{"id":1488,"date":"2022-06-02T14:56:49","date_gmt":"2022-06-02T14:56:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil-backend.hellotree.dev\/?post_type=publication&p=1488"},"modified":"2024-08-04T09:24:59","modified_gmt":"2024-08-04T09:24:59","slug":"%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%84-%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d9%88%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%ac","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%84-%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d9%88%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%ac\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644: \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0651\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u064a\u0651 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
<\/h5>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/h5>\n
1<\/sup>. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0648 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0647\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/h6>\n
2<\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cSecurity Challenges, Migration, Instability and Terrorism in the Sahel,\u201d in IEMed Mediterranean Yearbook 2017 (Barcelona, Spain: Institute of the Mediterranean, IEmed, September 2017), 134-140, https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/publication\/security-challenges-migration-instability-and-violent-extremism-in-the-sahel\/<\/a><\/h6>\n
3<\/sup> Ricardo Ren\u00e9 Laremont, \u201cClimate Change in the Western Sahel,\u201d African Studies Review 64, no. 4, (2021): 748-759, https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/4B1C23B6C75E9F1BBB5560306F893A5C\/S0002020621001451a.pdf\/asr_volume_64_issue_4_cover_and_front_matter.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n
4<\/sup> United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA), \u201cThe Sahel: Converging Challenges, Compounding Risks: A Region under High Pressure\u201d, Information Sheet (UN OCHA, 2016), 1, https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/sites\/reliefweb.int\/files\/resources\/Sahel%20Info%20Sheet%20Jan%202016.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n
5<\/sup> Alicia Piveteau, \u201cThe Sahel is a demographic bomb,\u201d D\u00e9fis humanitaires, August 2, 2021, https:\/\/defishumanitaires.com\/en\/2021\/08\/02\/the-sahel-is-a-demographic-bomb-2\/<\/a><\/h6>\n
6<\/sup> \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u062d. \u0632\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 Population Reference Bureau\u2019s 2020 World Population Data Sheet. \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:Yahia H. Zoubir & Abdelkader Abderrahmane. \u201cPolitical, Economic, and Security Challenges in North Africa,\u201d in, North Africa 2030: What the future holds for the region, eds. Karim Mezran and Armando Sanguini (The Atlantic Council: 2021), 22. https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/report-ISPI-ATLANTIC-COUNCIL-2021_chapter-1.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n
7<\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cQaddafi\u2019s Spawn\u201d<\/h6>\n
8<\/sup> Mohamed Mahmoud Mohamed Salah, \u201cThreats to Peace and Security in the Sahel: Responding to the Crisis in Mali,\u201d Issue Brief, (International Peace Institute: 2012), https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/resrep09509.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n
9<\/sup> \u201cPan Sahel Initiative,\u201d U.S. Department of State, November 7, 2002. https:\/\/2001-2009.state.gov\/s\/ct\/rls\/other\/14987.htm<\/a><\/h6>\n
10<\/sup> Stephen M. Walt, \u201cThe \u2018Safe Haven\u2019 Myth,\u201d Foreign Policy, August 18, 2009, https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2009\/08\/18\/the-safe-haven-myth-2<\/a><\/h6>\n
11<\/sup> Jennifer G. Cooke, Thomas M. Sanderson J. Caleb Johnson, and Benjamin Hubner, Militancy and the Arc of Instability: Violent Extremism in the Sahel, (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers \/ Center for Strategic & International Studies: 2016), 5-7, http:\/\/csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com\/s3fs-public\/publication\/160922_Sanderson_MilitancyArcInstabilitySahel_Web.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n
12<\/sup> \u201cTrans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership,\u201d US Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, February 14, 2019, https:\/\/www.state.gov\/trans-sahara-counterterrorism-partnership\/<\/a><\/h6>\n
