{"id":467289,"date":"2022-09-28T14:55:09","date_gmt":"2022-09-28T14:55:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=467289"},"modified":"2024-02-10T10:56:38","modified_gmt":"2024-02-10T10:56:38","slug":"%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d9%82%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d9%82%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f 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name=\"_ednref48\"><sup>48<\/sup><\/a> \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e\u062a\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646&#8221;. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u2013\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629- \u062f\u0641\u0639 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name=\"_ednref75\"><sup>75<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 &#8220;\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;.<a href=\"#endnote76\" name=\"_ednref76\"><sup>76<\/sup><\/a> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 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by Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune],\u201d YouTube, December 19, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=H5w8aiV2GKg\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=H5w8aiV2GKg<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2<\/sup> Current and former government officials, interview by author, Algiers, Algeria, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2022.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tebboune himself admitted openly that Algeria\u2019s foreign policy and diplomacy had lost their aura since the 1990s. See Canal Algerie, \u201c#DIRECT: Entrevue du president de la Republique. Abdelmadjid #Tebboune, avec la presse nationale [Interview with the President of the Republic. Abdelmadjid #Tebboune, with the national press],\u201d Facebook, August 8, 2021 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/EPTVCANALALGERIE\/videos\/560998978587037\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/EPTVCANALALGERIE\/videos\/560998978587037<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3<\/sup> Alg\u00e9rie Press Service, \u201cL&#8217;Alg\u00e9rie adoptera une politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re \u2018dynamique et proactive [Algeria will Adopt a \u2018Dynamic and Proactive\u2019 Foreign Policy],\u201d February 10, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/algerie\/101415-plan-d-action-du-gouvernement-l-algerie-adoptera-une-politique-etrangere-dynamique-et-proactive\">https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/algerie\/101415-plan-d-action-du-gouvernement-l-algerie-adoptera-une-politique-etrangere-dynamique-et-proactive<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4<\/sup> Ardavan Amir-Aslani, <em>L&#8217;\u00e2ge d&#8217;Or de la Diplomatie Alg\u00e9rienne<\/em> (Paris: Editions du Moment, 2015).<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5<\/sup> For an understanding of those tenets, see, Robert Malley, <em>The Call from Algeria\u2014Third Worldism, Revolution, and the Turn to Islam<\/em> (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1996).<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6<\/sup> Assassi Lassassi, <em>Non-Alignment and Algerian Foreign Policy<\/em> (London: Dartmouth Publishing, 1988).<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7<\/sup> These principles can be found in the Algerian Constitution of 1976 (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.conseil-constitutionnel.dz\/pdf\/CONSTITUTION%201976.pdf\">http:\/\/www.conseil-constitutionnel.dz\/pdf\/CONSTITUTION%201976.pdf<\/a>). They are reiterated in the 2020 Constitution, (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Algeria_2020?lang=en\">https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Algeria_2020?lang=en<\/a>).<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8<\/sup> France 24, \u201cREPLAY- Allocation du pr\u00e9sident alg\u00e9rien Abdelmadjid Tebboune [Speech by Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune],\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=H5w8aiV2GKg\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=H5w8aiV2GKg<\/a> . See also, Tebboune\u2019s interview, France 24, \u201cLe president algerien croit a un \u201capaisement\u201d de la situation avec la France [The Algerian President Believes in an \u201cAppeasement\u201d of the Situation with France],\u201d YouTube, July 4, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bw4gjBmnDVk\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bw4gjBmnDVk<\/a> .<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9<\/sup> Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bobin, \u201cLe r\u00e9veil diplomatique de l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie sur le dossier de la guerre en Libye [The Diplomatic Awakening of Algeria on the File of the War in Libya],\u201d Le Monde, January 19, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2020\/01\/17\/le-reveil-diplomatique-d-alger-autour-de-la-libye_6026213_3212.html\">https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2020\/01\/17\/le-reveil-diplomatique-d-alger-autour-de-la-libye_6026213_3212.