{"id":467923,"date":"2022-11-30T13:02:16","date_gmt":"2022-11-30T13:02:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=467923"},"modified":"2025-01-30T10:14:33","modified_gmt":"2025-01-30T10:14:33","slug":"%d9%87%d9%84-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b1-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%85%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%9f-%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d9%87%d9%84-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b1-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%85%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%9f-%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0647\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u061f  \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 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name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>49<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2020. \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0651 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a.<a href=\"#endnote50\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>50<\/sup><\/a> \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u0649\u060c &#8220;\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0649:\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c 20 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2013<a href=\"https:\/\/gate.ahram.org.eg\/daily\/News\/222098.aspx\">https:\/\/gate.ahram.org.eg\/daily\/News\/222098.aspx<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3<\/sup> \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020 \u0633\u0644\u0651\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c &#8220;\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627&#8221;. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f &#8220;\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0649 \u064a\u0633\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.. 6 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621.. \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631.. \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a&#8221;\u060c Youm7, November 15, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/story\/2020\/11\/15\/\u062f\u0648\u0631-\u0645\u0635\u0631-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0649-\u064a\u0633\u0637\u0639-\u0641\u0649-\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621-\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627-6-\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0646\/5068595\">https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/story\/2020\/11\/15\/\u062f\u0648\u0631-\u0645\u0635\u0631-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0649-\u064a\u0633\u0637\u0639-\u0641\u0649-\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621-\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627-6-\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0646\/5068595<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4<\/sup> Nael M. Shama, \u201cEgypt&#8217;s Middle Power Aspirations Under El-Sisi,\u201d in <em>Unfulfilled Aspirations: Middle Power Politics in the Middle East<\/em>, ed. Adham Saouli (Oxford University Press: Hurst &amp; Company, 2020), 91-111.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5<\/sup> Wolfgang M\u00fchlberger, \u201cEgypt\u2019s Foreign and Security Policy in Post-R2P Libya,\u201d <em>The International Spectator<\/em> 51, no. 2 (June 2016): 99-112, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03932729.2016.1172864.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6<\/sup> Nicola Pedde, \u201cThe Libyan Conflict and Its Controversial Roots,\u201d <em>European View<\/em> 16, no. 1 (July 2017): 93-102, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12290-017-0447-5.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7<\/sup> Shama, \u201cAspirations Under El-Sisi,\u201d 107.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8<\/sup> United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, <em>Libya Situation Report, 29 April 2020<\/em>, (New York, OCHA, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/libya\/libya-situation-report-29-april-2020\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/libya\/libya-situation-report-29-april-2020<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9<\/sup> Dorian Jones, \u201cTurkey Under Pressure over Military Presence in Libya,\u201d Voice of America (VOA), June 22, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/europe_turkey-under-pressure-over-military-presence-libya\/6207328.html\">https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/europe_turkey-under-pressure-over-military-presence-libya\/6207328.