{"id":470194,"date":"2024-01-11T17:14:19","date_gmt":"2024-01-11T17:14:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/?post_type=blog_posts&p=470194"},"modified":"2026-04-09T12:17:09","modified_gmt":"2026-04-09T12:17:09","slug":"%d8%ba%d8%b2%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%ab%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ab%d8%a9-%d8%a3%d8%b4%d9%87%d8%b1-%d8%a2%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"blog_posts","link":"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/ar\/blog_posts\/%d8%ba%d8%b2%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%ab%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ab%d8%a9-%d8%a3%d8%b4%d9%87%d8%b1-%d8%a2%d8%b1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u063a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 — \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633"},"content":{"rendered":"

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064d \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0632\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644. \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0645\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u064d \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062f\u064d \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0650 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0634\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0632\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0623\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0639\u062a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 -\u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636- \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0634\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1987. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0647\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0632\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2006\u060c \u0636\u063a\u0637\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u062d\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0646\u062c\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0641\u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u063a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0646\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2023\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0647\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0632\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0640 2,3 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u063a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0632\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629 \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0641\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645\u064d \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

* \u0628\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0644\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646-\u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0632 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 (\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0644) \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: “Hamas, the Quest for Power” (\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062c: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u060c )2024. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2010\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0644\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646-\u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: “Hamas, the Islamic Resistance Movement” \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1996 “Islamic politics in Palestine”.<\/h6>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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