13<\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cThe United States and Maghreb\u2014Sahel Security,\u201d International Affairs 85, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 977\u201395, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2346.2009.00842.x<\/a><\/h6>\n
14<\/sup>Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cQaddafi\u2019s Spawn”<\/h6>\n
15<\/sup> Yahia H. Zoubir, \u201cAlgeria and the Sahelian Quandary: The Limits of Containment Security Policy,\u201d in The Sahel: Europe\u2019s African Borders, eds. D. Ghanem-Yazbeck, R. Barras Tejudo, G. Faleg, and Y. Zoubir (European Institute of the Mediterranean and EuroMeSCo: 2018), 70-95. https:\/\/www.euromesco.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/EuroMeSCo-Joint-Policy-Study-8_The_Sahel_Europe_African_Border.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n
16<\/sup> Flintlock, United Sates Africa Command, accessed March 20, 2022, https:\/\/www.africom.mil\/what-we-do\/exercises\/flintlock<\/a><\/h6>\n
17<\/sup> \u201cOp\u00e9ration Serval au Mali : une ann\u00e9e de lutte contre les djihadistes [Operation Serval in Mali: a year of fighting jihadists],\u201d France 24, January 10, 2014, https:\/\/www.france24.com\/fr\/20140110-mali-operation-serval-armee-francaise-contre-islamiste<\/a><\/h6>\n
18<\/sup> Michel Goya, \u201cBarkhane – Une analyse de l\u2019engagement militaire fran\u00e7ais au Sahel [Barkhane – An analysis of the French military engagement in the Sahel],\u201d Institut Montaigne, February 16, 2021, https:\/\/www.institutmontaigne.org\/blog\/barkhane-une-analyse-de-lengagement-militaire-francais-au-sahel<\/a><\/h6>\n
19<\/sup> Kamissa Camara, \u201cIt Is Time to Rethink U.S. Strategy in the Sahel,\u201d United States Institute of Peace, Analysis and Commentary, April 15, 2021, https:\/\/www.usip.org\/publications\/2021\/04\/it-time-rethink-us-strategy-sahel<\/a><\/h6>\n
20<\/sup >Louis Balmond and Marc Antoine P\u00e9rouse de Montclos, Une guerre perdue : la France au Sahel [A lost war : France in the Sahel] (Paris: J.-C. Latt\u00e8s, 2020).<\/sup><\/h6>\n
21<\/sup> Gr\u00e9goire Sauvage, \u201cSecurity in the Sahel: Is the Takuba Task Force still welcome in Mali?,\u201d France 24, January 28, 2022, https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20220128-security-in-the-sahel-is-the-takuba-task-force-still-welcome-in-mali<\/a><\/h6>\n
22<\/sup> Cathy Dogon, \u201cBarkhane: le co\u00fbt de l\u2019op\u00e9ration militaire (et civile) au Mali [Barkhane: the cost of the military (and civilian) operation in Mali],\u201d Pour l\u2019\u00c9co, June 14, 2021, https:\/\/www.pourleco.com\/politique-economique\/barkhane-cout-de-loperation-militaire-et-civile-au-mali<\/a><\/h6>\n
23<\/sup> Jennifer G. Cooke, Boris Toucas and Kartrin Heger, \u201cUnderstanding the G5 Sahel Joint Force: fighting terror, building regional security?,\u201d Commentary, (Washington DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies, 2017), 3, https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/understanding-g5-sahel-joint-force-fighting-terror-building-regional-security<\/a><\/h6>\n
24<\/sup> Denis M. Tull, \u201cContesting France: Rumors, Intervention and the Politics of Truth in Mali,\u201d Critique Internationale 90, no. 1 (2021): 151-171, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/ceri\/sites\/sciencespo.fr.ceri\/files\/ci90_mali_eng.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n
25<\/sup> Bernard Adam, Mali de l\u2019intervention militaire fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 la reconstruction de l\u2019Etat [Mali from the French military intervention to the reconstruction of the state], (Brussels: Group for Research and Information on Peace and Security, 2013), https:\/\/grip.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/Rapport_2013-3.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n
26<\/sup> The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), Mali, March 1, 2022, https:\/\/eiti.org\/mali#:~:text=Mali%20has%20rich%20deposits%20of,Hombori%2C%20Tilemsi%20and%20western%20Mali<\/a><\/h6>\n
27<\/sup> Joseph Kiprop, \u201cWhat Are The Major Natural Resources Of Niger?,\u201d World Atlas, March 18, 2019, https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-are-the-major-natural-resources-of-niger.html<\/a><\/h6>\n