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10<\/sup> \u201cSisi reiterates \u2018red lines\u2019 in Libya,\u201d <em>The Arab Weekly<\/em>, September 23, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/sisi-reiterates-red-lines-libya\">https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/sisi-reiterates-red-lines-libya<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11<\/sup> Samy Magdy and Andrew Wilks, \u201cEgyptian President says Libyan city Sirte a \u2018red line\u2019,\u201d AP News<em>,<\/em> June 20, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/africa-turkey-tripoli-libya-middle-east-849b1049742450459e04b4806f52a072\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/africa-turkey-tripoli-libya-middle-east-849b1049742450459e04b4806f52a072<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12<\/sup> \u201cLibya\u2019s GNA hands power to Government of National Unity,\u201d <em>The Arab Weekly<\/em>, March 16, 2021,<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/libyas-gna-hands-power-government-national-unity\">https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/libyas-gna-hands-power-government-national-unity<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13<\/sup> Karim Mezran and Alessia Melcangi, \u201cThe Cairo Declaration Is a False Resolution to Libya&#8217;s Conflict,\u201d <em>Atlantic Council<\/em>, June 11, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/menasource\/the-cairo-declaration-is-a-false-resolution-to-libyas-conflict\/\">https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/menasource\/the-cairo-declaration-is-a-false-resolution-to-libyas-conflict\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14<\/sup> Omar Hammady, \u201cWhat Went Wrong With Libya\u2019s Failed Elections,\u201d <em>Foreign Policy<\/em>, February 18, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2022\/02\/18\/libya-elections-2021-postponed\/\">https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2022\/02\/18\/libya-elections-2021-postponed\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15<\/sup> Anna L. Jacobs, \u201cLibya Backslides as Two Governments Vie for Power, Again,\u201d <em>Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington<\/em> (blog), February 28, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/agsiw.org\/libya-backslides-as-two-governments-vie-for-power-again\/\">https:\/\/agsiw.org\/libya-backslides-as-two-governments-vie-for-power-again\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16<\/sup> Fehim Tastekin, \u201cThree challenging scenarios for Turkey in Libya,\u201d Al-Monitor, March 14, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2022\/03\/three-challenging-scenarios-turkey-libya\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2022\/03\/three-challenging-scenarios-turkey-libya<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17<\/sup> Abdulkader Assad, \u201cBashagha government\u2019s Foreign Ministry Backs up Egypt in Diplomatic Dispute with Dbeibah\u2019s Government,\u201d The Libya Observer, June 25, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.libyaobserver.ly\/news\/bashagha-governments-foreign-ministry-backs-egypt-diplomatic-dispute-dbeibah%E2%80%99s-government\">https:\/\/www.libyaobserver.ly\/news\/bashagha-governments-foreign-ministry-backs-egypt-diplomatic-dispute-dbeibah%E2%80%99s-government<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18<\/sup> Kamel Abdallah, \u201cEgypt Pushing for Agreement in Libya,\u201d Ahram Online, September 28, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/english.ahram.org.eg\/News\/476857.aspx\">https:\/\/english.ahram.org.eg\/News\/476857.aspx<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19<\/sup> \u201cSource: Algeria\u2013Egypt Ties at Stake over Libya,\u201d <em>Middle East Monitor<\/em>, April 26, 20222, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20220426-source-algeria-egypt-ties-at-stake-over-libya\/\">https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20220426-source-algeria-egypt-ties-at-stake-over-libya\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20<\/sup> \u201cZohr Gas Field, Mediterranean Sea,\u201d NS Energy Business (project description), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nsenergybusiness.com\/projects\/zohr-gas-field-mediterranean-sea\/\">https:\/\/www.nsenergybusiness.com\/projects\/zohr-gas-field-mediterranean-sea\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21<\/sup> \u201cCyprus envoy: Relations with Egypt at \u2018Best Point Ever\u2019,\u201d <em>Middle East Monitor<\/em>, March 21, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20220321-cyprus-envoy-relations-with-egypt-at-best-point-ever\/\">https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20220321-cyprus-envoy-relations-with-egypt-at-best-point-ever\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22<\/sup> \u201cHigh Quality Natural Gas Found in Block 10 of Cyprus EEZ,\u201d <em>KNews<\/em>, March 21, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/knews.kathimerini.com.cy\/en\/news\/high-quality-natural-gas-found-in-block-10-of-cyprus-eez\">https:\/\/knews.kathimerini.com.cy\/en\/news\/high-quality-natural-gas-found-in-block-10-of-cyprus-eez<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23<\/sup> Ron Bousso and Ari Rabinovitch, \u201cEXCLUSIVE: Israel Considering New Pipeline to Boost Gas Exports to Egypt,\u201d Reuters, October 21, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/energy\/exclusive-israel-considering-new-pipeline-boost-gas-exports-egypt-2021-10-21\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/energy\/exclusive-israel-considering-new-pipeline-boost-gas-exports-egypt-2021-10-21\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24<\/sup> \u201cEl Sisi Ratifies Egypt-Cyprus Pipeline Agreement,\u201d <em>Enterprise<\/em>, July 7, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/enterprise.press\/stories\/2019\/07\/07\/el-sisi-ratifies-egypt-cyprus-pipeline-agreement\/\">https:\/\/enterprise.press\/stories\/2019\/07\/07\/el-sisi-ratifies-egypt-cyprus-pipeline-agreement\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25<\/sup> Nesma Bayomi , \u201cMasool Hokoomi: Mobahathat Mokathafa Maa Kobros L Motabaat Al Eadad L Aamal Khat Al Ghas Al Moshtarak [Government official: Intensive talks with Cyprus to Follow up on Preparations for Joint Gas Pipeline],\u201d Al Mal News, August 31, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">https<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">:\/\/<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">almalnews<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">com<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">\/<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">&#8211;<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">&#8211;<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">&#8211;<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">&#8211;<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">\u0645\u0639<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">&#8211;<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">&#8211;<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/almalnews.com\/\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0649-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629-\u0645\u0639-\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635-\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\/\">\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26<\/sup> \u201cEgypt, Cyprus to Break Ground on Gas Pipeline this Year \u2013 El Molla,\u201d <em>Enterprise<\/em>, May 26, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/enterprise.press\/stories\/2022\/05\/26\/egypt-cyprus-to-break-ground-on-gas-pipeline-this-year-el-molla-72050\/\">https:\/\/enterprise.press\/stories\/2022\/05\/26\/egypt-cyprus-to-break-ground-on-gas-pipeline-this-year-el-molla-72050\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27<\/sup> Ioannis N. Grigoriadis, \u201cEnergy Discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean: Conflict or Cooperation?\u201d <em>Middle East Policy <\/em>21, no. 3 (Fall 2014): 124-133, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mepo.12087.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28<\/sup> Enas Alashray, \u201cEgypt&#8217;s Petroleum Corporation signs $1 bln Oil-Exploration Agreement with Eni,\u201d Reuters, December 24, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/energy\/egypts-petroleum-corporation-signs-1-bln-oil-exploration-agreement-with-eni-2021-12-24\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/energy\/egypts-petroleum-corporation-signs-1-bln-oil-exploration-agreement-with-eni-2021-12-24\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29<\/sup> Mahmoud Mourad, \u201cEgypt and Greece Sign Agreement on Exclusive Economic Zone,\u201d Reuters, August 6, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/uk-egypt-greece-idUKKCN25222H\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/uk-egypt-greece-idUKKCN25222H<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30<\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31<\/sup> Micha\u00ebl Tanchum, \u201cEastern Mediterranean Energy and Regional Cooperation: 2021 Outlook,\u201d in <em>IEMed. Mediterranean Outlook 2021<\/em>, ed. Hugo Gallego, (Barcelona, Spain: IEMed<em>, <\/em>2021), 80-84, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/publication\/eastern-mediterranean-energy-and-regional-cooperation-2021-outlook\/\">https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/publication\/eastern-mediterranean-energy-and-regional-cooperation-2021-outlook\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32<\/sup> Mohamed Saied, \u201cEgypt, Greece, Cyprus Boost Military Cooperation in EastMed Region,\u201d Al-Monitor, July 1, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2022\/06\/egypt-greece-cyprus-boost-military-cooperation-eastmed-region\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2022\/06\/egypt-greece-cyprus-boost-military-cooperation-eastmed-region<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33<\/sup> Paul Antonopoulos, \u201cFrance and UAE to Participate in MEDUSA Exercises with Trilateral Alliance for the First Time,\u201d Greek City Times, November 29, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/greekcitytimes.com\/2020\/11\/29\/france-egypt-medusa-exercises\/\">https:\/\/greekcitytimes.com\/2020\/11\/29\/france-egypt-medusa-exercises\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34<\/sup> Reuters Staff, \u201cUPDATE 1-East Mediterranean States Formally Establish Egypt-Based Gas Forum,\u201d Reuters, September 22, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/mideast-energy-idAFL5N2GJ2BC\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/mideast-energy-idAFL5N2GJ2BC<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35<\/sup> Adel Abdel Ghafar, \u201cBetween Geopolitics and Geoeconomics: The Growing Role of Gulf States in the Eastern Mediterranean\u201d, <em>Istituto Affari Internazionali <\/em>IAI Papers 21 (February 2021): 8, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/resrep28808\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/resrep28808<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36<\/sup> Rasha Mahmoud, \u201cTurkey Inches Closer to Egypt,\u201d Al-Monitor, May 24, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2022\/05\/turkey-inches-closer-egypt\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2022\/05\/turkey-inches-closer-egypt<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37<\/sup> Joel Okundi Obengo, \u201cHydropolitics of the Nile: The case of Ethiopia and Egypt,\u201d <em>African Security Review<\/em> 25, no. 1 (January, 2016): 95-103, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10246029.2015.1126527\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10246029.2015.1126527<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38<\/sup> Tarique Niazi, \u201cA grand dam that felled Morsi,\u201d <em>Down To Earth<\/em> (blog), November 30, 2011, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/blog\/a-grand-dam-that-felled-morsi-41955\">https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/blog\/a-grand-dam-that-felled-morsi-41955<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39<\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40<\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41<\/sup> Ahmed Maher, \u201cEgyptian Politicians Caught in on-air Ethiopia Dam Gaffe,\u201d BBC, June 4, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-22771563\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-22771563<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42<\/sup> Sherif Mohyeldeen, \u201cThe Dam That Broke Open an Ethiopia-Egypt Dispute,\u201d <em>Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em>, February 12, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2021\/02\/12\/dam-that-broke-open-ethiopia-egypt-dispute-pub-83867\">https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2021\/02\/12\/dam-that-broke-open-ethiopia-egypt-dispute-pub-83867<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43<\/sup> MENA and Ahram Online, \u201cFull Text of \u2018Declaration of Principles\u2019 Signed by Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia,\u201d Ahram Online, March 23, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/english.ahram.org.eg\/News\/125941.aspx\">https:\/\/english.ahram.org.eg\/News\/125941.aspx<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44<\/sup> \u201cDam Deadlock: Where did Egypt go Wrong in Managing the GERD Dispute for over a Decade?\u201d July 28, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madamasr.com\/en\/2021\/07\/28\/feature\/politics\/dam-deadlock-where-did-egypt-go-wrong-in-managing-the-gerd-dispute-for-over-a-decade\/\">https:\/\/www.madamasr.com\/en\/2021\/07\/28\/feature\/politics\/dam-deadlock-where-did-egypt-go-wrong-in-managing-the-gerd-dispute-for-over-a-decade\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45<\/sup> Mohamed Sabry, \u201cEgypt, Sudan Accuse Ethiopia of Stalling Nile Dam Talks,\u201d Al- Monitor, February 1, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2021\/02\/egypt-sudan-ethiopia-accuse-stalling-nile-dam-talks.html\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2021\/02\/egypt-sudan-ethiopia-accuse-stalling-nile-dam-talks.