101<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote61\">61<\/sup> Ilan Pappe, <em>The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine<\/em> (London: Oneworld Publications, 2006).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote62\">62<\/sup> Zreik, \u201cPalestine, Apartheid, and the Rights Discourse,\u201d 72.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote63\">63 <\/sup>Quigley, \u201cApartheid Outside Africa.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote64\">64<\/sup> Saleh Hijazi (regional director for Boycott), interview by author, virtual, February 9, 2023.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote65\">65<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote66\">66<\/sup> \u201cAnti-Apartheid Struggle Highlights,\u201d Investigate &amp; Dismantle Apartheid, accessed March 7, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/antiapartheidmovement.net\/en\/general-pages\/view\/3\">https:\/\/antiapartheidmovement.net\/en\/general-pages\/view\/3<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote67\">67<\/sup> Shakir, interview; Hijazi, interview; Hugh Lovatt (senior policy fellow at European Council on Foreign Relations), interview by author, virtual, February 17, 2023.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote68\">68<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote69\">69<\/sup> Mackinac Center for Public Policy, \u201cThe Overton Window,\u201d accessed May 14, 2023, <a href=\"http:\/\/mackinac.org\/OvertonWindow\">mackinac.org\/OvertonWindow<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote70\">70<\/sup> \u201cWho is talking about Israeli apartheid?,\u201d Canadians for Justice and Peace in the Middle East, accessed March 8, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cjpme.org\/apartheid_list\">https:\/\/www.cjpme.org\/apartheid_list<\/a>; \u201cCultural boycott,\u201d BDS Movement, accessed March 8, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/bdsmovement.net\/cultural-boycott\">https:\/\/bdsmovement.net\/cultural-boycott<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote71\">71 <\/sup>UN Security Council, \u201cAddressing Israeli-Palestinian Tensions\u201d; Patrick Gathara, \u201cCould the African Union push Israel into international isolation?,\u201d <em>Al-Jazeera English<\/em>, March 5, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2023\/3\/5\/could-african-union-push-israel-into-international-isolation\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2023\/3\/5\/could-african-union-push-israel-into-international-isolation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote72\">72<\/sup> Lynk, \u201cReport of the Special Rapporteur,\u201d 6.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote73\">73 <\/sup>Noura Erakat and John Reynolds, \u201cWe Charge Apartheid? Palestine and the International Criminal Court,\u201d <em>Third World Approaches to International Law Review<\/em>, no. 33 (April 20, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/twailr.com\/we-charge-apartheid-palestine-and-the-international-criminal-court\/\">https:\/\/twailr.com\/we-charge-apartheid-palestine-and-the-international-criminal-court\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote74\">74 <\/sup>\u201cInternational Criminal Court: Investigate Senior Israeli Army Lawyer for War Crimes, Crimes Against Humanity,\u201d Press Release, <em>DAWN: Democracy for the Arab World Now<\/em>, October 31, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/dawnmena.org\/international-criminal-court-investigate-senior-israeli-army-lawyer-for-war-crimes-crimes-against-humanity\/\">https:\/\/dawnmena.org\/international-criminal-court-investigate-senior-israeli-army-lawyer-for-war-crimes-crimes-against-humanity\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote75\">75<\/sup> \u201cCommission of Inquiry welcomes General Assembly resolution requesting an ICJ Advisory Opinion relating to the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territory,\u201d Press Release, UNHCR Office of the High Commissioner, December 31, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/press-releases\/2022\/12\/commission-inquiry-welcomes-general-assembly-resolution-requesting-icj\">https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/press-releases\/2022\/12\/commission-inquiry-welcomes-general-assembly-resolution-requesting-icj<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote76\">76<\/sup> Nora Salem, \u201cA Procedural Win in Palestine\u2019s Quest to Seek Justice for Israel\u2019s Apartheid Regime before the CERD,\u201d <em>Opinio Juris<\/em>, November 19, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/opiniojuris.org\/2021\/11\/19\/a-procedural-win-in-palestines-quest-to-seek-justice-for-israels-apartheid-regime-before-the-cerd\/\">https:\/\/opiniojuris.org\/2021\/11\/19\/a-procedural-win-in-palestines-quest-to-seek-justice-for-israels-apartheid-regime-before-the-cerd\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote77\">77 <\/sup>\u201cThe United Nations Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in Israel,\u201d United Nations Human Rights Council, accessed March 8, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/hr-bodies\/hrc\/co-israel\/index\">https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/hr-bodies\/hrc\/co-israel\/index<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote78\">78<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote79\">79<\/sup> \u201cTools to Remedy Israeli Apartheid: Reconstituting the UN Special Committee against Apartheid and the UN Centre against Apartheid,\u201d Housing and Land Rights Network, September 1, 2020, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hlrn.org\/img\/documents\/4.8.20%20Brief_%20UN%20Apartheid%20Mechanisms_final.pdf\">http:\/\/www.hlrn.org\/img\/documents\/4.8.20%20Brief_%20UN%20Apartheid%20Mechanisms_final.