28<\/sup> Panira Ali, \u201cColonialism to Neo-Colonialism in Mali: An Analytical Study,\u201d Journal of European Studies 34, no. 2 (2018), 127, http:\/\/www.cpsd.org.pk\/Colonialism-to-Neo-Colonialism-in-Mali-An-Analytical-Study.php<\/a><\/h6>\n
29<\/sup> Mathieu Rigouste \u201cQue fait l\u2019arm\u00e9e fran\u00e7aise au Sahel? [What is the French army doing in the Sahel?],\u201d Orient XXl, October 13, 2017, https:\/\/orientxxi.info\/magazine\/que-fait-l-armee-francaise-au-sahel,2041<\/a><\/h6>\n
30<\/sup> Human Development Report, The next frontier: Human development and the Anthropocene, (New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2020), https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/hdr2020.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n
31<\/sup> Thomas Pierre and Christophe Decroix, \u201cG5 Sahel : quel bilan dresser de l’op\u00e9ration Barkhane? [G5 Sahel: what is the outcome of the Barkhane operation?],\u201d RTL, February 16, 2021, https:\/\/www.rtl.fr\/actu\/international\/g5-sahel-quel-bilan-dresser-de-l-operation-barkhane-7900001728<\/a><\/h6>\n
32<\/sup> Goya, Barkhane – Une analyse de l\u2019engagement militaire fran\u00e7ais au Sahel<\/h6>\n
33<\/sup> Marie Vallerey, \u201cL’Alg\u00e9rie grande absente du G5 Sahel [Algeria the big absent from the G5 Sahel],\u201d TV5 Monde, August 5, 2017, https:\/\/information.tv5monde.com\/afrique\/l-algerie-grande-absente-du-g5-sahel-184324<\/a><\/h6>\n
34<\/sup> Seidik Abba, \u201cLa s\u00e9curit\u00e9 au Sahel se construit sans l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie : jusqu\u2019\u00e0 quand ? [Security in the Sahel is built without Algeria: until when?],\u201d Le Monde, March 24, 2016, https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2016\/03\/24\/la-securite-au-sahel-se-construit-sans-l-algerie-jusqu-a-quand_4889730_3212.html<\/a><\/h6>\n
35<\/sup> Damien Deltenre, \u201cGestion des ressources min\u00e9rales et conflits au Mali et au Niger [Mineral resource management and conflict in Mali and Niger], \u201d NAQD 1, no. 31 (2014): 223-246, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/naqd.031.0223<\/a><\/h6>\n
36<\/sup> \u201cMali,\u201d World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples, https:\/\/minorityrights.org\/country\/mali\/<\/a>
\n\u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a 20 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2022.<\/h6>\n
37<\/sup> Jean-Herv\u00e9 Jezequel, \u201cCentral Mali: Putting a Stop to Ethnic Cleansing,\u201d International Crisis Group, March 25, 2019, https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/sahel\/mali\/centre-du-mali-enrayer-le-nettoyage-ethnique<\/a><\/h6>\n
38<\/sup> International Crisis Group, Reversing Central Mali\u2019s Descent into Communal Violence, Africa Report No 293 (Brussels, Belgium: International Crisis Group, 2020), https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/sahel\/mali\/293-enrayer-la-communautarisation-de-la-violence-au-centre-du-mali<\/a><\/h6>\n
39<\/sup> Council of the European Union, Council conclusions on the European Union\u2019s Integrated Strategy in the Sahel, (Brussels, Belgium: Council of the European Union, April 16, 2021), 2, https:\/\/data.consilium.europa.eu\/doc\/document\/ST-7723-2021-INIT\/en\/pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n
40<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/h6>\n
41<\/sup> \u201cHistory,\u201d United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA), https:\/\/minusma.unmissions.org\/en\/history<\/a><\/h6>\n
42<\/sup> Council of the European Union, Council conclusions on the European Union\u2019s Integrated Strategy in the Sahel, 6<\/h6>\n
43<\/sup> Human Rights Watch, \u201cSahel: End Abuses in Counterterrorism Operations,\u201d February 13, 2021, https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2021\/02\/13\/sahel-end-abuses-counterterrorism-operations<\/a><\/h6>\n
44<\/sup> \u201cUN finds French strike in Mali in January killed 19 civilians; France refutes report,\u201d France 24, March 30, 2021, https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/live-news\/20210330-un-probe-finds-french-strike-in-mali-in-january-killed-19-civilians<\/a><\/h6>\n
45<\/sup> Human Rights Watch, \u201cMali: New Wave of Executions of Civilians,\u201d March 15, 2022, https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2022\/03\/15\/mali-new-wave-executions-civilians<\/a><\/h6>\n
