{"id":468904,"date":"2023-05-17T10:20:46","date_gmt":"2023-05-17T10:20:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=468904"},"modified":"2024-02-10T10:38:07","modified_gmt":"2024-02-10T10:38:07","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%b7%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%a3%d8%ab%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%83","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%b7%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%a3%d8%ab%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%83\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627 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data-src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/13780971\/embed#?secret=N2BtbDY7Tk\" data-secret=\"N2BtbDY7Tk\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" height=\"575\" width=\"700\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645&#8221; \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 2020-2021 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a&#8221; \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 2015-2020 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 CAPMAS.<a href=\"#endnote36\"><sup>36<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 3: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 2020 \u06482021\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content lazyload\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Interactive or visual content\" data-src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/13777924\/embed#?secret=EZS75lhO8y\" data-secret=\"EZS75lhO8y\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" height=\"575\" width=\"700\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a Our World in Data\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 2022 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645&#8221; \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 2020-2021 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a&#8221; \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 2015-2020\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 CAPMAS. <a href=\"#endnote37\"><sup>37<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 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data-secret=\"GKG0OBdyYk\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" height=\"575\" width=\"700\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645&#8221; \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 2020 \u06482021 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a 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justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong>: \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 (MERS) \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015.<a href=\"#endnote48\"><sup>48<\/sup><\/a> \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 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\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h5><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup>World Health Organization, \u201cThe True Death Toll of COVID-19: Estimating Global Excess Mortality,\u201d accessed March 22, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/stories\/the-true-death-toll-of-covid-19-estimating-global-excess-mortality\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/stories\/the-true-death-toll-of-covid-19-estimating-global-excess-mortality<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup>\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a Our World in Data (\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a)\u060c &#8220;\u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 6 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/coronavirus\">https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/coronavirus<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4\u00a0<\/sup>World\u00a0Health Organization, \u201c14.9 Million Excess Deaths Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic in 2020 and 2021,\u201d News Release, May 5, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/05-05-2022-14.9-million-excess-deaths-were-associated-with-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-2020-and-2021\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/05-05-2022-14.9-million-excess-deaths-were-associated-with-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-2020-and-2021<\/a>; World Health Organization, \u201cGlobal excess deaths associated with COVID-19 (modelled estimates),\u201d May 5, 2022, accessed March 22, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/sets\/global-excess-deaths-associated-with-covid-19-modelled-estimates\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/sets\/global-excess-deaths-associated-with-covid-19-modelled-estimates<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup>Jennifer Holleis, \u201cAuthoritarian States Obscuring COVID Death Tolls,\u201d Deutsche Welle (DW), August 6, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/authoritarian-states-obscuring-covid-death-tolls-study-shows\/a-58771888\">https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/authoritarian-states-obscuring-covid-death-tolls-study-shows\/a-58771888<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>Maged Mandour, \u201cRepression and Coronavirus Response in Egypt,\u201d <em>Sada<\/em> (blog), July 15, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/82304\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/82304<\/a>; Michael Safi, \u201cEgypt Forces Guardian Journalist to Leave After Coronavirus Story,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, March 26, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/mar\/26\/egypt-forces-guardian-journalist-leave-coronavirus-story-ruth-michaelson;\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/mar\/26\/egypt-forces-guardian-journalist-leave-coronavirus-story-ruth-michaelson<\/a>; \u201cEgypt Arrests Doctors, Silences Critics Over Virus Outbreak,\u201d <em>Associated Press<\/em>, July 6, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/health-united-nations-ap-top-news-virus-outbreak-international-news-cf9528ebff1d5dd7e3b95d467d7e9418.\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/health-united-nations-ap-top-news-virus-outbreak-international-news-cf9528ebff1d5dd7e3b95d467d7e9418.