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10<\/sup> Emirates Policy Center, \u201c<em>Algerian Mediation Project in the Libyan Crisis: Background and Prospects<\/em>,\u201d (Abu Dhabi: Emirates Policy Center, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/epc.ae\/en\/details\/brief\/algerian-mediation-project-in-the-libyan-crisis-background-and-prospects\">https:\/\/epc.ae\/en\/details\/brief\/algerian-mediation-project-in-the-libyan-crisis-background-and-prospects<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11<\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir and Djallil Lounnas, \u201cL\u2019Alg\u00e9rie face \u00e0 l\u2019arc des menaces en Libye et au Mali : Quelle strat\u00e9gie? [Algeria facing the arc of threats in Libya and Mali: What strategy?]\u201d <em>The Maghreb Review<\/em>, 44, no. 1 (2019): 58-90.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12<\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cThe Protracted Civil War in Libya: The Role of Outside Powers,\u201d <em>Insight Turkey<\/em> 22, no. 4 ,(November 2020): 11-27. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25253\/99.2020224.01\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25253\/99.2020224.01<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13<\/sup> Government officials, interview. Algeria is one of the chief specialists in Libyan politics and society, including Libyan tribes, and still has access to important networks there.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14<\/sup> Ibid.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15<\/sup> Government officials, interview.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16<\/sup> Meriem Houali, \u201cIl a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 envoy\u00e9 sp\u00e9cial charg\u00e9 du Sahara Occidental et du Maghreb: Amar Belani, le diplomate que le Makhzen redoute [He was Appointed Special Envoy in Charge of Western Sahara and the Maghreb: Amar Belani, the Diplomat Feared by the Makhzen],\u201d La Patrie News, September 5, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/lapatrienews.dz\/il-a-ete-nomme-envoye-special-charge-du-sahara-occidental-et-du-maghreb-amar-belani-le-diplomate-que-le-makhzen-redoute\/\">https:\/\/lapatrienews.dz\/il-a-ete-nomme-envoye-special-charge-du-sahara-occidental-et-du-maghreb-amar-belani-le-diplomate-que-le-makhzen-redoute\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17<\/sup> Souhail Karam, \u201cPolisario Quits Western Sahara 30-Year Cease-Fire After Clashes,\u201d Bloomberg, November 14, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2020-11-14\/polisario-quits-western-sahara-30-year-cease-fire-after-clashes#xj4y7vzkg\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2020-11-14\/polisario-quits-western-sahara-30-year-cease-fire-after-clashes#xj4y7vzkg<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18<\/sup> The White House, \u201cProclamation on Recognizing the Sovereignty of the Kingdom of Morocco over the Western Sahara,\u201d December 10, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov\/presidential-actions\/proclamation-recognizing-sovereignty-kingdom-morocco-western-sahara\/\">https:\/\/trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov\/presidential-actions\/proclamation-recognizing-sovereignty-kingdom-morocco-western-sahara\/<\/a>. \/<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19<\/sup> Radio France Internationale, \u201cLes propos d\u2019un responsable marocain sur la Kabylie f\u00e2chent l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie [The Words of a Moroccan Official on Kabylie Anger Algeria],\u201d July 19, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rfi.fr\/fr\/afrique\/20210719-les-propos-d-un-responsable-marocain-sur-la-kabylie-f%C3%A2chent-l-alg%C3%A9rie\">https:\/\/www.rfi.fr\/fr\/afrique\/20210719-les-propos-d-un-responsable-marocain-sur-la-kabylie-f%C3%A2chent-l-alg%C3%A9rie<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20<\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cWhy Algeria cut diplomatic ties with Morocco: and implications for the future,\u201d <em>The Conversation<\/em>, September 14, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-algeria-cut-diplomatic-ties-with-morocco-and-implications-for-the-future-167313\">https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-algeria-cut-diplomatic-ties-with-morocco-and-implications-for-the-future-167313<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21<\/sup> Jean-Pierre Filiu, \u201cLe risque en 2022 d\u2019une guerre entre l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie et le Maroc [The risk in 2022 of a war between Algeria and Morocco],\u201d Le Monde, December 26, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/blog\/filiu\/2021\/12\/26\/le-risque-en-2022-dun-conflit-entre-lalgerie-et-le-maroc\/\">https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/blog\/filiu\/2021\/12\/26\/le-risque-en-2022-dun-conflit-entre-lalgerie-et-le-maroc\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote22\">22<\/sup> Anthony Dworkin, \u201c<em>North