46<\/sup> International Crisis Group, Mali: Avoiding Escalation, Africa Report no.189 (Brussels, Belgium: International Crisis Group, 2021), 4-6, https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/sites\/reliefweb.int\/files\/resources\/189-mali-avoiding-escalation-english.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n
47<\/sup> Paul Lorgerie, \u201cLe Mali, pays de transit de la drogue vers l’Europe [Mali, a transit country for drugs to Europe],\u201d Deutsche Welle, June 21, 2021, https:\/\/www.dw.com\/fr\/mali-drogue-narcotrafic-europe\/a-57978984<\/a><\/h6>\n
48<\/sup> Jamie Doward, \u201cDrug seizures in West Africa prompt fears of terrorist links,\u201d The Guardian, November 29, 2009, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2009\/nov\/29\/drugs-cocaine-africa-al-qaida<\/a><\/h6>\n
49<\/sup> Abdelkader Abderrahmane, \u201cThe dire situation in the north of Mali is further complicated by the growing presence of drug traffickers,\u201d Institute for Security Studies, August 6, 2012, https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/drug-trafficking-and-the-crisis-in-mali<\/a><\/h6>\n
50<\/sup> Laurent Larcher, \u201cL\u2019Afrique, paradis des narcotrafiquants [Africa, a paradise for drug traffickers],\u201d La Croix, February 9, 2022, https:\/\/www.la-croix.com\/JournalV2\/LAfrique-paradis-narcotrafiquants-2022-02-09-1101199253<\/a><\/h6>\n
51<\/sup> Etienne Gatanazi, \u201cLe narcoterrorisme, une nouvelle source de d\u00e9stabilisation en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest? [Is narcoterrorism a new source of destabilization in West Africa?],\u201d Deutsche Welle, March 2, 2022, https:\/\/www.dw.com\/fr\/le-narcoterrorisme-une-nouvelle-source-de-d%C3%A9stabilisation-en-afrique-de-louest\/a-60652067<\/a><\/h6>\n
52<\/sup> Abdelkader Abderrahmane, \u201cThe Sahel: A Crossroads between Criminality and Terrorism,\u201d French Institute of International Relations, October 10, 2012, https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/actuelleabderrahmane.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064753<\/sup><\/h6>\n
54<\/sup>Jean-Michel Bos, \u201cLa Guin\u00e9e-Bissau et le Mali au c\u0153ur du trafic [Guinea-Bissau and Mali at the heart of the traffic],\u201d Deutsche Welle, June 18, 2021, https:\/\/www.dw.com\/fr\/trafic-drogues-afrique-guin%C3%A9e-bissau-mali\/a-57818593<\/a><\/h6>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647.55<\/sup><\/h6>\n
56<\/sup> \u201cHope Springs from Sacrifice in West Africa\u2019s Gold Mines,\u201d United Nations International Organization for Migration Storyteller, January 2020. https:\/\/storyteller.iom.int\/stories\/hope-springs-sacrifice-west-africas-gold-mines?utm<\/a><\/h6>\n
57<\/sup> Abdelkader Abderrahmane, \u201cMali: West Africa\u2019s Hub for Illegal Gold Trade with Dubai,\u201d ENACT Africa, March 11, 2022, https:\/\/enactafrica.org\/enact-observer\/mali-west-africas-hub-for-illegal-gold-trade-with-dubai<\/a><\/h6>\n
58<\/sup> Baz Lecocq and Georg Klute, \u201cTuareg Separatism in Mali,\u201d International Journal 68, no. 3 (2013): 424\u201334, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0020702013505431<\/a><\/h6>\n
59<\/sup> Vincent Joly, \u201cDu soudan fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 la r\u00e9publique du Mali. Une ind\u00e9pendance dans la douleur (1956-1961) [From the French Sudan to the Republic of Mali. An independence in pain, 1956-1961],\u201d in De Gaulle et la d\u00e9colonisation de l\u2019Afrique Sub-Saharienne [De Gaulle and the decolonization of Sub-Saharan Africa], eds. Philippe Oulmont and Maurice Va\u00efsse (Paris: Khartala, 2014).<\/h6>\n
60<\/sup> The failed path to national unity in Roots of Mali\u2019s Conflict, Gr\u00e9gory Chauzal and Thibault van Damme, Conflict Research Unit Report (Clingendael, March 2015), https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2015\/the_roots_of_malis_conflict\/1_the_failed_path_to_national_unity\/<\/a><\/h6>\n
61<\/sup> Susanna D. Wing, \u201cAnother Coup in Mali? Here\u2019s What You Need to Know.\u201d Washington Post, May 28, 2021, https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/2021\/05\/28\/another-coup-mali-heres-what-you-need-know\/<\/a><\/h6>\n
62<\/sup> Marielle Harrix, Catrina Doxsee, and Jared Thompson, \u201cThe End of Operation Barkhane and the Future of Counterterrorism in Mali,\u201d International Crisis Group, March 2, 2022, https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/end-operation-barkhane-and-future-counterterrorism-mali<\/a><\/h6>\n
63<\/sup> Pierre and Decroix, \u201cG5 Sahel : quel bilan dresser de l’op\u00e9ration Barkhane<\/h6>\n