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46<\/sup> Motaz Zahran, \u201cOnly Washington Can Save the Renaissance Dam Negotiations Now,\u201d <em>Foreign Policy<\/em>, April 29, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2021\/04\/29\/gerd-renaissance-dam-negotiations-biden-ethiopia-egypt\/\">https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2021\/04\/29\/gerd-renaissance-dam-negotiations-biden-ethiopia-egypt\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47<\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote48\">48<\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote49\">49<\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote50\">50<\/sup> \u201cMassive Nile Dam Hits First Filling Target, Says Ethiopia&#8217;s Prime Minister,\u201d<em> VOA News<\/em>, July 22, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/africa_massive-nile-dam-hits-first-filling-target-says-ethiopias-prime-minister\/6193250.html\">https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/africa_massive-nile-dam-hits-first-filling-target-says-ethiopias-prime-minister\/6193250.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote51\">51<\/sup> Mada Masr, \u201cDam deadlock.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote52\">52<\/sup> Charles W. Dunne, \u201cThe Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and Egypt\u2019s Military Options,\u201d <em>Arab Center Washington DC<\/em>, July 30, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/arabcenterdc.org\/resource\/the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-and-egypts-military-options\/\">https:\/\/arabcenterdc.org\/resource\/the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-and-egypts-military-options\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote53\">53<\/sup> Adel Abdel Ghafar, \u201cEU-Egypt Relations: The Delicate Balance of Economic, Security, and Political Interests,\u201d in <em>The European Union and North Africa: Prospects and Challenges<\/em>, ed. Adel Abdel Ghafar (Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2019), 160.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote54\">54<\/sup> Abdel Ghafar, \u201cEU-Egypt Relations,\u201d 161.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote55\">55<\/sup> Adel Abdel Ghafar and Anna Jacobs, \u201cIntroduction: EU-North Africa Relations in an Age of Turbulence,\u201d in <em>The European Union and North Africa: Prospects and Challenges<\/em>, ed. Adel Abdel Ghafar (Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2019), 14.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote56\">56<\/sup> Yasser El-Shimy and Anthony Dworkin, <em>Egypt on the edge: how Europe can avoid another crisis in Egypt<\/em>, Policy Brief, (London, UK: European Council on Foreign Relations, June 14, 2017), 1-13, <a href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/egypt_on_the_edge_how_europe_can_avoid_another_crisis_in_egypt_7298\/\">https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/egypt_on_the_edge_how_europe_can_avoid_another_crisis_in_egypt_7298\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote57\">57<\/sup> El-Shimy and Dworkin, \u201cEgypt on the edge,\u201d 9.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote58\">58<\/sup> El-Shimy and Dworkin, \u201cEgypt on the edge,\u201d 9.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote59\">59<\/sup> Aidan Lewis, \u201cEU Funds Border Control Deal in Egypt with Migration via Libya on Rise,\u201d Reuters, October 31, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/eu-funds-border-control-deal-egypt-with-migration-via-libya-rise-2022-10-30\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/eu-funds-border-control-deal-egypt-with-migration-via-libya-rise-2022-10-30\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote60\">60<\/sup> AFP, \u201cMacron Gave Sisi France\u2019s Highest Award on Paris visit: Official,\u201d <em>France 24<\/em>, December 10, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/live-news\/20201210-macron-gave-sisi-france-s-highest-award-on-paris-visit-official\">https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/live-news\/20201210-macron-gave-sisi-france-s-highest-award-on-paris-visit-official<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote61\">61<\/sup> \u201cU.S. Response to Egypt Crisis,\u201d <em>Wilson Center<\/em> (speech), July 15, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/article\/us-response-to-egypt-crisis\">https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/article\/us-response-to-egypt-crisis<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote62\">62<\/sup> Michael R. Gordon, \u201cEgyptians Following Right Path, Kerry Says\u201d, The New York Times, November 3, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/11\/04\/world\/middleeast\/kerry-egypt-visit.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/11\/04\/world\/middleeast\/kerry-egypt-visit.