African Standoff: How The Western Sahara Conflict Is Fueling New Tensions Between Morocco and Algeria<\/em>,\u201d Policy Brief, (London, United Kingdom, European Council on Foreign Relations, 2022) April 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/north-african-standoff-how-the-western-sahara-conflict-is-fuelling-new-tensions-between-morocco-and-algeria\/\">https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/north-african-standoff-how-the-western-sahara-conflict-is-fuelling-new-tensions-between-morocco-and-algeria\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23<\/sup> Algeria has launched new flights, reopened old ones, or increased flights to different parts of Africa (Senegal, Gabon, Niger, Ivory Coast, and Burkina Faso). It has also deployed an ambitious diplomatic and economic strategy on the continent. See, Sa\u00efd Boucetta, \u201cAmbitions africaines [African ambitions],\u201d <em>L\u2019Expression<\/em>, August 15, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lexpressiondz.com\/nationale\/ambitions-africaines-359573\">https:\/\/www.lexpressiondz.com\/nationale\/ambitions-africaines-359573<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24<\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201c<em>Crisis in the Sahel: Causes, Consequences, and the Path Forward<\/em>,\u201d Issue Brief, (Doha, Qatar, Middle East Council on Global Affairs, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/crisis-in-the-sahel-causes-consequences-and-the-path-forward\/\">https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/crisis-in-the-sahel-causes-consequences-and-the-path-forward\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25<\/sup> Mali Actu, \u201cMali: L\u2019accord d\u2019Alger 2015 : Ce qu\u2019il faut en retenir [Mali: The Algiers Agreement 2015: What to remember], \u201d Mali Actu, accessed August 31, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/maliactu.net\/mali-laccord-dalger-2015-ce-quil-faut-en-retenir\/\">https:\/\/maliactu.net\/mali-laccord-dalger-2015-ce-quil-faut-en-retenir\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26<\/sup> Embassy of Algeria in London, \u201cMinister Ramtane Lamamra Pays a Working Visit to Mali,\u201d accessed August 31, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/embassyofalgeria.uk\/uncategorized\/minister-ramtane-lamamra-pays-a-working-visit-to-mali\/\">https:\/\/embassyofalgeria.uk\/uncategorized\/minister-ramtane-lamamra-pays-a-working-visit-to-mali\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27<\/sup> TSA, \u201cL\u2019Alg\u00e9rie veut apaiser les tensions entre la France et le Mali,\u201d [Algeria Wants To Ease Tensions Between France and Mali] September 3, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/lalgerie-veut-apaiser-les-tensions-entre-la-france-et-le-mali\/\">https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/lalgerie-veut-apaiser-les-tensions-entre-la-france-et-le-mali\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28<\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir and Abdelkader Abderrahmane, \u201cAlgeria in the Sahel: Stability and Security,\u201d <em>Politique Etrang\u00e8re<\/em> 87, No. 2 (April 2022): 119-130, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/pe.222.0119\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/pe.222.0119<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote29\">29<\/sup> Savannah Energy (@Savannah_Energy), \u201c#Niger, #Nigeria and Algeria have signed the \u2018Declaration of Niamey\u2019,\u201d Twitter, February 18, 2022, 3:46 a.m., <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Savannah_Energy\/status\/1494639385807052802\">https:\/\/twitter.com\/Savannah_Energy\/status\/1494639385807052802<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote30\">30<\/sup> DW, \u201cAlgeria, Nigeria, Niger Sign MOU on Gas Pipeline to Europe,\u201d July 28, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/algeria-nigeria-niger-sign-mou-on-gas-pipeline-to-europe\/a-62633283\">https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/algeria-nigeria-niger-sign-mou-on-gas-pipeline-to-europe\/a-62633283<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote31\">31<\/sup> African Review, \u201cWest African Ministers Sign Declaration of Niamey, get Trans-Saharan gas pipeline back on track\u201d, February 18, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.africanreview.com\/energy-a-power\/power-generation\/west-african-ministers-sign-declaration-of-niamey-get-trans-saharan-gas-pipeline-back-on-track\">https:\/\/www.africanreview.com\/energy-a-power\/power-generation\/west-african-ministers-sign-declaration-of-niamey-get-trans-saharan-gas-pipeline-back-on-track<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32<\/sup> Ly\u00e8s Menacer, \u201cL\u2019Alg\u00e9rie doit quitter la Ligue arabe [Algeria must leave the Arab League],\u201dAlgerie-dz.com, October 28, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.algerie-dz.com\/forums\/algerie\/8348190-l-algerie-doit-quitter-la-ligue-arabe\">https:\/\/www.algerie-dz.com\/forums\/algerie\/8348190-l-algerie-doit-quitter-la-ligue-arabe<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33<\/sup> In