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote80\">80<\/sup> Sandra Cossart, et al., \u201cMultinational Lafarge Facing Unprecedented Charges for International Crimes: Insights Into the French Court Decisions,\u201d <em>Opinio Juris<\/em>, November 15, 2022, <a href=\"http:\/\/opiniojuris.org\/2022\/11\/15\/multinational-lafarge-facing-unprecedented-charges-for-international-crimes-insights-into-the-french-court-decisions\/#:~:text=The%20Court%20further%20ruled%20that,67\">http:\/\/opiniojuris.org\/2022\/11\/15\/multinational-lafarge-facing-unprecedented-charges-for-international-crimes-insights-into-the-french-court-decisions\/#:~:text=The%20Court%20further%20ruled%20that,67<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote81\">81<\/sup> \u201cUK arms sales to Saudi Arabia unlawful, court rules,\u201d <em>BBC<\/em>, June 20, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/uk-48704596\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/uk-48704596<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote82\">82<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote83\">83<\/sup> Asaf Calderon, \u201cWhat\u2019s so scary about a state of all its citizens?\u201d <em>+972 Magazine<\/em>, March 13, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.972mag.com\/whats-scary-israel-state-citizens\/\">https:\/\/www.972mag.com\/whats-scary-israel-state-citizens\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote84\">84<\/sup> \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a &#8220;\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644&#8221;\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote85\">85 <\/sup>Nadia Ben-Youssef and Sandra Samaan Tamari, \u201cEnshrining Discrimination: Israel\u2019s Nation-State Law,\u201d <em>Journal of Palestine Studies<\/em> 48, no. 1 (Autumn 2018): 73-87, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.2307\/26770771\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.2307\/26770771<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote86\">86<\/sup> Baconi, \u201cWhat Apartheid Means for Israel.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote87\">87 <\/sup>\u201cThe First Anti-Apartheid Palestinian National Conference Call Towards a Global Front to Dismantle Israel\u2019s Regime of Settler-Colonialism and Apartheid,\u201d Press Release, Palestine Liberation Organization, January 11, 2023, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.plo.ps\/en\/article\/211\/\">http:\/\/www.plo.ps\/en\/article\/211\/<\/a>; Zaha Hassan, \u201cWhich Way After Apartheid?\u201d <em>Diwan<\/em> (blog), Carnegie Middle East, February 7, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/88960\">https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/88960<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote88\">88<\/sup> Jonathan Lis, \u201cEU Foreign Minister Says the Term \u2018Apartheid\u2019 Is Inappropriate to Describe Israel,\u201d <em>Haaretz<\/em>, January 16, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/world-news\/europe\/2023-01-16\/ty-article\/.premium\/eu-foreign-minister-says-the-term-apartheid-is-inappropriate-to-describe-israel\/00000185-b683-d784-abef-b6836bd10000\">https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/world-news\/europe\/2023-01-16\/ty-article\/.premium\/eu-foreign-minister-says-the-term-apartheid-is-inappropriate-to-describe-israel\/00000185-b683-d784-abef-b6836bd10000<\/a>; See also comments from: Ned Price, \u201cDepartment Press Briefing \u2013 February 1, 2022,\u201d U.S. State Department, Press Briefing, February 1, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/briefings\/department-press-briefing-february-1-2022\/\">https:\/\/www.state.gov\/briefings\/department-press-briefing-february-1-2022\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote89\">89<\/sup> Benjamin Duerr, \u201cTwenty Years On: The ICC and the Politicization of its Mechanisms,\u201d <em>IPI Global Observatory<\/em>, August 7, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/theglobalobservatory.org\/2018\/08\/twenty-years-icc-politicization-mechanisms\/\">https:\/\/theglobalobservatory.org\/2018\/08\/twenty-years-icc-politicization-mechanisms\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote90\">90<\/sup> Marc Rod, \u201cThomas-Greenfield discusses UNRWA oversight, reaffirms commitment to Israel in House hearing,\u201d <em>Jewish Insider<\/em>, March 2, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishinsider.com\/2023\/03\/united-nations-ambassador-linda-thomas-greenfield-unrwa-israel-palestinians\/\">https:\/\/jewishinsider.com\/2023\/03\/united-nations-ambassador-linda-thomas-greenfield-unrwa-israel-palestinians\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote91\">91<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote92\">92<\/sup> Hijazi, interview; Shakir, interview; Lovatt, interview.