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https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Issue-Brief-1_Figure-1_Arabic-1568x855.png 1568w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Issue-Brief-1_Figure-1_Arabic.png 1822w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 750px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 750\/409;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2215\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a 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https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Issue-Brief-1_Figure-2_Arabic-1-1568x855.png 1568w, https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Issue-Brief-1_Figure-2_Arabic-1.png 1823w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2217\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 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\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0651\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064f \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u064e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f\u064e. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0637 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0628\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote1\">1 <\/sup>Ragui Assaad and Ghada Barsoum, \u201cPublic employment in the Middle East and North Africa,\u201d IZA World of Labor 463, August 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/wol.iza.org\/articles\/public-employment-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa\/long\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/wol.iza.org\/articles\/public-employment-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa\/long<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote2\">2 <\/sup>Hana Brixi, Ellen Marie Lust, and Michael Woolcock, Trust, voice, and incentives: learning from local success stories in service delivery in the Middle East and North Africa, Report 95769 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2015), <a href=\"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/381671468280164518\/Trust-voice-and-incentives-learning-from-local-success-stories-in-service-delivery-in-the-Middle-East-and-North-Africa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/381671468280164518\/Trust-voice-and-incentives-learning-from-local-success-stories-in-service-delivery-in-the-Middle-East-and-North-Africa<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote3\">3 <\/sup>Marc Schiffbauer, Abdoulaye Sy, Sahar Hussain, Hania Sahnoun, and Philip Keefer, Jobs or Privileges: Unleashing the Employment Potential of the Middle East and North Africa, MENA Development Report (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2015), <a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/20591\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/20591<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote4\">4 <\/sup>Mohamed Abdelaziz, The Hard Reality of Civil Society in the Arab World, Fikra Forum, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, December 11, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/hard-reality-civil-society-arab-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/hard-reality-civil-society-arab-world<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote5\">5 <\/sup>Nader Kabbani, Youth employment in the Middle East and North Africa: Revisiting and reframing the challenge, Brookings Doha Center Policy Brief 2 (Doha, Qatar: Brookings Doha Center, 2019), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/youth-employment-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-revisiting-and-reframing-the-challenge\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/youth-employment-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-revisiting-and-reframing-the-challenge\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote6\">6 <\/sup>Kabbani, Youth employment<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote7\">7 <\/sup>Roberta Gatti, Diego Angel-Urdinola, Joana Silva, and Andr\u00e1s Bodor, Striving for Better Jobs: The Challenge of Informality in the Middle East and North Africa, Directions in Development (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2014), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/978-0-8213-9535-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/978-0-8213-9535-6<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote8\">8 <\/sup>Florence Gaub, Arab Future 2.0: The Road to 2030, European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), Chaillot Paper 154 (Paris, France: EUISS, 2019), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iss.europa.eu\/content\/arab-futures-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.iss.europa.eu\/content\/arab-futures-20<\/a>; Tarik Yousef, Noha Aboueldahab, Adel Abdel Ghafar, Yahia Zoubir, Ali Fathollah-Nejad, and Nader Kabbani, \u201cThe Middle East and North Africa over the next decade: Key challenges and policy options,\u201d Brookings Doha Center OP-ED, March 3, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/opinions\/the-middle-east-and-north-africa-over-the-next-decade-key-challenges-and-policy-options\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/opinions\/the-middle-east-and-north-africa-over-the-next-decade-key-challenges-and-policy-options\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote9\">9 <\/sup>Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) DAC Database, \u201cQDF Annual Reports and Bilateral Migration Matrix 2017,\u201d accessed November 7, 2019,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/dac\/financing-sustainable-development\/development-finance-data\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/dac\/financing-sustainable-development\/development-finance-data\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote10\">10 <\/sup>Tokhir Mirzoev, Ling Zhu, Yang Yang, Tian Zhang, Erik Roos, Andrea Pescatori, and Akito Matsumoto, \u201cThe Future of Oil and Fiscal Sustainability in the GCC Region,\u201d International Monetary Fund, Departmental Paper no. 20\/01, February 6, 2020,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/Departmental-Papers-Policy-Papers\/Issues\/2020\/01\/31\/The-Future-of-Oil-and-Fiscal-Sustainability-in-the-GCC-Region-48934\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/Departmental-Papers-Policy-Papers\/Issues\/2020\/01\/31\/The-Future-of-Oil-and-Fiscal-Sustainability-in-the-GCC-Region-48934<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote11\">11 <\/sup>Nader Kabbani and Nejla Ben Mimoune, Economic diversification in the Gulf: Time to redouble efforts, Brookings Doha Center Policy Brief 1 (Doha, Qatar: Brookings Doha Center, 2021),<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/economic-diversification-in-the-gulf-time-to-redouble-efforts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/economic-diversification-in-the-gulf-time-to-redouble-efforts\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote12\">12<\/sup>\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote13\">13 <\/sup>Alvar Closas and Christopher Patacsil, \u201cGroundwater over-abstraction in the MENA region: 5 problems and some solutions,\u201d Thrive (blog), CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE), July 4, 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/wle.cgiar.org\/thrive\/2017\/07\/04\/groundwater-over-abstraction-mena-region-5-problems-and-some-solutions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/wle.cgiar.org\/thrive\/2017\/07\/04\/groundwater-over-abstraction-mena-region-5-problems-and-some-solutions<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote14\">14 <\/sup>Jan Selby, Omar S. Dahi, Christiane Fr\u00f6hlich, and Mike Hulme, \u201cClimate Change and the Syrian Civil War Revisited,\u201d Political Geography 60 (September 2017): 232\u201344,<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polgeo.2017.05.007.