July 2022, Tebboune brought together PLO\u2019s Mahmoud Abbas and HAMAS\u2019 Isma\u00efl Haniyeh with the objective of reconciling the two movements. This was the first meeting of the two Palestinian leaders since 2007. See, Lilia Ait Akli, \u201cTebboune a r\u00e9uni Abbas et Haniyeh : un pas vers la r\u00e9conciliation palestinienne? [Tebboune brings together Abbas and Haniyeh: a step towards Palestinian reconciliation],\u201dLe Jeune Ind\u00e9pendant, July 6, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jeune-independant.net\/tebboune-reunit-a-alger-mahmoud-abbas-et-ismail-haniyeh-un-premier-pas-vers-une-reconciliation-palestinienne\/\">Tebboune r\u00e9uni Abbas et Haniyeh : un pas vers la r\u00e9conciliation palestinienne ? \u2013 Le Jeune Ind\u00e9pendant (jeune-independant.net)<\/a> .<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34<\/sup> Nadia Kerraz, \u201cSommet arabe d\u2019Alger les 1er et 2 novembre 2022 : Unifier les rangs r\u00e9concilier et poursuivre l\u2019action [Algiers Arab Summit on November 1 and 2, 2022: Unify ranks, reconcile and pursue action], \u201d El Moudjahid Nation, March 11, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elmoudjahid.dz\/fr\/nation\/sommet-arabe-d-alger-les-1er-et-2-novembre-2022-unifier-les-rangs-reconcilier-et-poursuivre-l-action-179765\">https:\/\/www.elmoudjahid.dz\/fr\/nation\/sommet-arabe-d-alger-les-1er-et-2-novembre-2022-unifier-les-rangs-reconcilier-et-poursuivre-l-action-179765<\/a> .<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote35\">35<\/sup> Al Ahram Online, \u201cEgypt to host a five-country Arab summit on Monday in New Alamein: Jordanian TV,\u201d August 21, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/english.ahram.org.eg\/NewsContent\/1\/1234\/473555\/Egypt\/Foreign-Affairs\/Egypt-to-host-a-fivecountry-Arab-summit-on-Monday-.aspx\">https:\/\/english.ahram.org.eg\/NewsContent\/1\/1234\/473555\/Egypt\/Foreign-Affairs\/Egypt-to-host-a-fivecountry-Arab-summit-on-Monday-.aspx<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote36\">36<\/sup> Alg\u00e9rie Presse Service, \u201cVisite du pr\u00e9sident Tebboune au Qatar: approfondissement de la coop\u00e9ration bilat\u00e9rale [President Tebboune&#8217;s visit to Qatar: Deepening Bilateral Cooperation],\u201d February 19, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/algerie\/135780-visite-du-president-tebboune-au-qatar-approfondissement-de-la-cooperation-bilaterale\">https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/algerie\/135780-visite-du-president-tebboune-au-qatar-approfondissement-de-la-cooperation-bilaterale<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote37\">37<\/sup> Asmahan Qarjouli, \u201cQatar, Algeria to dive into tourism, real estate investments,\u201d Doha News, June 19, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/dohanews.co\/qatar-algeria-to-dive-into-tourism-real-estate-investments\/\">https:\/\/dohanews.co\/qatar-algeria-to-dive-into-tourism-real-estate-investments\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote38\">38<\/sup> Alg\u00e9rie Presse Service, \u201cLe Kowe\u00eft confirme sa participation au prochain sommet arabe d\u2019Alger [Kuwait confirms its participation in the next Arab summit in Algiers],\u201d February 1, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/algerie\/134899-le-koweit-confirme-sa-participation-au-prochain-sommet-arabe-d-alger\">https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/algerie\/134899-le-koweit-confirme-sa-participation-au-prochain-sommet-arabe-d-alger<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote39\">39<\/sup> Fatma Bendhaou, \u201cAbdelmadjid Tebboune : \u2018Ce qui touche le Kowe\u00eft, le Qatar et l\u2019Arabie Saoudite, touche aussi l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie\u2019 [Abdelmadjid Tebboune: \u2018What affects Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, also affects Algeria],\u201d Anadolu Agency, February 23, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/fr\/afrique\/abdelmadjid-tebboune-ce-qui-touche-le-kowe%C3%AFt-le-qatar-et-l-arabie-saoudite-touche-aussi-l-alg%C3%A9rie-\/2511581\">https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/fr\/afrique\/abdelmadjid-tebboune-ce-qui-touche-le-kowe%C3%AFt-le-qatar-et-l-arabie-saoudite-touche-aussi-l-alg%C3%A9rie-\/2511581<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote40\">40<\/sup> M.B., \u201cFIN DE LA VISITE D\u2019\u00c9TAT DU PR\u00c9SIDENT\u00a0TEBBOUNE \u00c0 RYADH : Nouvelles perspectives pour la coop\u00e9ration\u00a0bilat\u00e9rale [END OF PRESIDENT TEBBOUNE&#8217;S STATE VISIT TO RIYADH: New Perspectives for Bilateral Cooperation],\u201d Le Courrier d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie, February 29, 2020, <a href=\"http:\/\/lecourrier-dalgerie.com\/fin-de-la-visite-detat-du-president-tebboune-a-ryadh-nouvelles-perspectives-pour-la-cooperation-bilaterale\/\">http:\/\/lecourrier-dalgerie.com\/fin-de-la-visite-detat-du-president-tebboune-a-ryadh-nouvelles-perspectives-pour-la-cooperation-bilaterale\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote41\">41<\/sup> The North Africa Post, \u201cGulf countries Reiterate Support for Morocco on Sahara Issue,\u201d January 26, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/55174-gulf-countries-reiterate-support-for-morocco-on-sahara-issue.html\">https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/55174-gulf-countries-reiterate-support-for-morocco-on-sahara-issue.