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote63\">63<\/sup> \u201cUS Unlocks Military Aid to Egypt, Backing President Sisi,\u201d <em>BBC<\/em>, June 22, 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-27961933\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-27961933<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote64\">64<\/sup> AP and TOI Staff, \u201cObama Meets with el-Sissi, Says Egypt Key to Mideast Security,\u201d <em>The Times of Israel<\/em>, September 26, 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/obama-meets-with-el-sissi-says-egypt-key-to-mideast-security\/\">https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/obama-meets-with-el-sissi-says-egypt-key-to-mideast-security\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote65\">65<\/sup> Roberta Rampton and Steve Holland, \u201cTrump seeks to \u2018reboot\u2019 U.S. relationship with Egypt in Monday talks,\u201d Reuters, March 31, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-trump-egypt-idUSKBN17227M\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-trump-egypt-idUSKBN17227M<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote66\">66<\/sup> Amy Hawthorne and Andrew P. Miller, \u201cThe United States and Egypt: Updating an Obsolete Relationship,\u201d in <em>Re-Engaging the Middle East: A New Vision for U.S. Policy<\/em>, eds. Dafna H. Rand and Andrew P. Miller (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2020), 129-152.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote67\">67<\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote68\">68<\/sup> Associated Press, \u201cUS Cancels $130m Military Aid for Egypt Over Rights Concerns,\u201d <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, January 22, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/1\/29\/us-halts-egypt-military-aid-over-rights-after-huge-arms-sale\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/1\/29\/us-halts-egypt-military-aid-over-rights-after-huge-arms-sale<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote69\">69<\/sup> Sudarsan Raghavan, \u201cOnce Snubbed by Biden, Egypt\u2019s Sissi Uses Gaza Cease-Fire to Prove his Relevance,\u201d Washington Post, May 21, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/middle_east\/sissi-israel-gaza-ceasefire-biden-egypt\/2021\/05\/21\/fb054dc8-b9c9-11eb-bc4a-62849cf6cca9_story.html\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/middle_east\/sissi-israel-gaza-ceasefire-biden-egypt\/2021\/05\/21\/fb054dc8-b9c9-11eb-bc4a-62849cf6cca9_story.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote70\">70<\/sup> \u201cJoint Statement Following Meeting Between President Biden and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah Al Sisi in Jeddah,\u201d The White House, July 16, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/statements-releases\/2022\/07\/16\/joint-statement-following-meeting-between-president-biden-and-egyptian-president-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-in-jeddah\/\">https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/statements-releases\/2022\/07\/16\/joint-statement-following-meeting-between-president-biden-and-egyptian-president-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-in-jeddah\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote71\">71<\/sup> Zachary Keck, \u201cWhy is China Dithering While Cairo Burns?\u201d, <em>The Diplomat<\/em>, August 16, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2013\/08\/why-is-china-dithering-while-cairo-burns\/\">https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2013\/08\/why-is-china-dithering-while-cairo-burns\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote72\">72<\/sup> Gamal Essam El Din, \u201cEgypt and China: A Strategic Partnership,\u201d Ahram Online, February 11, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/english.ahram.org.eg\/NewsContent\/50\/1201\/460787\/AlAhram-Weekly\/Egypt\/Egypt-and-China-A-strategic-partnership.aspx\">https:\/\/english.ahram.org.eg\/NewsContent\/50\/1201\/460787\/AlAhram-Weekly\/Egypt\/Egypt-and-China-A-strategic-partnership.aspx<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote73\">73<\/sup> Paul Iddon, \u201cChina Emerges as an Arms Supplier of Choice for Many Middle East Countries, Say Analysts,\u201d Middle East Eye, July 22, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/china-emerges-major-exporter-weapons-middle-east-north-africa\">https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/china-emerges-major-exporter-weapons-middle-east-north-africa<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote74\">74<\/sup> Duan Jiuzhou, \u201cChina\u2013Egypt relations during the BRI era and beyond,\u201d in <em>Routledge Handbook on China\u2013Middle East Relations<\/em>, ed. Jonathan Fulton (London, UK: Routledge, 2021), 126-136.