<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup>Shahira Amin, \u201cEgypt Battles COVID-19 Amid Flood of Misinformation, Conspiracy Theories,\u201d <em>Al-Monitor<\/em>, March 30, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2020\/03\/egyptian-superstitions-jokes-on-coronavirus.html.\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2020\/03\/egyptian-superstitions-jokes-on-coronavirus.html.<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup>Jennifer O\u2019Hara, \u201cUnchecked COVID-19 Spread Leads to Virus Variants,\u201d <em>Mayo Clinic News Network<\/em>, January 22, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org\/discussion\/unchecked-covid-19-spread-leads-to-virus-variants\/\">https:\/\/newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org\/discussion\/unchecked-covid-19-spread-leads-to-virus-variants\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup> Robert P. Beschel Jr., <em>Policy and Institutional Responses to COVID-19 in the Middle East and North Africa: Egypt<\/em>, Report (Doha, Qatar: Brookings Doha Center, January 28, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/policy-and-institutional-responses-to-covid-19-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-egypt\/\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/policy-and-institutional-responses-to-covid-19-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-egypt\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup>Egypt Today staff. \u201cEgypt announces first Coronavirus infection,\u201d <em>Egypt Today<\/em>, February 14, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/81641\/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection\">https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/81641\/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12 <\/sup>Edward Yeranian,. \u201cEgypt Reports 55 Confirmed Coronavirus Cases and First Casualty,\u201d <em>Voice of America News<\/em>, March 9, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/science-health_coronavirus-outbreak_egypt-reports-55-confirmed-coronavirus-cases-and-first-casualty\/6185508.html\">https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/science-health_coronavirus-outbreak_egypt-reports-55-confirmed-coronavirus-cases-and-first-casualty\/6185508.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>\u201cEgypt Quarantines 300 Families in Daqahlia in Bid to Contain Coronavirus Outbreak: Minister,\u201d <em>Egypt Independent<\/em>, March 17, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/egyptindependent.com\/egypt-quarantines-300-families-in-daqahlia-in-bid-to-contain-coronavirus-outbreak-minister\">https:\/\/egyptindependent.com\/egypt-quarantines-300-families-in-daqahlia-in-bid-to-contain-coronavirus-outbreak-minister<\/a>; \u201cPolicy Responses to COVID-19: Egypt,\u201d accessed on November 30, 2022, International Monetary Fund, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Topics\/imf-and-covid19\/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19#E\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Topics\/imf-and-covid19\/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19#E<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup>\u201cEgypt Will Have to Coexist with Coronavirus Until Vaccine: Health Minister,\u201d <em>Egypt Independent<\/em>, May 3, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/egyptindependent.com\/egypt-will-have-to-learn-to-coexist-with-coronavirus-until-vaccine-health-minister\/\">https:\/\/egyptindependent.com\/egypt-will-have-to-learn-to-coexist-with-coronavirus-until-vaccine-health-minister\/<\/a>, Lewis Sanders IV and Tom Allinson, \u201cEgypt Tries Limited Restart to Crucial Tourism,\u201d <em>Deutsche Welle<\/em> (DW), June 20, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/egypt-tries-to-restart-tourism-during-coronavirus-pandemic\/a-53876823\">https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/egypt-tries-to-restart-tourism-during-coronavirus-pandemic\/a-53876823<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup>\u201cCoronavirus: Why Egypt Has Faced Criticism Over Antibody Tests,\u201d <em>British Broadcasting Corporation<\/em> (BBC), August 15, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-53773978\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-53773978<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>Lamis ElSharkawy, \u201cEgypt\u2019s Coronavirus Vaccination Campaign: A Timeline,\u201d <em>Ahram Online<\/em>, February 27, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/english.ahram.org.eg\/NewsContent\/1\/64\/404860\/Egypt\/Politics-\/Egypts-coronavirus-vaccination-campaign-A-timeline.aspx\">https:\/\/english.ahram.org.eg\/NewsContent\/1\/64\/404860\/Egypt\/Politics-\/Egypts-coronavirus-vaccination-campaign-A-timeline.aspx<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>Vaccination totals from Our World in Data Database, \u201cCoronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19);\u201d; For quality of rollout, see Amnesty International, \u201cEgypt: Haphazard and Flawed Covid-19 Vaccine Rollout Fails to Prioritize Most At-Risk,\u201d Press Release, June 29, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/press-release\/2021\/06\/egypt-haphazard-and-flawed-covid-19-vaccine-rollout-fails-to-prioritize-most-at-risk\">https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/press-release\/2021\/06\/egypt-haphazard-and-flawed-covid-19-vaccine-rollout-fails-to-prioritize-most-at-risk<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a Our World in Data (\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a) \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 49 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 42 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d\u064d \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup>Our World in Data Database, \u201cCoronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19).\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup>\u00a0 FaKamal Tabikha, \u201cEgypt\u2019s Health Minister Says Country Has Achieved Covid-19 Herd Immunity,\u201d <em>The National<\/em>, August 1, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/mena\/egypt\/2022\/08\/01\/egypts-health-minister-says-country-has-achieved-covid-19-herd-immunity\/\">https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/mena\/egypt\/2022\/08\/01\/egypts-health-minister-says-country-has-achieved-covid-19-herd-immunity\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup>Our World in Data Database, \u201cCoronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19).