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote42\">42<\/sup> Abdulaziz Kilani, \u201cHow the GCC Views the Algeria-Morocco Rift,\u201d Gulf International Forum, September 15, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/gulfif.org\/how-the-gcc-views-the-algeria-morocco-rift\/\">https:\/\/gulfif.org\/how-the-gcc-views-the-algeria-morocco-rift\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote43\">43<\/sup> MENAFN, \u201c40 percent of foreign investment in Morocco are from GCC, with Significant Proportion Invested into Real Estate,\u201d March 23, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/menafn.com\/1098293858\/40-percent-of-foreign-investment-in-Morocco-are-from-GCC-with-significant-proportion-invested-into-real-estate\">https:\/\/menafn.com\/1098293858\/40-percent-of-foreign-investment-in-Morocco-are-from-GCC-with-significant-proportion-invested-into-real-estate<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote44\">44<\/sup> Compiled by the author from United Nations COMTRADE, <a href=\"https:\/\/comtrade.un.org\/data\/\">https:\/\/comtrade.un.org\/data\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote45\">45<\/sup> Le Monde &amp; AFP, \u201cApr\u00e8s trois mois de crise, Alger r\u00e9tablit son ambassadeur \u00e0 Paris [After Three Months of Crisis, Algiers Restores its Ambassador to Paris],\u201d January 6, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2022\/01\/06\/apres-trois-mois-de-crise-alger-retablit-son-ambassadeur-a-paris_6108388_3212.html\">https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2022\/01\/06\/apres-trois-mois-de-crise-alger-retablit-son-ambassadeur-a-paris_6108388_3212.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote46\">46<\/sup> Sofiane Orus-Boudjema, \u201cAlg\u00e9rie-France : y avait-il une nation alg\u00e9rienne avant la colonisation fran\u00e7aise? [Algeria-France: was there an Algerian nation before French colonization?]\u201d Jeune Afrique, October 9, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1247481\/politique\/algerie-france-y-avait-il-une-nation-algerienne-avant-la-colonisation-francaise\/\">https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1247481\/politique\/algerie-france-y-avait-il-une-nation-algerienne-avant-la-colonisation-francaise\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote47\">47<\/sup> TSA, \u201cAlg\u00e9rie\u2013France: Tebboune qualifie de \u2018r\u00e9ussite\u2019 la visite de Macron,\u201d [Algeria-France: Tebboune qualifies Macron\u2019s visit as a \u201csuccess\u201d] August 27, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.dz\/algerie-france-tebboune-qualifie-de-reussite-la-visite-de-macron\">https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.dz\/algerie-france-tebboune-qualifie-de-reussite-la-visite-de-macron<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote48\">48<\/sup> Marcos Bartolom\u00e9, \u201cWhy is Madrid Pandering to Morocco?,\u201d Foreign Policy, May 13, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2022\/05\/13\/spain-sanchez-morocco-polisario-western-sahara-algeria\/\">https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2022\/05\/13\/spain-sanchez-morocco-polisario-western-sahara-algeria\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote49\">49<\/sup> TSA, \u201cAlg\u00e9rie-Espagne : de nouvelles retomb\u00e9es de la crise [Algeria-Spain: new fallout from the crisis],\u201dJuly 20, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/algerie-espagne-de-nouvelles-retombees-de-la-crise\/\">https:\/\/www.tsa-algerie.com\/algerie-espagne-de-nouvelles-retombees-de-la-crise\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote50\">50<\/sup> Alg\u00e9rie Presse Service, \u201dAlgeria, Italy sign 15 MoUs, bilateral cooperation agreements,\u201d July 18, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/en\/economy\/44356-algeria-italy-sign-15-mous-bilateral-cooperation-agreements\">https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/en\/economy\/44356-algeria-italy-sign-15-mous-bilateral-cooperation-agreements<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote51\">51<\/sup> El Moudjahid Nation, \u201c4e sommet intergouvernemental Alg\u00e9ro-italien: 15 m\u00e9morandums d\u2019entente et accords de coop\u00e9ration sign\u00e9s [4th Algerian-Italian Intergovernmental Summit: 15 Memoranda of Understanding and cooperation agreements signed],\u201d July 16, 2022,<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elmoudjahid.dz\/fr\/nation\/4e-sommet-intergouvernemental-algero-italien-15-memorandums-d-entente-et-accords-de-cooperation-signes-185861\">https:\/\/www.elmoudjahid.dz\/fr\/nation\/4e-sommet-intergouvernemental-algero-italien-15-memorandums-d-entente-et-accords-de-cooperation-signes-185861<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote52\">52<\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cThe United States and Algeria: A New Strategic Partnership?