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polgeo.2017.05.007.<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote15\">15 <\/sup>John Mukum Mbaku, \u201cThe controversy over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam,\u201d Africa in Focus (blog), Brookings Institution, August 5, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/africa-in-focus\/2020\/08\/05\/the-controversy-over-the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/africa-in-focus\/2020\/08\/05\/the-controversy-over-the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote16\">16 <\/sup>Jan Peter aus dem Moore, Vinay Chandran, and Jorg Schubert, The Future of Jobs in the Middle East (McKinney &amp; Company for the World Government Summit, 2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/~\/media\/mckinsey\/featured%20insights\/middle%20east%20and%20africa\/are%20middle%20east%20workers%20ready%20for%20the%20impact%20of%20automation\/the-future-of-jobs-in-the-middle-east.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/~\/media\/mckinsey\/featured%20insights\/middle%20east%20and%20africa\/are%20middle%20east%20workers%20ready%20for%20the%20impact%20of%20automation\/the-future-of-jobs-in-the-middle-east.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote17\">17 <\/sup>Nader Kabbani, \u201cHow Will Digitalisation Affect Youth Employment in MENA?\u201d in Going Digital: The Future of Work, G20 Dossier, ed. lberto Guidi (Italy, Italian Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI), 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/en\/pubblicazione\/going-digital-future-work-30293\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/en\/pubblicazione\/going-digital-future-work-30293<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote18\">18 <\/sup>Rabah Arezki, Vianney Dequiedt, Rachel Yuting Fan, and Carlo Maria Rossotto, \u201cIn the global race over 5G, liberalisation and regulatory independence are key,\u201d Business Review, June 30, 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/businessreview\/2021\/06\/30\/in-the-global-race-over-5g-liberalisation-and-regulatory-independence-are-key\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/businessreview\/2021\/06\/30\/in-the-global-race-over-5g-liberalisation-and-regulatory-independence-are-key\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote19\">19 <\/sup>Jo\u00ebl Cariolle, Ma\u00eblan Le Goff, and Olivier Santoni, \u201cDigital Vulnerability and Performance of Firms in Developing Countries,\u201d Banque de France Working Paper 709 (January 2019), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3345014.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3345014.<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote20\">20 <\/sup>Arezki et al., In the global race over 5G<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote21\">21 <\/sup>United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019) Custom database, \u201cWorld Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 1 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0646.<sup id=\"endnote22\">22<\/sup><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote23\">23 <\/sup>Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2021: Democracy under Siege (New York: Freedom House, 2021) https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/report\/freedom-world\/2021\/democracy-under-siege<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote24\">24 <\/sup>Raj Desai, Anders Olofsg\u00e5rd, and Tarik Yousef, \u2018\u2018The Logic of Authoritarian Bargains,\u201d Economics and Politics 21:1 (March 2009): 93\u2013125, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-0343.2008.00337.x<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote25\">25 <\/sup>Nader Kabbani, \u201cEconomic Dimensions of the Social Contract and How to Address Them,\u201d in The Modern Arab State: A Decade of Uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa, ed. Youssef Cherif (Berlin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kas.de\/en\/web\/poldimed\/single-title\/-\/content\/the-modern-arab-state-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.kas.de\/en\/web\/poldimed\/single-title\/-\/content\/the-modern-arab-state-5<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote26\">26 <\/sup>Steven Heydemann, \u201cRethinking social contracts in the MENA region: Economic governance, contingent citizenship, and state-society relations after the Arab uprisings,\u201d World Development 135 (November 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105019<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote27\">27 <\/sup>Robert Beschel and Tarik Yousef, \u201cPublic sector reform in MENA: the achievable governance revolution,\u201d The Forum, Economic Research Forum Policy Portal, May 04, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/theforum.erf.org.eg\/2021\/04\/26\/public-sector-reform-mena-achievable-governance-revolution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/theforum.erf.org.eg\/2021\/04\/26\/public-sector-reform-mena-achievable-governance-revolution<\/a>\/<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote28\">28<\/sup>\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060chttps:\/\/info.worldbank.org\/governance\/wgi\/<br \/>\n\u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a 25 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2021. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a: \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647.<sup id=\"endnote29\">29<\/sup><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<sup id=\"endnote30\">30<\/sup><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647.<sup id=\"endnote31\">31<\/sup><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote32\">32 <\/sup>Susan Razzaz, A challenging market becomes more challenging: Jordanian workers, migrant workers and refugees in the Jordanian labour market ( Beirut: International Labour Organization, 2017), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/---arabstates\/---ro-beirut\/documents\/publication\/wcms_556931.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/&#8212;arabstates\/&#8212;ro-beirut\/documents\/publication\/wcms_556931.pdf<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote33\">33 <\/sup>Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), Rethinking Inequality in Arab Countries, In Collaboration with the Economic Research Forum (Beirut, Lebanon: United Nations, 2019), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unescwa.org\/publications\/rethinking-inequality-arab-countries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.unescwa.org\/publications\/rethinking-inequality-arab-countries<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup id=\"endnote34\">34 <\/sup>Ten percent decline in Gulf defence spending expected in 2021, says Janes, Janes News Release, February 18, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.janes.com\/defence-news\/news-detail\/10-percent-decline-in-gulf-defence-spending-expected-in-2021-says-janes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.janes.com\/defence-news\/news-detail\/10-percent-decline-in-gulf-defence-spending-expected-in-2021-says-janes<\/a><\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 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