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote93\">93<\/sup> \u201cEU says Israel\u2019s new settlements law leads to \u2018one-state reality of unequal rights\u2019,\u201d <em>Jewish Telegraphic Agency<\/em>, February 8, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jta.org\/2017\/02\/08\/israel\/eu-says-israels-new-settlements-law-leads-to-one-state-reality-of-unequal-rights\">https:\/\/www.jta.org\/2017\/02\/08\/israel\/eu-says-israels-new-settlements-law-leads-to-one-state-reality-of-unequal-rights<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote94\">94 <\/sup>Antony J. Blinken, \u201cSecretary Antony J. Blinken At a Press Availability,\u201d Press Availability Remarks, Jerusalem, January 31, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/il.usembassy.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability\/\">https:\/\/il.usembassy.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote95\">95<\/sup> Lara Friedman, \u201cWeaponizing Anti-Semitism, State Department Delegitimizes Human Rights Groups,\u201d <em>The American Prospect<\/em>, November 12, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/prospect.org\/politics\/weaponizing-anti-semitism-state-department-delegitimizes-human-rights-groups\/\">https:\/\/prospect.org\/politics\/weaponizing-anti-semitism-state-department-delegitimizes-human-rights-groups\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote96\">96<\/sup> Lahav Harkov, \u201cHas the Strategic Affairs Ministry achieved its goals?,\u201d <em>The Jerusalem Post<\/em>, June 24, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpost.com\/israel-news\/has-the-strategic-affairs-ministry-achieved-its-goals-671902\">https:\/\/www.jpost.com\/israel-news\/has-the-strategic-affairs-ministry-achieved-its-goals-671902<\/a>; Itamar Benzaquen and The Seventh Eye, \u201cThe new hasbara campaign Israel doesn\u2019t want you to know about,\u201d <em>+972 Magazine<\/em>, January 25, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.972mag.com\/hasbara-funding-foreign-agents\/\">https:\/\/www.972mag.com\/hasbara-funding-foreign-agents\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote97\">97 <\/sup>\u201cIsrael\/Palestine: Designation of Palestinian Rights Groups as Terrorists,\u201d Human Rights Watch, October 22, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2021\/10\/22\/israel\/palestine-designation-palestinian-rights-groups-terrorists\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2021\/10\/22\/israel\/palestine-designation-palestinian-rights-groups-terrorists<\/a>; For the engagement of the NGOs at the UN, see: Muhareb et al., <em>Israeli Apartheid<\/em>, 5-10.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote98\">98 <\/sup>\u201cStatus of Treaties: International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid,\u201d United Nations Treat Collection, accessed May 8, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/Pages\/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-7&amp;chapter=4&amp;clang=_en\">https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/Pages\/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-7&amp;chapter=4&amp;clang=_en<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote99\">99\u00a0<\/sup>Senior PLO official, interview by author, telephone, February 28, 2023.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote100\">100 <\/sup>Erakat and Reynolds, \u201cWe Charge Apartheid?\u201d; Mezna Qato and Kareem Rabie, \u201cAgainst the Law,\u201d <em>Jacobin<\/em>, April 21, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/jacobin.com\/2013\/04\/against-the-law\/\">https:\/\/jacobin.com\/2013\/04\/against-the-law\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a (\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f) \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u062d\u0635\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":469011,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[],"programs":[],"publication_type":[387],"class_list":["post-469025","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","publication_type-387","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/469025","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/469011"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=469025"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=469025"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=469025"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=469025"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=469025"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=469025"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}