\u201d <em>Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies<\/em> <em>(in Asia),<\/em> 5, no. 4 (December 2011): 1-27, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19370679.2011.12023188\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19370679.2011.12023188<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote53\">53<\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201c<em>Sino-Algerian relations: The consolidation of a long-standing relationship<\/em>,\u201d Hybrid CoE Research Report 5, (Helsinki, Finland: Hybrid COE, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hybridcoe.fi\/publications\/hybrid-threat-activity-in-the-mena-region-state-and-non-state-actors-seeking-status-and-expanding-influence\/\">https:\/\/www.hybridcoe.fi\/publications\/hybrid-threat-activity-in-the-mena-region-state-and-non-state-actors-seeking-status-and-expanding-influence\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote54\">54<\/sup> Pieter D. Wezeman, Alexandra Kuimova &amp; Siemon T. Wezeman, \u201c<em>Trends in International\u00a0<\/em><em>Arms Transfers, 2020<\/em>,\u201d (Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, March 2021), accessed September 4, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/sipri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-03\/fs_2103_at_2020_v2.pdf\">https:\/\/sipri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-03\/fs_2103_at_2020_v2.pdf<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote55\">55<\/sup> AL24news, \u201cLes points forts de la rencontre p\u00e9riodique du Pr\u00e9sident Tebboune avec la presse [Highlights of President Tebboune&#8217;s Periodic Meeting with the Press],\u201d YouTube, April 24, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KraUXFbqvIk\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KraUXFbqvIk<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote56\">56<\/sup> Anthony Blinken, \u201cRemarks to Mission Algeria,\u201d US Embassy in Algiers, March 30, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-remarks-to-mission-algeria\/\">https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-remarks-to-mission-algeria\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote57\">57<\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cThe United States and Algeria: Hostility, Pragmatism, and Partnership,\u201d in<em> Handbook of US- Middle East Relations: Formative Factors and Regional Perspectives<\/em>, ed. Robert E. Looney (London &amp; NY: Routledge, 2009), 219-236.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote58\">58<\/sup> Abdelkader Abderrahmane, \u201c\u00c9missaire de l\u2019ONU en Libye : \u00e0 travers le blocage de Lamamra, c\u2019est l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie qui est cibl\u00e9e [UN envoy to Libya: through the blocking of Lamamra, it is Algeria that is targeted],\u201d Middle East Eye, April 30, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/opinion-fr\/algerie-libye-lamamra-onu-diplomatie-sahel\">https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/opinion-fr\/algerie-libye-lamamra-onu-diplomatie-sahel<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote59\">59<\/sup> Alg\u00e9rie Focus, \u201cL\u2019Alg\u00e9rie accuse Washington d\u2019\u00eatre \u00e0 l\u2019origine du refus des EAU de nommer Boukadoum comme envoy\u00e9 de l\u2019ONU en Libye [Algeria Accuses Washington of Being Behind UAE&#8217;s Refusal to Appoint Boukadoum as UN Envoy to Libya],\u201d July 6, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.algerie-focus.com\/lalgerie-accuse-washington-detre-a-lorigine-du-refus-des-eau-de-nommer-boukadoum-comme-envoye-de-lonu-en-libye\/\">https:\/\/www.algerie-focus.com\/lalgerie-accuse-washington-detre-a-lorigine-du-refus-des-eau-de-nommer-boukadoum-comme-envoye-de-lonu-en-libye\/<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote60\">60<\/sup> The White House, \u201cProclamation on Recognizing the Sovereignty of the Kingdom of Morocco over the Western Sahara,\u201d December 10, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov\/presidential-actions\/proclamation-recognizing-sovereignty-kingdom-morocco-western-sahara\/\">https:\/\/trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov\/presidential-actions\/proclamation-recognizing-sovereignty-kingdom-morocco-western-sahara\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote61\">61<\/sup> Giorgio Cafiero, \u201cWhy US-Algeria Relations are at Their Lowest Point in Years,\u201d TRT World, December 23, 2021,<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.trtworld.com\/opinion\/why-us-algeria-relations-are-at-their-lowest-point-in-years-52926\">https:\/\/www.trtworld.com\/opinion\/why-us-algeria-relations-are-at-their-lowest-point-in-years-52926<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote62\">62<\/sup> Oded Yaron, \u201cIsraeli Arms exports to Morocco: From Pegasus to Kamikaze drones,\u201d Haaretz, July 19, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/israel-news\/security-aviation\/2022-07-19\/ty-article-timeline\/.premium\/israel-morocco-arms-sales-pegasus-harop-kamikaze-drones-barak-missiles\/00000182-10f9-d1ad-a1b7-1ffd14150000\">https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/israel-news\/security-aviation\/2022-07-19\/ty-article-timeline\/.premium\/israel-morocco-arms-sales-pegasus-harop-kamikaze-drones-barak-missiles\/00000182-10f9-d1ad-a1b7-1ffd14150000<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote63\">63<\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cChina&#8217;s Relations with Algeria: From Revolutionary Friendship to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership,\u201d in <em>China and North Africa: Between Economics, Politics and Security<\/em>, ed. Adel Abdel-Ghafar (London: I.B. Tauris, 2021), 126\u2013165.