\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22 <\/sup> \u201cEgypt: Noncommunicable Diseases,\u201d World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, accessed on December 16, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/egy\/programmes\/noncommunicable-diseases.html\">https:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/egy\/programmes\/noncommunicable-diseases.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup>Mohammed Abdelaziz, \u201cThe Egyptian Response to Coronavirus: Denial and Conspiracy,\u201d Fikra Forum, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, March 27, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/egyptian-response-coronavirus-denial-and-conspiracy\">https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/egyptian-response-coronavirus-denial-and-conspiracy<\/a>; Ashleigh Tuite, Victoria Ng, Erin Rees, David Fisman, Annelies Wilder-Smith, Kamran Khan, and Isaac Bogoch, \u201cEstimation of the COVID-19 Burden in Egypt Through Exported Case Detection,\u201d The Lancet Infectious Diseases 20, no. 8 (March 2020): 894, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30233-4\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30233-4<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup>Ashraf Amin, \u201cA Canadian Researcher\u2019s Groundless Assumptions,\u201d <em>Ahram Online<\/em>, March 16, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/english.ahram.org.eg\/NewsContent\/1\/64\/365397\/Egypt\/Politics-\/A-Canadian-researchers-groundless-assumptions.aspx\">https:\/\/english.ahram.org.eg\/NewsContent\/1\/64\/365397\/Egypt\/Politics-\/A-Canadian-researchers-groundless-assumptions.aspx<\/a>; Abdelaziz, \u201cThe Egyptian Response to Coronavirus.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup>\u201c117,000 COVID-19 Cases in Egypt Say Estimates: Minister,\u201d <em>Egyptian Streets<\/em>, June 1, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/egyptianstreets.com\/2020\/06\/01\/100000-covid-19-cases-in-egypt-say-estimates-minister\/\">https:\/\/egyptianstreets.com\/2020\/06\/01\/100000-covid-19-cases-in-egypt-say-estimates-minister\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup>Mohammed Medhat and Mohamed El Kaass, \u201cCOVID-19 in Egypt: Uncovered Figures or a Different Situation?\u201d Journal of Global Health 10, no. 1 (June 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189%2Fjogh.10.010368\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189%2Fjogh.10.010368<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup>MEE Staff, \u201cCoronavirus: Egypt\u2019s Army Introduces Strict Measures to Control Spread Among Soldiers,\u201d Middle East Eye, March 27, 2020, https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/coronavirus-egyptian-army-imposes-strict-measures-protect-soldiers-covid19; \u201cLeaked Army Document Reveals High Number of COVID-19 Infection Rates in 5 Governorates,\u201d <em>Egypt Watch<\/em>, March 30, 2020, https:\/\/egyptwatch.net\/2020\/03\/30\/leaked-army-document-reveals-high-number-of-covid-19-infection-rates-in-5-governorates\/..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28 <\/sup>Karlinsky and Kobak, \u201cTracking Excess Mortality.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29 <\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31<\/sup>\u00a0\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 2015 \u062d\u062a\u0649 2021. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627: CAPMAS, <em>Egypt in Figures<\/em> \u2013 2020 (Cairo: CAPMAS, March 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.capmas.gov.eg\/Pages\/Publications.aspx?page_id=5104&amp;Year=23595\">https:\/\/www.capmas.gov.eg\/Pages\/Publications.aspx?page_id=5104&amp;Year=23595<\/a>; CAPMAS, <em>Egypt in Figures<\/em> \u2013 2021 (Cairo: CAPMAS, March 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.capmas.gov.eg\/Pages\/Publications.aspx?page_id=5104&amp;Year=23595\">https:\/\/www.capmas.gov.eg\/Pages\/Publications.aspx?page_id=5104&amp;Year=23595<\/a>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics<\/em> \u2013 <em>2020<\/em> (Cairo: CAPMAS, December 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.capmas.gov.eg\/Pages\/Publications.aspx?page_id=5104&amp;Year=23544\">https:\/\/www.capmas.gov.eg\/Pages\/Publications.aspx?page_id=5104&amp;Year=23544<\/a>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics &#8211; 2019<\/em> (Cairo: CAPMAS, December 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.capmas.gov.eg\/Pages\/Publications.aspx?page_id=5104&amp;Year=23544\">https:\/\/www.capmas.gov.eg\/Pages\/Publications.aspx?page_id=5104&amp;Year=23544<\/a>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2018<\/em> (Cairo: CAPMAS, December 2019), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.capmas.gov.eg\/Pages\/Publications.aspx?page_id=5104&amp;Year=23544\">https:\/\/www.capmas.gov.eg\/Pages\/Publications.aspx?page_id=5104&amp;Year=23544<\/a>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics &#8211; 2017<\/em> (Cairo: CAPMAS, December 2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.capmas.gov.eg\/Pages\/Publications.aspx?page_id=5104&amp;Year=23544\">https:\/\/www.capmas.gov.eg\/Pages\/Publications.aspx?page_id=5104&amp;Year=23544<\/a>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2016<\/em> (Cairo: CAPMAS, December 2017), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.capmas.gov.eg\/Pages\/Publications.aspx?page_id=5104&amp;Year=23544\">https:\/\/www.capmas.gov.eg\/Pages\/Publications.aspx?page_id=5104&amp;Year=23544<\/a>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics &#8211; 2015<\/em> (Cairo: CAPMAS, December 2016), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.capmas.gov.eg\/Pages\/Publications.aspx?page_id=5104&amp;Year=23544\">https:\/\/www.capmas.gov.eg\/Pages\/Publications.aspx?page_id=5104&amp;Year=23544<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 CAPMAS \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0645 2021 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33 <\/sup>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2017\u060c \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u062d 305 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2015\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2015\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 2015 \u06482019\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2015 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34 <\/sup>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064d \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064097\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 2020 \u06482021 \u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u2013\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637- (\u0623\u064a 48 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629)\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629 2,7 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 (23 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u0627\u064b) \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a (14 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u0627\u064b).