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote75\">75<\/sup> Alaa Elhadidi, \u201cEgypt\u2019s Shifting Foreign Policy Priorities,\u201d <em>The Cairo Review of Global Affairs<\/em> 29 (Spring 2018): 79-87, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecairoreview.com\/essays\/egypts-shifting-foreign-policy-priorities\/\">https:\/\/www.thecairoreview.com\/essays\/egypts-shifting-foreign-policy-priorities\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote76\">76<\/sup> Associated Press, \u201cVladimir Putin Pre-Empts Presidency Bid by Egypt\u2019s Military Chief,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, February 13, 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2014\/feb\/13\/vladimir-putin-backs-sisi-military-president-egypt-russia\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2014\/feb\/13\/vladimir-putin-backs-sisi-military-president-egypt-russia<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote77\">77<\/sup> AFP and Reuters, \u201cRussian Firm Builds Egypt\u2019s First Nuclear Plant,\u201d <em>DW<\/em>, July 21, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/russian-company-starts-building-egypts-first-nuclear-plant\/a-62559065\">https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/russian-company-starts-building-egypts-first-nuclear-plant\/a-62559065<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote78\">78<\/sup> Ibrahim Ayyad, \u201cUkraine war Could Delay Egypt\u2019s First Nuclear Power Plant,\u201d Al-Monitor, March 27, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2022\/03\/ukraine-war-could-delay-egypts-first-nuclear-power-plant#ixzz7k2LyugtG\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2022\/03\/ukraine-war-could-delay-egypts-first-nuclear-power-plant#ixzz7k2LyugtG<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote79\">79<\/sup> Hagar Hosny, \u201cEgypt, Russia Commence Second Phase of Nuclear Power Plant Construction,\u201d Al-Monitor, November 7, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2022\/11\/egypt-russia-commence-second-phase-nuclear-power-plant-construction\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2022\/11\/egypt-russia-commence-second-phase-nuclear-power-plant-construction<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote80\">80<\/sup> Phil Stewert, Idrees Ali, Lin Noueihad, \u201cExclusive: Russia Appears to Deploy Forces in Egypt, Eyes on Libya Role- Sources,\u201d Reuters, March 14, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-russia-libya-exclusive-idUSKBN16K2RY\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-russia-libya-exclusive-idUSKBN16K2RY<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote81\">81<\/sup> Ayah Aman, \u201cLavrov Sidesteps Nile Dam Dispute in Meetings in Egypt, Ethiopia,\u201d Al-Monitor, August 10, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2022\/08\/lavrov-sidesteps-nile-dam-dispute-meetings-egypt-ethiopia\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2022\/08\/lavrov-sidesteps-nile-dam-dispute-meetings-egypt-ethiopia<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote82\">82<\/sup> David Butter, <em>Egypt and the Gulf<\/em>, Research Paper, (London, UK: Chatham House, April 20, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/2020\/04\/egypt-and-gulf\">https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/2020\/04\/egypt-and-gulf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote83\">83<\/sup> Hossam Mounir, \u201cEgyptian Remittances Increase 1.6% to $31.9bln in FY2022: CBE,\u201d Zawya, August 24, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zawya.com\/en\/wealth\/wealth-management\/egyptian-remittances-increase-16-to-319bln-in-fy2022-cbe-wzlxmft5\">https:\/\/www.zawya.com\/en\/wealth\/wealth-management\/egyptian-remittances-increase-16-to-319bln-in-fy2022-cbe-wzlxmft5<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote84\">84<\/sup> Patrick Werr, \u201cEgypt gets Gulf Help Again as Eyes Turn to Currency Flexibility,\u201d Reuters, April 4, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/egypt-gets-gulf-help-again-eyes-turn-currency-flexibility-2022-04-04\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/egypt-gets-gulf-help-again-eyes-turn-currency-flexibility-2022-04-04\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote85\">85<\/sup> \u201cWhy Does Saudi Arabia want Red Sea Islands of Tiran and Sanafir?\u201d, <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, July 16, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/7\/16\/explainer-why-does-saudi-arabia-want-red-sea-islands-of-tiran-and-sanafir\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/7\/16\/explainer-why-does-saudi-arabia-want-red-sea-islands-of-tiran-and-sanafir<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote86\">86<\/sup> Joseph Bamat, \u201cThe Transfer of Two Islands to Saudi Arabia Sparks Turmoil in Egypt,\u201d France 24, June 15, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20170615-egypt-saudi-arabia-islands-tiran-sanafir-territorial-dispute-israel-history\">https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20170615-egypt-saudi-arabia-islands-tiran-sanafir-territorial-dispute-israel-history<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote87\">87<\/sup> Werr, \u201cEgypt gets Gulf help again.