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote64\">64<\/sup> Minist\u00e8re des Finances, Statistiques du Commerce Ext\u00e9rieur de l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie: Ann\u00e9e 2020, Algeria, January 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.douane.gov.dz\/IMG\/pdf\/statistiques_du_commerce_exterieur_de_l_algerie_annee_2020.pdf\">https:\/\/www.douane.gov.dz\/IMG\/pdf\/statistiques_du_commerce_exterieur_de_l_algerie_annee_2020.pdf<\/a> (accessed September 4, 2022).<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote65\">65<\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cAlgeria and China: Shifts in Political and Military Relations,\u201d <em>Global Policy<\/em>, (July 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.10.1111\/1758-5899.13115\">https:\/\/doi.10.1111\/1758-5899.13115<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote66\">66<\/sup> The Washington Post, \u201cNancy Pelosi Departs Taiwan, Ending Contentious Visit that Angered China,\u201d August 2, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2022\/08\/02\/nancy-pelosi-taiwan-visit\/\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2022\/08\/02\/nancy-pelosi-taiwan-visit\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote67\">67<\/sup> The three communiques on U.S.-China are reiterated in Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC, \u201cVice Foreign Minister Ma Zhaoxu on Pelosi\u2019s Visit to Taiwan,\u201d August 9, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/mfa_eng\/wjbxw\/202208\/t20220809_10738069.html\">https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/mfa_eng\/wjbxw\/202208\/t20220809_10738069.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote68\">68<\/sup> Cited in CGTN, \u201cForeign Envoys Express Opposition to Pelosi&#8217;s Visit to China&#8217;s Taiwan Region,\u201d August 6, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/news.cgtn.com\/news\/2022-08-06\/Foreign-envoys-express-opposition-to-Pelosi-s-visit-to-China-s-Taiwan-1cgT5vVEVRm\/index.html\">https:\/\/news.cgtn.com\/news\/2022-08-06\/Foreign-envoys-express-opposition-to-Pelosi-s-visit-to-China-s-Taiwan-1cgT5vVEVRm\/index.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote69\">69<\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cMaking up for lost time Russia and Central Maghreb,\u201d in <em>Russian Foreign Policy towards the Middle East-New Trends, Old Traditions, <\/em>ed. Nikolay Kozhanov (London: Hurst, 2022).<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote70\">70<\/sup> Arab Observer, \u201cFirst of its kind: Joint Russian-Algerian Tactical Exercise Launched,\u201d October 4, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabobserver.com\/first-of-its-kind-joint-russian-algerian-tactical-exercise-launched\/\">https:\/\/www.arabobserver.com\/first-of-its-kind-joint-russian-algerian-tactical-exercise-launched\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote71\">71<\/sup> Algerie Patriotique, \u201cParticipation de l\u2019ANP \u00e0 l\u2019exercice strat\u00e9gique de commandement et d\u2019\u00e9tat-major \u2018Est-2022\u2019 en Russie [Participation of the PNA in the strategic command and staff exercise \u201cEst-2022\u201d in Russia],\u201d September 1, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.algeriepatriotique.com\/2022\/09\/01\/participation-de-lanp-a-lexercice-strategique-de-commandement-et-detat-major-est-2022-en-russie\/\">https:\/\/www.algeriepatriotique.com\/2022\/09\/01\/participation-de-lanp-a-lexercice-strategique-de-commandement-et-detat-major-est-2022-en-russie\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote72\">72<\/sup> MENA Defense, \u201cExercice militaire alg\u00e9ro-russe \u00e0 Hammaguir en novembre [Algerian-Russian military exercise in Hammaguir in November],\u201d August 9, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.menadefense.net\/algerie\/exercice-militaire-algero-russe-a-hammaguir-en-novembre\/\">https:\/\/www.menadefense.net\/algerie\/exercice-militaire-algero-russe-a-hammaguir-en-novembre\/<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote73\">73<\/sup> Akram Belka\u00efd, \u201cMaghreb-Ukraine (1). L\u2019Alg\u00e9rie et le Maroc refusent de choisir,\u201d [Maghreb-Ukrain (1)\u00a0: Algeria and Morocco refuse to choose] <em>Orient XXI<\/em>, May 19, 