64<\/sup> Yves Bourdillon, \u201cLa France se retire compl\u00e8tement du Mali [France withdraws completely from Mali],\u201d Les Echos, February 17, 2022, https:\/\/www.lesechos.fr\/monde\/afrique-moyen-orient\/la-france-se-retire-completement-du-mali-1387715<\/a><\/h6>\n
65<\/sup> Julien Antouly, \u201cQuels accords encadrent les interventions militaires au Mali? [What agreements frame the military interventions in Mali\u202f],\u201d Le Point, January 31, 2022, https:\/\/www.lepoint.fr\/afrique\/quels-sont-les-accords-qui-encadrent-les-interventions-militaires-au-mali-31-01-2022-2462749_3826.php<\/a><\/h6>\n
66<\/sup> La France Annonce Quitter Le Mali, Mais Pas Le Sahel [France Announces Leaving Mali, But Not the Sahel],\u201d HuffPost, February 17, 2022, https:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.fr\/entry\/la-france-annonce-quitter-le-mali-mais-pas-le-sahel_fr_620dfbe7e4b055057aaa8d53<\/a><\/h6>\n
67<\/sup> Elise Vincent, \u201cLa r\u00e9organisation de l\u2019op\u00e9ration \u00ab\u202fBarkhane\u202f\u00bb, savant exercice d\u2019\u00e9quilibrisme [The reorganization of the “Barkhane” operation, a clever balancing act] ,\u201d Le Monde, July 10, 2021, https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/international\/article\/2021\/07\/10\/la-reorganisation-de-l-operation-barkhane-savant-exercice-d-equilibrisme_6087792_3210.html<\/a><\/h6>\n
68<\/sup> Mathieu Pellerin and Rinaldo Depagne, \u201cThe Ouagadougou Coup: A Reaction to Insecurity,\u201d International Crisis Group, January 28, 2022, https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/sahel\/burkina-faso\/linsecurite-facteur-determinant-du-putsch-de-ouagadougou<\/a><\/h6>\n
69<\/sup> John Irish, \u201cFrench Official Says 300-400 Russian Mercenaries Operate in Mali,\u201d Reuters, January 11, 2022, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/french-official-says-300-400-russian-mercenaries-operate-mali-2022-01-11\/<\/a><\/h6>\n
70<\/sup> lessandra Prentice, \u201cFrench Military Convoy Blocked in Burkina Faso by Protesters,\u201d Reuters, November 20, 2021, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/french-military-convoy-blocked-burkina-faso-by-protesters-2021-11-19\/<\/a><\/h6>\n
71<\/sup> Le Mali demande \u00e0 la France de retirer ses soldats \u2018sans d\u00e9lai\u2019 [Mali asks France to withdraw its soldiers \u2018without delay\u2019], Europe 1, February 18, 2022, https:\/\/www.europe1.fr\/international\/le-mali-demande-a-la-france-de-retirer-ses-soldats-sans-delai-4094754<\/a><\/h6>\n
72<\/sup> Ned Price, \u201cPotential Deployment of the Wagner Group in Mali,\u201d United States Department of State, December 15, 2021, https:\/\/www.state.gov\/potential-deployment-of-the-wagner-group-in-mali\/<\/a><\/h6>\n
73<\/sup> MINUSMA Fact Sheet, United Nations Peacekeeping, https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/minusma<\/a>
\n\u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a 22 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2022.<\/h6>\n
74<\/sup> Jacques Deveaux, \u201cMali : la force europ\u00e9enne Takuba se d\u00e9ploie lentement [Mali: European force Takuba deploys slowly],\u201d France TV Info, September 29, 2021, https:\/\/www.francetvinfo.fr\/monde\/afrique\/burkina-faso\/mali-la-force-europeenne-takuba-se-deploie-lentement_4781383.html<\/a><\/h6>\n
75<\/sup> Virginie Baudais, Amal Bourhrous, and Dylan O\u2019Driscoll, Conflict Mediation and Peacebuilding in the Sahel, SIPRI Policy Paper No. 58, (Solna, Sweden: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, January 2021), https:\/\/www.sipri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-01\/sipripp58_3.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n
76<\/sup> Accord pour La Paix et la Reconciliation au Mali Issu du Processus d\u2019Alger [Agreement for Peace and Reconciliation in Mali from fhe Algiers Process],\u201d Government of the Republic of Mali and Movements, February 25, 2015, https:\/\/base.afrique-gouvernance.net\/docs\/accord-pour-la-paix-et-de-reconciliation-au-mali.pdf.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n
77<\/sup> Moussa Mara, \u201cMali: L\u2019accord d\u2019Alger 2015\u202f: Ce qu\u2019il faut en retenir [Mali: The 2015 Algiers Agreement: What to remember],\u201d Mali Actu, March 11, 2015, https:\/\/maliactu.net\/mali-laccord-dalger-2015-ce-quil-faut-en-retenir\/<\/a><\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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