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35 <\/sup>Our World in Data Database, \u201cCoronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19).\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36 <\/sup>CAPMAS, <em>Egypt in Figures \u2013 2020<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Egypt in Figures \u2013 2021<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2020<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2019<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2018<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2017<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2016<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2015<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37 <\/sup>Our World in Data Database, \u201cCoronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19);\u201d CAPMAS, <em>Egypt in Figures<\/em> \u2013 <em>2020<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Egypt in Figures \u2013 2021<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2020<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2019<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2018<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2017<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2016<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2015<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38\u00a0<\/sup>CAPMAS, <em>Egypt in Figures \u2013 2020<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Egypt in Figures \u2013 2021<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2020<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2019<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2018<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2017<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2016<\/em>; CAPMAS, <em>Annual Bulletin of Births and Deaths Statistics \u2013 2015<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41 <\/sup>Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42 <\/sup>Ibrahim Awad, \u201cOn Occasion of the Pandemic: Reflections on Egyptian Labour Migration,\u201d International Migration 59, no. 1 (February 2021): 281\u2013284, <em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fimig.12818<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43 <\/sup>Hossam Rabie, \u201cEgypt Finds Its Nationals New Job Markets Abroad,\u201d <em>Al-Monitor<\/em>, March 5, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2019\/03\/job-nationalization-gulf-countries-affect-work-egyptians.html\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2019\/03\/job-nationalization-gulf-countries-affect-work-egyptians.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44 <\/sup>Amr Mostafa, \u201cEgyptians Returning from the Gulf Face Uncertain Economic Future,\u201d <em>Al-Monitor<\/em>, June 4, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2020\/06\/egypt-working-gulf-return-economy-coronavirus.html\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2020\/06\/egypt-working-gulf-return-economy-coronavirus.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45 <\/sup>Ahmed Shoukry Rashad and Mesbah Fathy Sharaf, \u201cWho Benefits from Public Healthcare Subsidies in Egypt?,\u201d <em>Social Sciences<\/em> 4, no. 4 (November 2015): 1162\u20131176, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci4041162\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci4041162<\/a>; Soha Bayoumi, \u201cHealth and Social Justice in Egypt: Towards a Health Equity Perspective,\u201d in <em>World Social Sciences Report<\/em>: C<em>hallenging Inequalities, Pathways to a Just World<\/em> (Paris: UNESCO, 2016), <a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000245958\">https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000245958<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46 <\/sup>See, for example, World Bank, Egypt\u2019s Health Sector Reform and Financing Review, Study, (Washington, DC: World Bank, February 2004), <a href=\"https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/fr\/245241468770714134\/pdf\/411970EG0Healt1ver0P07631901PUBLIC1.pdf\">https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/fr\/245241468770714134\/pdf\/411970EG0Healt1ver0P07631901PUBLIC1.pdf<\/a>; Health Systems 20\/20, <em>Preventative Health Sector Assessment:<\/em> <em>The Current Landscape of Maternal and Child Health Services in Egypt, Study<\/em>, (Bethesda, Maryland: Abt Associates, June 2012), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hfgproject.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/Preventive-Health-Sector-Assessment-the-Current-Landscape-of-Maternal-and-Child-Health-Services-In-Egypt.pdf\">https:\/\/www.hfgproject.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/Preventive-Health-Sector-Assessment-the-Current-Landscape-of-Maternal-and-Child-Health-Services-In-Egypt.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47 <\/sup>\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 880 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0643\u0644 55 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 100 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0651\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote48\">48 <\/sup><span style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">Paul Dyer, Policy and institutional responses to COVID-19: South Korea, Report (Doha: Brookings Doha Center, June 15, 2021), <\/span><a style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/policy-and-institutional-responses-to-covid-19-south-korea\/\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/policy-and-institutional-responses-to-covid-19-south-korea\/<\/a><span style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a 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