2022,<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/orientxxi.info\/magazine\/maghreb-ukraine-1-l-algerie-et-le-maroc-refusent-de-choisir,5603\">https:\/\/orientxxi.info\/magazine\/maghreb-ukraine-1-l-algerie-et-le-maroc-refusent-de-choisir,5603<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote74\">74<\/sup> Alg\u00e9rie Presse Service, \u201cONU: l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie vote contre la d\u00e9cision de suspension de la Russie du Conseil des droits de l&#8217;Homme [UN: Algeria votes against decision to suspend Russia from Human Rights Council]\u201d, April 8, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/algerie\/138307-onu-l-algerie-vote-contre-la-decision-de-suspension-de-la-russie-du-conseil-des-droits-de-l-homme\">https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/algerie\/138307-onu-l-algerie-vote-contre-la-decision-de-suspension-de-la-russie-du-conseil-des-droits-de-l-homme<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote75\">75<\/sup> Alg\u00e9rie Press Service, \u201cConflit en Ukraine: Lamamra en visite lundi \u00e0 Moscou [Conflict in Ukraine: Lamamra visits Moscow on Monday],\u201d April 3, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/algerie\/138152-conflit-en-ukraine-lamamra-en-visite-lundi-a-moscou-en-compagnie-des-ministres-des-ae-du-groupe-de-contact-arabe\">https:\/\/www.aps.dz\/algerie\/138152-conflit-en-ukraine-lamamra-en-visite-lundi-a-moscou-en-compagnie-des-ministres-des-ae-du-groupe-de-contact-arabe<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote76\">76<\/sup> \u201cChina and Algeria are about to sign the China-Algeria Belt and Road Initiative,\u201d Seetao, accessed September 4, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.seetao.com\/details\/145615.html\">https:\/\/www.seetao.com\/details\/145615.html<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote77\">77<\/sup> M.B., \u201cLavrov a transmis une invitation officielle \u00e0 Tebboune pour une visite en Russie en assurant : \u2018Nous appr\u00e9cions hautement la position alg\u00e9rienne [Lavrov Extended an Official Invitation to Tebboune for a Visit to Russia, Saying: \u201cWe Highly Appreciate the Algerian Position],\u201d El Watan-dz, May 12, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/elwatan-dz.com\/lavrov-a-transmis-une-invitation-officielle-a-tebboune-pour-une-visite-en-russie-en-assurant-nous-apprecions-hautement-la-position-algerienne\">https:\/\/elwatan-dz.com\/lavrov-a-transmis-une-invitation-officielle-a-tebboune-pour-une-visite-en-russie-en-assurant-nous-apprecions-hautement-la-position-algerienne<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote78\">78<\/sup> Tayeb Belghiche, \u201cMohammed VI autorise l\u2019implantation de bases militaires isra\u00e9liennes au Maroc : Rabat joue avec le feu [Mohammed VI Authorizes the Establishment of Israeli Military Bases in Morocco: Rabat is Playing with Fire],\u201d El-Watan-dz, August 23, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/elwatan-dz.com\/mohammed-vi-autorise-limplantation-de-bases-militaires-israeliennes-au-maroc-rabat-joue-avec-le-feu\">https:\/\/elwatan-dz.com\/mohammed-vi-autorise-limplantation-de-bases-militaires-israeliennes-au-maroc-rabat-joue-avec-le-feu<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote79\">79<\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir. \u201c\u2018The Giant Afraid of Its Shadow\u2019: Algeria, the Reluctant Middle Power,\u201d in <em>Unfulfilled Aspirations: Middle Power Politics in the Middle East, <\/em>ed<em>. <\/em>Adham Saouli (London: Hurst Publisher, 2020) 67-90.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote80\">80<\/sup> Arab News, \u201cTebboune \u00e9voque une adh\u00e9sion de l&#8217;Alg\u00e9rie aux Brics [Tebboune Evokes an Accession of Algeria to the Brics],\u201d August 1, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/arabnews.fr\/node\/272796\/monde-arabe\">https:\/\/arabnews.fr\/node\/272796\/monde-arabe<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0623\u0631\u063a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u0651\u062d \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u064f\u062e\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0650\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a 19 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019\u060c  \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":467625,"template":"","categories":[64],"institution":[],"geographic_area":[113,86],"programs":[],"publication_type":[90],"class_list":["post-467289","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64","geographic_area-113","geographic_area-86","publication_type-90","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/467289","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/467625"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=467289"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=467289"},{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=467289"},{"taxonomy":"geographic_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geographic_area?post=467289"},{"taxonomy":"programs","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/programs?post=467289"},{"taxonomy":"publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication_type?post=467289"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}