\u201d<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote88\">88<\/sup> Pieter D. Wezeman, Alexandra Kuimova, and Siemon T. Wezeman, <em>TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRANSFERS, 2020<\/em>, Research Paper, (Stockholm, Sweden: SIPRI, March 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/sipri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-03\/fs_2103_at_2020.pdf\">https:\/\/sipri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-03\/fs_2103_at_2020.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote89\">89<\/sup> Khalil Al-Anani, \u201cSisi Intensifies Arms Imports to Secure External Support for His Policies,\u201d <em>Arab Center Washington DC<\/em>, February 28, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/arabcenterdc.org\/resource\/sisi-intensifies-arms-imports-to-secure-external-support-for-his-policies\/\">https:\/\/arabcenterdc.org\/resource\/sisi-intensifies-arms-imports-to-secure-external-support-for-his-policies\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote90\">90<\/sup> Robert Springborg and F. C. \u201cPink\u201d Williams, <em>The Egyptian Military: A Slumbering Giant Awakes<\/em>, Research Paper, (Beirut, Lebanon: Carnegie Middle East Center, February 28, 2019), <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2019\/02\/28\/egyptian-military-slumbering-giant-awakes-pub-78238\">https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2019\/02\/28\/egyptian-military-slumbering-giant-awakes-pub-78238<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote91\">91<\/sup> Engin Koc, \u201c\u2018Living\u2019 on the Edge: How Ukraine War Deepened Egypt\u2019s Food Crisis,\u201d <em>TRT World<\/em>, July 21, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.trtworld.com\/opinion\/living-on-the-edge-how-ukraine-war-deepened-egypt-s-food-crisis-59038\">https:\/\/www.trtworld.com\/opinion\/living-on-the-edge-how-ukraine-war-deepened-egypt-s-food-crisis-59038<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote92\">92<\/sup> Voice of America (VOA), \u201cPoverty and Inflation: Egypt\u2019s Economy Hit by Global Turmoil,\u201d <em>Associated Press<\/em>, September 25, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/hold-for-pm--poverty-and-inflation-egypt-s-economy-hit-by-global-turmoil\/6762231.html\">https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/hold-for-pm&#8211;poverty-and-inflation-egypt-s-economy-hit-by-global-turmoil\/6762231.html<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote93\">93<\/sup> \u201cEgypt Sees Budget Deficit Narrowing to 5.6% of GDP this Year,\u201d <em>Reuters<\/em>, August 29, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/europe\/egypt-finmin-sees-budget-deficit-narrowing-56-gdp-fy-202223-asharq-tv-2022-08-29\/#:~:text=The debt-to-GDP ratio,to the total%2C he said\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/europe\/egypt-finmin-sees-budget-deficit-narrowing-56-gdp-fy-202223-asharq-tv-2022-08-29\/#:~:text=The%20debt%2Dto%2DGDP%20ratio,to%20the%20total%2C%20he%20said<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote94\">94<\/sup> Patrick Werr, \u201cEgypt Can No Longer Depend on Hot Money for Budget: Finance Minister,\u201d Reuters, June 28, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/europe\/egypt-can-no-longer-depend-hot-money-budget-finance-minister-2022-06-27\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/europe\/egypt-can-no-longer-depend-hot-money-budget-finance-minister-2022-06-27\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote95\">95<\/sup> Mamdouh Al-Wali, \u201c\u2018Hot money\u2019 Leaves Egyptian Debt Instruments 10 times in 16 years,\u201d Middle East Monitor, April 12, 2022, https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor. com\/20220412-hot-money-leaves-egyptian-debtinstruments-10-times-in-16-years\/<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote96\">96<\/sup> Patrick Werr and Nafisa ElTahir, \u201cEgypt\u2019s Central Bank Governor Resigns a Year Early,\u201d Reuters, August 17, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/egypts-cenbank-governor-resigns-appointed-presidential-adviser-statement-2022-08-17\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/egypts-cenbank-governor-resigns-appointed-presidential-adviser-statement-2022-08-17\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote97\">97<\/sup> IMF Communications Department, \u201cEgypt: IMF Reaches Staff-Level Agreement on an Extended Fund Facility Arrangement,\u201d Press Release No. 22\/363, <em>International Monetary Fund<\/em>, October 27, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2022\/10\/26\/pr22363-egypt-imf-reaches-staff-level-agreement-on-an-extended-fund-facility-arrangement\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2022\/10\/26\/pr22363-egypt-imf-reaches-staff-level-agreement-on-an-extended-fund-facility-arrangement<\/a><\/h6>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" 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